The office of governor was created by the first Constitution of Alabama in 1819. The 1819 constitution provided the governor with a two-year term, which lasted until 1901 when it was extended to four years.[3] Prior to the 1819 constitution, Alabama had a single territorial governor, William W. Bibb, who also served as the first state governor.[4] Bibb died in office and his brother, Thomas Bibb, succeeded as the state's second governor. Thomas Bibb had been the first to settle the territory, but lacked his brother's political abilities and was viewed as a caretaker governor.[5]
In 1861, Alabama seceded from the Union and joined the Confederate States of America. The governor at the time, Andrew B. Moore, had been elected as an anti-secessionist and was initially resistant to the idea until Abraham Lincoln's victory in the 1860 United States presidential election. In January 1861, Moore ordered the Alabama militia to seize federal institutions in the state, and signed an ordinance which formalized the state's secession.[6] The next governor, John Gill Shorter, took office in 1861 and was the first governor elected under the Confederacy. In 1862, Shorter signed a law requiring conscription of Alabama men into the Confederate military. Later that year, he also signed a bill requiring the conscription of slaves, much to the anger of slaveholders.[7]Thomas Hill Watts was the final Confederate governor, with Lewis E. Parsons being named provisional governor by President Andrew Johnson at the war's end.[8] During this time, Wager Swayne also served as the state's de facto military governor, overseeing Parsons and his elected successor, Robert M. Patton.[9]
From the end of Reconstruction until 1987, all governors were members of the Democratic Party. In 1986, Guy Hunt became the first Republican elected to office.[10] Since then, almost all of the states governors have been Republicans.[11] In the mid-20th century George Wallace, the state's 45th and longest-serving governor, was among the leading voices in the pro-segregation movement and was an unsuccessful presidential candidate multiple times over.[12]
Term and qualifications
The governor is elected for a four-year term and may be re-elected once. Any candidate for the governor of Alabama must meet the following qualifications:[13]
Be at least 30 years old
Be a registered voter in Alabama and a resident for at least seven years
The supreme executive power of the state shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled "The Governor of the State of Alabama".
The governor has a variety of powers ranging from executive to legislative in nature. The governor signs or vetos bills passed by the Legislature, and ensures the proper execution of laws. The governor appoints a variety of state officers, including members of their Cabinet and at least one member of over 450 boards or commissions. The governor also chairs several of those boards or commissions. The governor is the commander-in-chief of the Alabama militia and has oversight of the state's finances. Finally, the governor has a variety of special powers including calling special sessions of the Legislature, filling vacancies in elected and local offices, and the power to grant clemency.[15]
Succession
The office of Lieutenant Governor of Alabama was created in 1868 and is first in the gubernatorial line of succession. Prior to then, the president of the Alabama Senate was first in line. Section 127 of the current constitution provides for the following line of succession, with all those after the lieutenant governor instead becoming acting governor:[14]
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