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This list includes Buddhist kingdoms, empires, and khanates in South Asia, South East Asia, East Asia, Central Asia, West Asia and Eastern Europe.
| Established | Disestablished | Capital(s) | Language(s) | Today parts of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anuradhapura Kingdom | 437 BCE | 1017 CE | Anuradhapura | Sinhala |  Sri Lanka |
| Kingdom of Polonnaruwa | 1055 CE | 1232 CE | Polonnaruwa | Sinhala, Sanskrit | |
| Kingdom of Dambadeniya | 1220 CE | 1345 CE | Dambadeniya, Yapahuwa, Polonnaruwa, Kurunagala | Sinhala | Sri Lanka |
| Kingdom of Gampola | 1341 CE | 1408 CE | Gampola | Sinhala | |
| Kingdom of Kotte | 1412 CE | 1597 CE | Kotte | Sinhala | |
| Kingdom of Sitawaka | 1521 CE | 1594 CE | Sitawaka | Sinhala | |
| Kingdom of Kandy | 1469 CE | 1815 CE | Kandy | Sinhala, Tamil |
| Established | Disestablished | Capital(s) | Language(s) | Today parts of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magadha | 1100 BCE | 345 BCE | Rajagriha, Pataliputra | Sanskrit, Magadhi Prakrit, Ardhamagadhi |  India |
| Kosala | 1100 BCE | 5th century BCE | Ayodhya, Shravasti | Sanskrit | |
| Malla | 7th century BCE | 4th century BCE | Kusinara, Pava | Prakrit | India |
| Vajjika League | 6th century BCE | 468 BCE | Vesali | Prakrit, Sanskrit | |
| Mauryan Empire | 322 BCE | 184 BCE | Pataliputra | Magadhi Prakrit | |
| Apracharajas | 52 BCE | 78 CE | Gandhari Prakrit | Bajaur District | |
| Western Satraps | 35 CE | 415 CE | Ujjain, Barygaza, Minnagara | Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit | |
| Northern Satraps | 60 BCE | 2nd century CE | Sagala, Mathura | ||
| Khadga dynasty | 625 CE | 716 CE | Karmanta Vasaka | ||
| Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya | 1120 CE | 1290 CE | Bodhgaya | Sanskrit | India |
| Kingdom of Sikkim | 1642 CE | 1975 CE | Yuksom, Rabdentse, Tumlong, Gangtok | Chöke, Sikkimese | India |
| Pala Empire | 750 CE | 1161 CE | Bikrampur, Pataliputra, Somapura | Sanskrit |
| Established | Disestablished | Capital(s) | Language(s) | Today parts of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pyu-city State | 2nd century BCE | 1050 CE | Sri Ksetra, Halin, Beikthano, Pinle, Binnaka | Pyu |  Myanmar |
| Thaton Kingdom | 4th century BCE | 1057 May 18 | Thaton | Mon | |
| Pagan Kingdom | 849 CE | 1297 CE | Pagan | Old Burmese, Mon, Pyu | |
| Myinsaing Kingdom | 1297 CE | 1313 CE | Myinsaing, Mekkhaya, Pinle | Burmese, Shan, Mon | |
| Hanthawaddy Kingdom | 1287 CE | 1552 CE | Marthaban, Donwun, Pegu | Mon, Old Burmese | |
| Shan States | 1215 CE | 1885 CE | Mogaung | Shan, Burmese | |
| Pinya Kingdom | 1313 CE | 1365 CE | Pinya | Burmese | Myanmar |
| Sagaing Kingdom | 1315 CE | 1365 CE | Sagaing | Burmese | |
| Kingdom of Ava | 1365 CE | 1555 CE | Sagaing, Pinya, Ava | Old Burmese, Shan | |
| Prome Kingdom | 1482 CE | 1542 CE | Prome | Burmese | |
| Toungoo dynasty | 1510 CE | 1752 CE | Toungoo, Pegu, Ava | Burmese | |
| Konbaung dynasty | 1752 CE | 1885 CE | Shwebo, Sagaing, Ava, Amarapura, Mandalay | Burmese |
| Established | Disestablished | Capital(s) | Language(s) | Today parts of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dvaravati | 7th century CE | 11th century CE | Mon |  Thailand | |
| Lavo Kingdom | 648 CE | 1388 CE | Lavo, Ayutthaya | Mon, Old Khmer, Thai | |
| Haripunchai | 629 CE | 1292 CE | Haripunchai | Northern Thai, Pali, Mon, Lawa | |
| Ngoenyang | 638 CE | 1292 CE | Hiran, Ngoenyang | Northern Thai | |
| Phayao Kingdom | 1094 CE | 1338 CE | Phayao | Tai | |
| Sukhothai Kingdom | 1238 CE | 1584 CE | Sukhothai, Song Khwae | Sukhothai | |
| Nakhon SI Thammarat Kingdom | 13th century CE | 1782 CE | Nakhon Si Tammarat | Southern Thai, Pali, Sanskrit, Malay language, Tamil | |
| Lan Na | 1292 CE | 1775 January 15 | Chiang Rai, Fang, Wiang Kum Kam, Chiang Mai | Northern Thai, Burmese language | |
| Ayutthaya Kingdom | 1351 CE | 1767 CE | Ayutthaya, Phitsanulok, Lopburi | Siamese | |
| Thonburi Kingdom | 1767 CE | 1782 CE | Thonburi | Thai | |
| Rattanakosin Kingdom | 1782 CE | 1932 CE | Bangkok | Central Thai |
| Established | Disestablished | Capital(s) | Language(s) | Today parts of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chenla | 550 CE | 802 CE | Isanapura | Old Khmer, Sanskrit | |
| Khmer Empire | 802 CE | 1431 CE | Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya, Koh Ker, Yashodharapura | Old Khmer, Sanskrit, Dravidian languages | |
| Post-Angkor Period | 1431 CE | 1863 CE | Chaktomuk, Longvek, Lvea Aem, Oudong | Middle Khmer, Khmer language |
| Established | Disestablished | Capital(s) | Language(s) | Today parts of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lan Xang | 1353 CE | 1707 CE | Luang Prabang, Vientiane | Lao | |
| Kingdom of Luang Prabang | 1707 CE | 1893 CE | Luang Prabang | Lao | |
| Kingdom of Vientiane | 1707 CE | 1828 CE | Vientiane | Lao | |
| Kingdom of Champasak | 1713 CE | 1904 CE | Champasak | Lao | |
| Muang Phuan | 1707 CE | 1899 CE | Muang Phuan | Lao |
| Established | Disestablished | Capital(s) | Language(s) | Today parts of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rouran Khaganate | 330 CE | 555 CE | Gansu, Mumocheng | Rouran, Mongolian, Chinese | |
| Uyghur Khaganate | 744 CE | 847 CE | Otuken, Ordu-Baliq | Old Uyghur, Middle Chinese | |
| Liao dynasty | 916 CE | 1125 CE | Shangjing | Khitan, Middle Chinese, Jurchen | |
| Yuan dynasty | 1271 CE | 1368 CE | Khanbaliq | Middle Mongol, Chinese, Old Uyghur | |
| Northern Yuan dynasty | 1368 CE | 1635 CE | Shangdu, Yingchang, Karakorum | Mongolian, Chinese, Jurchen | |
| Four Oirat | 1399 CE | 1634 CE | Mongolic (Oirat language) | ||
| Bogd Khanate | 1911 CE | 1924 CE | Niislel Khuree | Mongolian |
| Established | Disestablished | Capital(s) | Language(s) | Today parts of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silla | 57 BCE | 935 CE | Seorabeo | Old Korean, Middle Chinese | |
| Goguryeo | 37 BCE | 668 CE | Jolbon, Gungnae, Pyongyang | Goguryeo, Classic Chinese | |
| Baekje | 18 BCE | 660 CE | Wirye, Ungjin | Baekje, Classic Chinese | |
| Gaya confederacy | 42 CE | 562 CE | Gaya |  South Korea | |
| Balhae | 698 CE | 926 CE | Dunhua | Goguryeo Tungusic, Middle Chinese | |
| Later Baekje | 892 CE | 936 CE | Wansanju | Old Korean, Classic Chinese | South Korea |
| Unified Silla | 668 CE | 935 CE | Seorabeol | Old Korean, Middle Chinese | |
| Taebong | 901 CE | 918 CE | Songak, Cheolwon | Old Korean, Classic Chinese | |
| Goryeo | 918 CE | 1392 CE | Gaegyeong | Middle Korean, Classic Chinese |
| Established | Disestablished | Capital(s) | Language(s) | Today parts of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tibetan empire | 618 CE | 842 CE | Lhasa | Tibetic languages | |
| Phagmodrupa dynasty | 1354 CE | 1618 CE | Nêdong | Tibetan language |  China |
| Rinpungpa | 1435 CE | 1565 CE | Shigatse | Tibetan language | |
| Tsangpa dynasty | 1565 CE | 1642 CE | Shigatse | Tibetan language | |
| Khoshut Khanate | 1642 CE | 1717 CE | Tibetan language, Oirat language | ||
| Ganden Phodrang | 1642 CE | 1959 CE | Lhasa | Classical Tibetan and Standard Tibetan languages |
Russia 
Kazakhstan  | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2023) |
Afghan Turkestan, also known as Southern Turkestan, is a region in northern Afghanistan, on the border with the former Soviet republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. In the 19th century, there was a province in Afghanistan named Turkestan with Mazar-e Sharif as provincial capital. The province incorporated the territories of the present-day provinces of Balkh, Kunduz, Jowzjan, Sar-e Pol, and Faryab. In 1890, Qataghan-Badakhshan Province was separated from Turkestan Province. It was later abolished by Abdur Rahman.
Central Asia is a region of Asia bounded by the Caspian Sea to the southwest, European Russia to the northwest, Western China and Mongolia to the east, Afghanistan and Iran to the south, and Siberia to the north. It includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian suffix "-stan" in both respective native languages and most other languages.
Tajikistan harkens to the Samanid Empire (819–999). The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s. The Basmachi revolt broke out in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and was quelled in the early 1920s during the Russian Civil War. In 1924, Tajikistan became an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union, the Tajik ASSR, within Uzbekistan. In 1929, Tajikistan was made one of the component republics of the Soviet Union – Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic – and it kept that status until gaining independence 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia. It is itself surrounded by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south, Turkmenistan to the south-west. Its capital and largest city is Tashkent. Uzbekistan is part of the Turkic languages world, as well as a member of the Organization of Turkic States. While the Uzbek language is the majority spoken language in Uzbekistan, Russian is widely used as an inter-ethnic tongue and in government. Islam is the majority religion in Uzbekistan, most Uzbeks being non-denominational Muslims. In ancient times it largely overlapped with the region known as Sogdia, and also with Bactria.
The Uzbeks are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, being among the largest Turkic ethnic groups in the area. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, next to Kazakh and Karakalpak minorities, and also form minority groups in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Russia, and China. Uzbek diaspora communities also exist in Turkey, Saudi Arabia, United States, Ukraine, Pakistan, and other countries.
The Great Game was a rivalry between the 19th-century British and Russian empires over influence in Central Asia, primarily in Afghanistan, Persia, and Tibet. The two colonial empires used military interventions and diplomatic negotiations to acquire and redefine territories in Central and South Asia. Russia conquered Turkestan, and Britain expanded and set the borders of British India. By the early 20th century, a line of independent states, tribes, and monarchies from the shore of the Caspian Sea to the Eastern Himalayas were made into protectorates and territories of the two empires.
Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan, is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of Transoxiana and East Turkestan (Xinjiang). The region is located in the northwest of modern day China and to the northwest of its borders, and extends directly to the east of the Caspian Sea. Turkestan is primarily inhabited by Turkic peoples, as well as Russian and Tajik-Persian minorities. Turkestan is subdivided into Afghan Turkestan, Russian Turkestan, and East Turkistan.
Hinduism in Southeast Asia had a profound impact on the region's cultural development and its history. As the Indic scripts were introduced from the Indian subcontinent, people of Southeast Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE. Today, Hindus in Southeast Asia are mainly Overseas Indians and Balinese. There are also Javanese and Balamon Cham minority in Cambodia and south central Vietnam who also practice Hinduism.
Afghanistan is a mountainous landlocked country at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Some of the invaders in the history of Afghanistan include the Maurya Empire, the ancient Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great, the Rashidun Caliphate, the Mongol Empire led by Genghis Khan, the Timurid Empire of Timur, the Mughal Empire, various Persian Empires, the Sikh Empire, the British Empire, the Soviet Union, and most recently the United States with a number of allies in response to the September 11 attacks. A reduced number of NATO troops remained in the country in support of the government. Just prior to the American withdrawal in 2021, the Taliban regained control of the capital Kabul and most of the country. They changed Afghanistan's official name to the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
Asian music encompasses numerous musical styles originating in many Asian countries.
Greater India, also known as the Indian cultural sphere, or the Indic world, is an area composed of several countries and regions in South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia that were historically influenced by Indian culture, which itself formed from the various distinct indigenous cultures of South Asia. It is an umbrella term encompassing the Indian subcontinent and surrounding countries, which are culturally linked through a diverse cultural cline. These countries have been transformed to varying degrees by the acceptance and introduction of cultural and institutional elements from each other. The term Greater India as a reference to the Indian cultural sphere was popularised by a network of Bengali scholars in the 1920s, but became obsolete in the 1970s.
The Emirate of Bukhara was a Muslim-Uzbek polity in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the fertile land along the lower Zarafshon river, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarqand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarazm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. In 1920, it ceased to exist with the establishment of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.
Asia is the largest and most populous continent and the birthplace of many religions including Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Shinto, Sikhism, Taoism, and Zoroastrianism. All major religious traditions are practiced in the region and new forms are constantly emerging. Asia is noted for its diversity of culture. Islam and Hinduisms are the largest religion in Asia with approximately 1.2-1.3 billion adherents each.
Buddhism in Southeast Asia includes a variety of traditions of Buddhism including two main traditions: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Theravāda Buddhism. Historically, Mahāyāna had a prominent position in the region, but in modern times, most countries follow the Theravāda tradition. Southeast Asian countries with a Theravāda Buddhist majority are Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, all of them mainland countries.
The Manghud, or Manghit were a Mongol tribe of the Urud-Manghud federation. Manghuds who moved to the Desht-i Qipchaq steppe were Turkified. They established the Nogai Horde in the 14th century and the Manghit dynasty to rule the Emirate of Bukhara in 1785. They took the Islamic title of Emir instead of the title of Khan, since they were not descendants of Genghis Khan and rather based their legitimacy as rulers on Islam. The clan name was used for Mongol vanguards as well. Members of the clan live in several regions of Central Asia and Mongolia.
The ancestral population of modern Asian people has its origins in the two primary prehistoric settlement centres – greater Southwest Asia and from the Mongolian plateau towards Northern China.
Southeast Asia was in the Indian sphere of cultural influence from 290 BCE to the 15th century CE, when Hindu-Buddhist influences were incorporated into local political systems. Kingdoms in the southeast coast of the Indian subcontinent had established trade, cultural and political relations with Southeast Asian kingdoms in Burma, Bhutan, Thailand, the Sunda Islands, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Cambodia, Laos, and Champa. This led to the Indianisation and Sanskritisation of Southeast Asia within the Indosphere, Southeast Asian polities were the Indianised Hindu-Buddhist Mandala.
Eastern culture, also known as Eastern civilization and historically as Oriental culture, is an umbrella term for the diverse cultural heritages of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, artifacts and technologies of the Eastern world.
