LGBTQ rights in Asia

LGBTQ rights in Asia
Status	Legal, with an equal age of consent, in 29 out of 50 states Legal, with an equal age of consent, in 7 territories
Gender identity	Legal in 23 out of 50 states Legal in 1 territory
Military	Allowed in 9 out of 50 states Allowed in 2 territories
Discrimination protections	Protected in 14 out of 50 states Protected in 4 territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationships	Recognized in 5 out of 50 states Recognized in 4 territories
Restrictions	Same-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 5 out of 50 states
Adoption	Legal in 2 out of 50 states

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) rights are complex in Asia, and acceptance of LGBTQ people varies. Same-sex sexual activity is outlawed in twenty-one Asian countries. In Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen, homosexual activity results in death penalty. ^{[1] [2]} In addition, LGBT people also face extrajudicial executions from non-state actors such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Hamas in the Gaza Strip. ^{[3] [4]} While egalitarian relationships have become more frequent in recent years, they remain rare. ^{[2] [5] [6]}

Historical discrimination towards homosexuality in much of the region include the ban on homosexual acts enforced by Genghis Khan in the Mongol Empire, which made male homosexuality punishable by death. ^{[7] [8]} The Fatawa-e-Alamgiri of the Mughal Empire (descended from the Mongol Empire) mandated a common set of punishments for homosexuality, which could include 50 lashes for a slave, 100 for a free infidel, or death by stoning for a Muslim, ^{[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]} whereas the Yuan Dynasty (descended from the Mongol Empire) implemented a crackdown on homosexuality in China that was continued by the Ming Dynasty. ^{[16] [17]}

Many Asian countries have collectivist cultures, wherein aggression is generally accepted by society if it is used to protect the family honor. Homosexuality is generally considered to be dishonorable, so homophobic aggression in the name of protecting family honor is common. ^[18]

The only Asian jurisdictions which nationally recognize same-sex marriage are Taiwan and Thailand. ^{[19] [20]} In 2019, a survey by The Economist found 45% of respondents in the Asia-Pacific believed that same-sex marriage is inevitable in the region, while 31% of respondents disagreed. Furthermore, three-quarters of those surveyed reported a more open climate for LGBT rights compared to three years ago. Of those reporting an improving climate for LGBT people, 38% cited a change in policies or laws. Meanwhile, 36% said coverage of LGBT issues in mainstream media was a major factor. The top reasons cited for diminishing openness was anti-LGBT advocacy by religious institutions. ^{[21] [22]}

Laws regarding homosexuality in Asia
Same-sex sexual activity legal

  Marriage performed

  Marriage recognized

  Other type of partnership

  Legal guardianships or unregistered cohabitation

  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)

  No recognition of same-sex couples

  Restrictions on freedom of expression, not enforced

  Severe restrictions of association with arrests or detention

Same-sex sexual activity illegal

  Prison, not enforced

  Prison

  Death penalty on books, not enforced

  Enforced death penalty

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Legislation by country or territory

Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory

This table:

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North Asia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Russia	Yes Fully legal since 1993 [23] [24] No Illegal de facto in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.	No	No Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples since 2020	No	Yes [25]	No	No Gender change has not been legal since 2023 [26]

Central Asia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Kazakhstan	Yes Legal since 1998 [24]	No	No	No	Yes Since 2022 [27]	No	Yes [28]
Kyrgyzstan	Yes Legal since 1998 [24]	No	No Constitutional ban since 2016 [29]	No	Un­known	No	Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery [30] [28]
Tajikistan	Yes Legal since 1998 [24]	No	No	No	Un­known	No	Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery [31] [28]
Turkmenistan	No Male illegal since 1927 Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment. Yes Female always legal [32]	No	No	No	No	No	No
Uzbekistan	No Male illegal since 1926 Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment. Yes Female always legal [32]	No	No	No	No	No	No

West Asia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia (Disputed territory)	Yes Legal	No	No	No	Un­known	No	Un­known
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)	Yes Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign. [24]	Yes Civil partnerships since 2005	Yes Legal since 2014	Un­known	Yes UK responsible for defence	Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination [33]	Un­known
Armenia	Yes Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign. [24]	No	No Constitutional ban since 2015 [34] [35]	No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples.	No [36]	No	No
Azerbaijan	Yes Legal since 2000 [24]	No	No	No	No	No	No
Bahrain	Yes Legal since 1976 [24]	No	No	No	No	No	Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. [37]
Cyprus	Yes Legal since 1998 + UN decl. sign. [24]	Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015 [38]	No	No	Yes [39]	Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination [40]	Yes Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity. [41] No Gender change is not legal.
Egypt	Yes/ No Ambiguous. Male de jure legal, but de facto illegal since 2000 Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws. [24] [42]	No	No	No	No	No	No
Georgia	Yes Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign. [24]	No	No Constitutional ban since 2018	No	Un­known	Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [43]	Yes Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change [44]
Iran	No Illegal Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men (although there are documented cases of minors executed because of their sexual orientation) [45] . For women, 100 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction. [24]	No	No	No	No	No	Yes Legal gender recognition legal if accompanied by a medical intervention [46]
Iraq	No Re-criminalized in 2024. [47] Penalty: Prison sentence between 10 and 15 years.	No	No	No	No	No	No
Israel	Yes Legal since 1963 (de facto), 1988 (de jure) [48] + UN decl. sign. [24] [49]	Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 1994.	No/ Yes Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized and recorded in the population registry	No Permitted by law since 2008, [50] but in practice not possible in nearly every case [51]	Yes Since 1993; Includes transgender people [52]	Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [53] [54] [55]	No Almost full recognition of gender's ID without a surgery or medical intervention (Excluding changing gender and name in birth certificate) ; [56] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identity [57] [58] [59]
Jordan	Yes Legal [24]	No	No	No	Un­known	No	Yes Allowed since 2014 [60]
Kuwait	No Male illegal Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence. Yes Female always legal [24] [61]	No	No	No	No	No	No
Lebanon	Yes / No Ambiguous. Illegal under Article 534 of the Penal Code. Some judges have ruled not to prosecute individuals based on the law, however, this has not been settled by the Supreme Court and thus homosexuality is still illegal. [62] However, a 2017 court ruling claims that it is legal, but the law against it is still in place. Penalty: Up to 1 year imprisonment (unenforced).	No	No	No	No	No	Yes Legal gender change allowed, but sex reassignment surgery required [63]
Northern Cyprus (Disputed territory)	Yes Legal since 2014 [64] [65] [24]	No	No	No	No	Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [64] [65]	Yes Legal, requires surgery for change [66]
Oman	No Illegal Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (only enforced when dealing with "public scandal"). [24]	No	No	No	No	No	No Laws against forms of gender expression.
Palestine	West Bank: Yes Legal [24] Gaza: No consensus on legal applicability of British 1936 Sexual offences provisions to homosexual conduct [67] [68] [69] [70]	West Bank: No Gaza: No	No	No	Un­known	No	No
Qatar	No Illegal Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment [24] Death penalty for Muslims.	No	No	No	No	No	No
Saudi Arabia	No Illegal Penalty: Capital punishment, [71] prison terms (indeterminate length, max. term unknown), [72] [73] flogging, fines, deportation [24]	No	No	No	No	No	No Laws against forms of gender expression.
South Ossetia (Disputed territory)	Yes Legal	No	No	No	Un­known	No	Un­known
Syria		No	No		No official military
Turkey	Yes Legal since 1858 [24]	No	No	No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples.	No	No	Yes Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change [74]
United Arab Emirates	No Illegal (unenforced): Prosecution only on complaint of husband or (male) legal guardian [75] [76] Penalty: Max –no upper limit, sentence at courts' discretion Min. –6 months' imprisonment [75] [77]	No	No	No	No	No	No Sex reassignment surgery severely restricted to limited circumstances (mainly physical intersex traits), highly regulated by the state. [78] [79] Laws used against forms of gender expression. [80]
Yemen	No Illegal (codified in 1994) Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, stoning for adultery is not enforced. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment. [24]	No	No	No	No	No	No

South Asia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Afghanistan	No Illegal Penalty: Death penalty [81]	No	No	No	No	No	No
Bangladesh	No Illegal since 1862 Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment (Occasionally enforced). [24] [82]	No	No	No	No	No	A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available for a certain sect of third genders [83]
Bhutan	Yes Legal since 2021 [84]	No	No	No	No	No	No
British Indian Ocean Territory (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)	Yes Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign. [24]	Yes Civil partnerships since 2005	Yes Legal since 2014	Un­known	Yes UK responsible for defense	Un­known	Un­known
India	Yes Legal since 2018 [85]	Yes/ No symbolic live-In relationships exist [86] On August 28, 2024, India's Ministry of Finance issued an advisory declaring that persons from the LGBTQ community face no restrictions in opening joint bank accounts or nominating their partners as beneficiaries [87]	No	No	No	Yes/ No Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by court decision. No nationwide law. [88] [89] [90] In 2022, National Medical Commission banned conversion therapy [91]	Yes A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available; transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender, only after medical/surgical intervention [92] [90]
Maldives	No Illegal (codified in 2014) Penalty: Up to 8 years imprisonment, house arrest, lashings and fines. (unenforced) [93] LGBTQ welcomed in tourist islands [94]	No	No	No	No	No	No
Nepal	Yes Legal since 2007 + UN decl. sign. [24]	No	No	No	Yes Since 2007 [95]	Yes/ No Limited protection since 2015 [96]	No Change to third gender "O" legal since 2007, unable to change to male or female [97]
Pakistan	No Illegal since 1862 Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Occasionally enforced). [24] [98]	No	No	No	No	Yes Transphobia illegal No Homophobia/biphobia is not illegal	Yes Right to change gender; transgender and intersex citizens have legal protections from all discrimination and harassment [99]
Sri Lanka	No Illegal since 1885 Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment with fines. [24] (Ruled unenforcable by the Supreme Court) Legalization proposed	No	No	No	No	No	Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender without surgery

East Asia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of relationships	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
China	Yes Legal since 1997 [24]	No/ Yes "Legal guardianship" since 2017	No	No	Yes can openly serve No open displays of affection [100] [101]	Yes Court has in some cases protected LGBT workers from employment discrimination. [102] No protection codified in law	Yes legal gender change possible since 2002. Since 2022, legal gender change allowed with only partial sex reassignment surgery. Difficulty remains to change gender information on diplomas and degrees. [103] [104]
Hong Kong	Yes Legal since 1991 [24]	No/ Yes Same-sex marriages registered overseas for government benefits and taxation, and limited recognition of local cohabiting partners	No	No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [105]	The central government of China is responsible for the defense of Hong Kong. [106]	Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination (government discrimination only)	Yes Following a legal decision, may change gender marker after partial sex reassignment surgery. [107]
Japan	Yes Legal since 1882 + UN decl. sign. [24]	No * Symbolic recognition in some jurisdictions.	No Proposed in 2023 [108]	No	Yes The Japan Self-Defense Forces allow gay people to enlist. [109]	No nationwide protections Yes some cities ban some anti-gay discrimination [24]	Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Macau	Yes Legal since 1996	No	No	No	The central government of China is responsible for the defence of Macau.	Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination	Un­known
Mongolia	Yes Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign. [24]	No	No Constitutional ban since 1992	No	Un­known	Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination	Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery
North Korea	Yes / No Ambiguous, punishable through Articles 193 and 262 regarding obscenity and decency laws.[ dubious – discuss ] Penalty: Unknown	No	No	No	Yes can serve with 10-year celibacy required for all soldiers. [110] No open displays of LGBT attitudes.	No	No
South Korea	Yes Legal + UN decl. sign. [24]	No	No Proposed in 2023 [111]	No	No	Yes/ No Protection from discrimination varies by jurisdiction in some areas, including Seoul	Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but usually requires sex reassignment surgery
Taiwan	Yes Legal [112]	[113]	Legal since 2019 [114] [115] [116]	Yes Stepchild adoption since 2019 Yes Joint adoption legal since 2023 [117]	Yes	Yes Constitutionally bans all anti-gay discrimination from government [118] ; several laws banning anti-gay discrimination regarding education and employment. [119] [120]	Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. [a]

Southeast Asia

LGBT rights in	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of relationships	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Aceh (autonomous territory of Indonesia)	No Illegal Penalty: 100 strokes of the cane or 8 years in prison [122]	No	No	No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples	No The central government of Indonesia is responsible for the defense of Aceh.	Yes Follows the law of the central Indonesian government.	Yes Follows the law of the central Indonesian government.
Brunei	No Illegal since 1908 Penalty: Death by stoning (in abeyance), 1 year imprisonment and 100 lashes for men. Caning and 10 years prison for women. [123]	No	No	No	No	No	Laws prohibit forms of gender expression.
Cambodia	Yes Legal [24]	No/ Yes Partnerships recognized in certain cities	No Constitutional ban since 1993	No	Un­known	No	No [124]
East Timor	Yes Legal since 1975 + UN decl. sign. [24]	No	No	Yes LGBT individuals may adopt but same-sex couples can not adopt	Un­known	Yes Bans some anti gay discrimination, Hate crime protections since 2009. [125]	Un­known
Indonesia	Never criminalized (except in Aceh) [24] [126]	No	No	No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples	No Not explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto)	Yes Limited protection following legal process by the authorities. [127]	Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.
Laos	Yes Legal [24]	No	No	No	Un­known	No	Un­known
Malaysia	No Illegal since 1871 Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2–20 years), or whippings. [24] [128]	No	No	No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples	No	No	No Generally impossible to change gender. However, a 2016 court ruling recognizes gender changes as fundamental constitutional rights [129] Forms of gender expression are criminalized.
Myanmar	No Illegal since 1886 Penalty: Up to 20 years in prison (unenforced). [24] [130]	No	No	No	No	No	No
Philippines	Yes Legal + UN decl. sign. [131] [24] [132] [133] [b]	No (Pending) [131]	No (Pending) [134]	No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [135] [134]	Yes Since 2009	Yes/ No Bans some anti-gay discrimination in certain cities and provinces, [136] including the City of Manila, [137] Cebu City, [138] Quezon City, [139] and Davao City; [140] Nationwide anti-bullying law for basic education students. [141]	No Generally impossible to change legal gender. However in Cagandahan vs Philippines , allowed an intersex man to change his legal gender from female to male.
Singapore	Yes Legal since 2022	No	No	Ambiguous, a gay Singaporean man with a male partner in 2018 won an appeal in court to adopt a child that he fathered through a surrogate. [142]	Yes	Yes Protections against anti-gay discrimination, harassment and violence [143]	Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Thailand	Yes Legal since 1956 + UN decl. sign. [24]	Yes Since 2025	Yes Since 2025 [20] [144] [145]	Yes Since 2025 [20]	Yes Since 2005 [146]	Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination	No [144] [147] Yes Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression. [128]
Vietnam	Yes Legal [24] + UN decl. sign. [24]	No	No	No LGBT individuals may adopt, not same-sex couples [148]	Yes Irrespective of one's sexual orientation	Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination	Yes Gender changes recognized and officially practised since 2017 [149] [150]

See also

• Asia portal
• LGBTQ portal

• Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia
• Human rights in Asia
• Over the Rainbow (organization)
• LGBTQ rights by country or territory
• LGBTQ rights in Europe
• LGBTQ rights in the Americas
• LGBTQ rights in Oceania
• LGBTQ rights in Africa

Notes

1. In Taiwan, gender change is not explicitly stated in any law; instead it is permitted by an executive order published by the Ministry of the Interior, which dictates that sex reassignment surgeries are required before gender change. In 2021 a judgement by the Taipei High Administrative Court ^[121] ruled that the executive order above was unconstitutional and therefore the defendant (district household registration office) must allow the plaintiff to change their gender. The judgement was finalized since the defendant did not appeal. However, since rulings in Taiwan are generally not precedential, said judgement only applies to the plaintiff and does not bind other cases nor the executive branch.
2. Except for the settlements Marawi and M'lang.

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