Soon after the formation of the Soviet Union, emigration restrictions were put in place to keep citizens from leaving the various countries of the Soviet Socialist Republics, [1] though some defections still occurred. During and after World War II, similar restrictions were put in place in non-Soviet countries of the Eastern Bloc, [2] which consisted of the Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe (except for non-aligned Yugoslavia). [3] [4]
Until 1952, however, the Inner German border between East Germany and West Germany could be easily crossed in most places. [5] Accordingly, before 1961, most of that east–west flow took place between East and West Germany, with over 3.5 million East Germans emigrating to West Germany before 1961. [6] [7] On August 13, 1961, a barbed-wire barrier, which would become the Berlin Wall separating East and West Berlin, was erected by East Germany. [8]
Although international movement was, for the most part, strictly controlled, there was a steady loss through escapees who were able to use ingenious methods to evade frontier security. [9] Numerous notable Eastern Bloc citizens defected to non-Eastern Bloc countries. [10]
The following list of Eastern Bloc defectors contains notable defectors from East Germany, the Soviet Union, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Albania before those countries' conversions from Communist states in the early 1990s.
Defector | Profession/ Prominence | Birthplace | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
George Balanchine | choreographer | Russia | 1924 | Defected during tour of Germany to the Weimar Republic |
Boris Bazhanov | Politburo Secretary | Russia | 1928 | Defected to France via Iran and India |
Georges Agabekov | OGPU | Turkmenistan | 1930 | Defected in France; led the manhunt for Bazhanov before defecting |
Grigol Robakidze | author | Georgia | 1930 | Defected to Germany; primarily known for his exotic prose and anti-Soviet émigré activities |
Tatiana Tchernavin | writer | Russia | 1932 | Fled from USSR with her husband Vladimir Tchernavin (physicist, writer) and her son Andrei through Karelia to Finland and then to the United Kingdom. (She and her son visited her husband in a gulag prison, then fled together). She wrote a book about their experience: 'Escape from the Soviets' and her husband wrote another: 'I Speak For the Silent Prisoners of the Soviets' |
George Gamow | physicist | Ukraine | 1933 | First tried to kayak across the Black Sea; defected in Brussels, Belgium; later discovered alpha decay via quantum tunneling |
Ignace Reiss | NKVD | Russia | 1937 | Former spy of Soviet intelligence services; assassinated by NKVD |
Walter Krivitsky | NKVD | Russia | 1937 | Defected in Paris after assassination of Reiss; apparent 1941 suicide in the United States may have been an NKVD assassination |
Alexander Orlov | NKVD | Belarus | 1938 | Fled while stationed in Spain to avoid execution in the Great Purge |
Genrikh Lyushkov | NKVD | Russia | 1938 | Crossed the border into Manchukuo with secret documents; family arrested and sent to the gulag, where several died |
Aron Sheinman | Director of the London department of Intourist | Russia | 1939 | Was recalled from London, refused to return to the USSR. |
Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov | author | Russia | 1942 | Sent to infiltrate anti-Soviet Chechens, he joined them instead |
Nasreddin Murat-Khan | architect/engineer | Russia | 1944 | Fled to evade religious persecution. Defected in Berlin, Germany; then to Pakistan in 1950 where he was given refuge and citizenship. In honour of his new home, Pakistan; he designed and constructed the Minar-e-Pakistan in Lahore, which stands as a national symbol of the country to this day. He also constructed the Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore and Nishtar Medical University in Multan. |
Victor Kravchenko | engineer | Ukraine | 1944 | Soviet engineer who witnessed horrors of the Holodomor; defected while serving in the Soviet Purchasing Agency in Washington, D.C., in the United States |
G. M. Dimitrov | politician | Bulgaria | 1945 | Saved from execution by U.S. ambassador; later founded anti-Communist organizations |
Fedir Bohatyrchuk | chess player, medical doctor | USSR | 1945 | Former Soviet chess champion eventually immigrated to Canada, where he became a professor of medicine, and resumed his competitive chess |
Géza Füster | chess player | Hungary | 1945 | Defected through East Berlin with friend Pal Benko who was caught and jailed for three years |
Igor Gouzenko | GRU | Russia | 1945 | Defected in Ottawa, Canada; helped uncover Communist spy rings |
Konstantin Volkov | NKVD | Russia | 1945 | Deputy head of the NKVD in Istanbul, Turkey; contacted the British Istanbul consulate about defection, was arrested by the Soviets and disappeared forever (possibly executed) |
Valeri Tihonovitch Minakov | Russia | 1945 | Escaped from Siberia across the Bering Sea in a small boat with his 6-year-old son Oleg. He was assisted by Eskimos of Savoonga and Gambell on St. Lawrence Island. Shortly afterward, 14 Siberians arrived for "a visit" and questioned inhabitants whether they had seen a "white Russian". [11] | |
Anatoli Granovsky | MGB agent | Russia | 1946 | Defected in Stockholm, Sweden and later wrote an autobiography |
Grigori Tokaty | scientist and politician | Ossetia | 1947 | Secretly worked with an underground opposition group in the USSR. Afraid that his ties to the underground would be discovered, he defected to the British Sector of Occupied Berlin, and arrived in the United Kingdom in 1947. He later worked in the Information Research Department, helping disseminate anti-communist propaganda. [12] |
Jan Čep | writer | Czechoslovakia | 1948 | Defected to France; poet friend who stayed behind was jailed for 13 years for "anti-socialist thinking" |
Nesti Josifi Kopali | Chief of Sigurimi Albanian security service in Rome | Albania | 1949 | Offered himself to the U.S. Embassy in Rome in late 1949, but was rejected, so he turned to Italian Intelligence. After a couple of months of interrogation, he was turned over to the CIA, which flew him to Washington, D.C., for debriefing. Kopali had, among his other anti-western assignments in 1946–47, tried and failed to set up a liaison with the editor of an ethnic newspaper in Boston. In 1950, Kopali provided some valuable information about Albanian security and military matters, but not enough for the U.S. government to offer him political asylum and resettlement in the United States. He was ultimately flown back to Germany. [13] |
Alena Vrzáňová | figure skater | Czechoslovakia | 1950 | Defected during 1950 World Championships in London |
Josef Buršík | tank commander | Czechoslovakia | 1950 | Escaped from prison to West Germany and later the United Kingdom. After the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, Buršík returned his Hero of the Soviet Union medal to the Soviet embassy in London. |
Czesław Miłosz | author | Poland | 1951 | Defected to France after serving as a Polish diplomat and later settled in the United States |
Istvan Rabovsky | dancer | Hungary | 1953 | Escaped with wife Nora Kovach to West Berlin on an East Berlin tour |
Franciszek Jarecki | pilot | Poland | 1953 | Flew a MiG-15 from Słupsk, Poland to Rønne Airport on the Danish island of Bornholm |
Józef Światło | UB agent | Poland | 1953 | Defected on a mission in East Berlin; he went on to reveal in Radio Free Europe broadcasts the internal struggle in the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) and the true face of the Security Office (UB). One result of his escape was the liquidation of the Ministry of Security (MBP). |
Nikolai Khokhlov | KGB | Russia | 1953 | Refused to assassinate George Okolovich; defected in West Germany and survived a KGB assassination attempt in 1957 |
Nora Kovach | dancer | Hungary | 1953 | Escaped with husband Istvan Rabovsky to West Berlin on an East Berlin tour |
Andrzej Panufnik | composer | Poland | 1954 | Escaped Polish secret police in nighttime taxi chase in Zürich, Switzerland, then defected to the United Kingdom while in London |
Peter Deriabin | KGB major | Russia | 1954 | KGB major and personnel officer who contacted U.S. intelligence in Vienna and was exfiltrated through the "Mozart Express" military train; worked with CIA for years afterwards |
Vladimir Petrov | diplomat | Russia | 1954 | Husband of undercover KGB agent Evdokia Petrova; defected on a mission in Australia; started the Petrov Affair |
Evdokia Petrova | KGB agent | Russia | 1954 | Undercover KGB agent who was the wife of Vladimir Petrov; defected in Australia during the Petrov Affair |
Béla Berger | chess player | Hungary | 1956 | Defected during Hungarian Revolution of 1956 to Australia |
Ferenc Puskás | football player | Hungary | 1956 | Defected during the 1956–57 European Cup in Madrid, Spain |
Imre Lakatos | philosopher of science | Hungary | 1956 | Fled to Vienna, Austria, and later to the United Kingdom after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 |
Jenő Kalmár | football player | Hungary | 1956 | Defected during the 1956–57 European Cup in Madrid, Spain, then went to Switzerland |
József Mindszenty | Cardinal | Hungary | 1956 | Fled to U.S. Embassy in Budapest during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956; later moved to Austria |
Sándor Kocsis | football player | Hungary | 1956 | Defected during the 1956–57 European Cup in Madrid, Spain, then went to Switzerland |
Zoltán Czibor | football player | Hungary | 1956 | Fled to Spain during Hungarian Revolution of 1956 |
Ágnes Keleti | artistic gymnast | Hungary | 1956 | Defected in Melbourne, Australia, during 1956 Summer Olympics |
Christo Javacheff | environmental artist | Bulgaria | 1957 | Escaped from Czechoslovakia to Austria |
Reino Häyhänen | KGB agent | Russia | 1957 | Defected in Paris after spending several years spying undercover in the west |
Pal Benko | chess player | Hungary | 1957 | Defected in Reykjavik following the World Student Team Championship |
Nicholas Shadrin | naval officer | Russia | 1959 | Defected in Sweden; later allegedly killed by the KGB |
Alexander Petrovich | photographer | Russia | 1960 | Defected through Iran and India; settled in Tampa, United States |
Ernst Degner | motorcycle racer | East Germany | 1961 | Defected once he knew that his wife and two children had already escaped to West Germany in a car trunk. Degner, who was familiar with MZ Motorcycles' loop scavenging technique secrets, drove his car from the Swedish Grand Prix to Denmark, then on to West Germany. [14] |
Michael Goleniewski | SB MSW | Poland | 1961 | Defected in West Germany; sentenced to death after defection. Subsequently, worked for the CIA. Before he defected, he had spied for the CIA under the cover name Sniper, but the CIA did not know his identity until his escape. |
Anatoliy Golitsyn | KGB agent | Ukraine | 1961 | Defected to the United States from Helsinki, Finland via Sweden and West Germany with his wife and daughter when he was stationed in Helsinki; made sensational claims after his defection |
Rudolf Nureyev | ballet dancer | Russia | 1961 | Defected on tour in Paris |
Jonas Pleškys | submarine tender captain | Lithuania | 1961 | Sailed vessel to Sweden; was sentenced to death and the CIA hid him from the USSR. |
Valentin Poénaru | mathematician | Romania | 1961 | Defected at conference in Stockholm, Sweden; known for low-dimensional topology |
Emil Poklitar | football player | East Germany | 1961 | Football player of SC Dynamo Berlin. Defected together with teammate Rolf Starost after a friendly match against Boldklubben af 1893 in Copenhagen. |
Rolf Starost | football player | East Germany | 1961 | Football player of SC Dynamo Berlin. Defected together with Emil Poklitar after a friendly match against Boldklubben af 1893 in Copenhagen. |
Konrad Schumann | border guard | East Germany | 1961 | Photographed jumping the Berlin Wall during construction |
Bohdan Stashynsky | KGB agent | Ukraine | 1961 | Defected in West Berlin; assassinated Lev Rebet and Stepan Bandera before defection |
Petr Beckmann | physicist | Czechoslovakia | 1963 | Defected as visiting professor to University of Colorado in the United States; became a proponent of libertarianism and nuclear energy |
Yuri Krotkov | KGB agent | Georgia | 1963 | Defected while an undercover agent in London; later became a novelist |
Gabor Balla | marksman | Hungary | 1964 | Defected in Tokyo during the 1964 Summer Olympics |
András Törő | flatwater canoe athlete | Hungary | 1964 | Defected in Tokyo, Japan, during the 1964 Summer Olympics |
Paul Barbă Neagră | film director | Romania | 1964 | Defected in Tours, France |
Yuri Nosenko | KGB agent | Ukraine | 1964 | Defected in Washington, D.C., United States; for years, the CIA thought he might be a double agent |
Michael Polywka | football player | East Germany | 1966 | Fled after a match in Sweden; traveled to West Germany |
Ivan Diviš | poet | Czechoslovakia | 1967 | Fled after Prague Spring to West Germany and worked for Radio Free Europe |
Svetlana Alliluyeva | Joseph Stalin's daughter | Russia | 1967 | Defected to the United States via New Delhi, India; denounced the former regime of her late father Joseph Stalin, but softened her criticism of him in the 1980s [15] |
Anatoly Kuznetsov | author | Ukraine | 1968 | Defected after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia while doing research in London to the United Kingdom |
Jan Šejna | General | Czechoslovakia | 1968 | Fled after Prague Spring to the United States. |
Miloš Forman | film director and actor | Czechoslovakia | 1968 | Defected to the United States when the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies invaded the country to end the Prague Spring; known for directing One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and Amadeus. |
Vladimir Oravsky | Writer | Czechoslovakia | 1968 | Fled after Prague Spring to Sweden |
Cornel Chiriac | journalist | Romania | 1969 | Defected to Austria with fake invitation |
Georgi Markov | playwright | Bulgaria | 1969 | Fled to Italy after ban on plays; assassinated in London in 1978 |
Jerzy Lewi | chess player | Poland | 1969 | Defected during tournament in Athens, Greece; traveled to Sweden |
Ladislav Bittman | Czech state security, disinformation | Czechoslovakia | 1969 | Became a professor at Boston University, lecturing on disinformation and propaganda. |
Josef Frolík | Czech state security | Czechoslovakia | 1969 | Defected from Bulgaria to Turkey on a boat, moved by the CIA to the United States |
Simonas "Simas" Kudirka | seaman | Lithuania | 1970 | Leaped from a Soviet ship to a United States Coast Guard ship |
Natalia Makarova | ballet dancer | Russia | 1970 | Defected on ballet tour in London; later won a Tony Award [16] |
Yuri Bezmenov | KGB propaganda agent | Russia | 1970 | Left his KGB station in India disguised as a hippie, traveled to Greece, was debriefed in the United States, but refused to stay in the country because of KGB infiltration of the CIA, and was granted asylum in Canada |
Oleg Lyalin | KGB agent | Russia | 1971 | Defected in London, after being arrested there; exposed dozens of KGB agents in the city |
Vasek Matousek | figure skater | Czechoslovakia | 1972 | |
Ioan P. Culianu | philosopher | Romania | 1972 | Defected during lectures in Italy. He was murdered on the campus of University of Chicago in 1991, and speculation arose that it was at the hands of former Securitate personnel. |
Alexander Elder | author | Russia | 1974 | Jumped from a Soviet ship, on which he was working as a doctor, while it was off the Ivory Coast; he later traveled to the United States |
Mikhail Baryshnikov | ballet dancer | Latvia | 1974 | Defected during a tour in Toronto, Canada |
Paul Nevai | mathematician | Hungary | 1974 | Defected in Paris; emigrated to the United States in 1976 |
Stanislav Kurilov | oceanographer | USSR | 1974 | While on a "cruise to nowhere" in the open ocean, jumped into the sea and swam to the Philippine coast, many kilometers away |
Václav Nedomanský | hockey player | Czechoslovakia | 1974 | Defected during a vacation in Switzerland |
Martina Navratilova | tennis player | Czechoslovakia | 1975 | Defected at the 1975 US Open in the United States |
Jürgen Pahl | football player | East Germany | 1976 | Fled with Norbert Nachtweih after an under-21 match in Turkey; traveled to West Germany |
Norbert Nachtweih | football player | East Germany | 1976 | Fled with Jürgen Pahl after an under-21 match in Turkey; traveled to West Germany |
Viktor Belenko | pilot | Russia | 1976 | Flew a MiG-25 from Chuguyevka, Russia to Hakodate, Japan |
Viktor Korchnoi | chess player | Russia | 1976 | First Soviet Grandmaster to defect; fled following a tournament in Amsterdam, Netherlands [17] |
Youri Egorov | pianist | Russia | 1976 | Fled during a tour in Rome, Italy |
Vladimir Rezun (Viktor Suvorov) | GRU / author | Russia | 1978 | GRU military intelligence officer who defected to the United Kingdom while working under UN cover in Switzerland |
Arkady Shevchenko | UN Undersecretary General | Ukraine | 1978 | Spied for the United States for three years before defection. His wife in Moscow died two months after his defection, purportedly of suicide. |
Kirill Kondrashin | conductor | Russia | 1978 | Defected in December 1978 while touring in the Netherlands and sought political asylum there. |
Ion Mihai Pacepa | Securitate agent | Romania | 1978 | Two-star Romanian Securitate general and personal advisor to Nicolae Ceauşescu; defected in the American Embassy in Bonn, West Germany. He was sentenced to death twice in absentia with a $2 million bounty. Carlos the Jackal was sent to assassinate him. |
Matei Pavel Haiducu | Securitate agent | Romania | 1978 | Defected to France in 1981 while on an industrial espionage mission. He was sentenced to death in absentia. |
Imants Lešinskis | KGB agent | Latvia | 1978 | Defected to United States while working at UN. |
Alexander Godunov | ballet dancer | Russia | 1979 | Defected on a ballet tour in New York City while in JFK International Airport in Queens; later became an actor, playing among other roles a terrorist in Die Hard [18] |
Werner Stiller | Stasi agent | East Germany | 1979 | Defected to West Germany after stealing state secrets |
Jörg Berger | football coach | East Germany | 1979 | Used a match with the East Germany youth national football team in Yugoslavia to flee to West Germany |
Leonid Kozlov | ballet dancer | Russia | 1979 | Defected with wife Valentina Kozlova during their company's tour in Los Angeles, United States |
Valentina Kozlova | ballet dancer | Russia | 1979 | Defected with husband Leonid Kozlov during their company's tour in Los Angeles, United States |
Lev Alburt | chess player | Russia | 1979 | Soviet chess grandmaster; defected to the United States, where he won the U.S. chess Championship three times |
Ludmila Belousova | figure skater | Russia | 1979 | Defected while in Switzerland |
Lutz Eigendorf | football player | East Germany | 1979 | Football player of BFC Dynamo. Fled during a match in West Germany; died in a car accident in 1983, allegedly assassinated by the Stasi. |
Oleg Protopopov | figure skater | Russia | 1979 | Defected with Ludmila Belousova while on tour in Switzerland |
Stanislav Levchenko | KGB agent | Russia | 1979 | Defected during a mission in Tokyo, Japan; detailed KGB's Japanese spy network |
Vladas Česiūnas | sprint canoe athlete | Lithuania | 1979 | Defected during world championships in the Frankfurt Airport in West Germany; recaptured by the KGB [19] |
Anton Šťastný | hockey player | Czechoslovakia | 1980 | Defected with brother Peter during European Cup tournament in Innsbruck, Austria |
Igor Vasilyevich Ivanov | chess player | Russia | 1980 | Ran from KGB agents when his plane made an emergency stop in Gander, Canada |
Peter Šťastný | hockey player | Czechoslovakia | 1980 | Defected with his wife and brother Anton during European Cup tournament in Innsbruck, Austria |
Sulamith Messerer | ballet dancer | Russia | 1980 | Sister's husband purged; defected to Britain at the age of 72 to coach ballet |
Walter Polovchak | underage defector | Ukraine | 1980 | Fled from his parents when they were about to return to the Ukrainian SSR. Granted political asylum as a naturalized U.S. citizen upon turning 18 on October 3, 1985. Had been subject of lengthy political cause célèbre during the preceding five years. |
Maxim Shostakovich | conductor | Russia | 1981 | Defected on tour in West Germany with his son [20] |
Romuald Spasowski | ambassador | Poland | 1981 | Defected when martial law was declared in Poland in 1981 |
Zdzisław Rurarz | ambassador | Poland | 1981 | Defected to the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo with Spasowski following the Polish United Workers' Party's declaration of martial law. [21] |
Ryszard Kukliński | colonel | Poland | 1981 | Spied for the United States for 10 years after the 1970 massacre of Polish workers. Later defected to United States and was sentenced to death in absentia. Died of a stroke. Sentence was annulled in 1998 by the Polish Supreme Court. |
Vladimir Tismăneanu | political scientist | Romania | 1981 | Defected in Spain on an authorized trip with his mother to visit site of father's battles |
Miroslav Fryčer | hockey player | Czechoslovakia | 1981 | Defected to Canada while at a tournament with the Czechoslovakia men's national ice hockey team in Bern, Switzerland [22] |
Clifford Kettemborough | mathematician, computer scientist | Romania | 1982 | Defected to Turkey, then Austria, via Bulgaria before emigrating to the United States in June 1983 |
Vladimir Kuzichkin | KGB agent | Russia | 1982 | Defected to a British intelligence Tehran station and then to the United Kingdom |
Gega Kobakhidze | actor | Georgia | 1983 | Hijacked Aeroflot Flight 6833; tried to defect to Turkey and was arrested |
Falko Götz | football player | East Germany | 1983 | Football player of BFC Dynamo. Fled before a match in Yugoslavia together with teammate Dirk Schlegel; traveled to West Germany [23] |
Dirk Schlegel | football player | East Germany | 1983 | Football player of BFC Dynamo. Fled before a match in Yugoslavia together with Falko Götz; traveled to West Germany [23] |
Vakhtang Jordania | conductor | Georgia | 1983 | Defected while on tour with Victoria Mullova via Kuusamo, Finland and Haparanda, Sweden, to the United States |
Viktoria Mullova | violinist | Russia | 1983 | Defected in a tour with Vakhtang Jordania via Kuusamo, Finland, and Haparanda, Sweden, to the United States |
Oleg Bitov | editor | Russia | 1983 | Foreign editor of Literaturnaya Gazeta ; defected in Venice, Italy, to the United Kingdom [24] |
Dariusz Janczewski | track and field athlete | Poland | 1984 | Left a hotel room in the middle of the night while in Turin, Italy, at an international track meet; spent several months in a refugee camp in Italy before relocating to the United States |
Vasily Matuzok | Diplomatic translator | Russia | 1984 | Translator at the Soviet embassy in Pyongyang. Defected during a guided tour of the Korean Joint Security Area by running across the demarcation line from North Korea to South Korea. |
Valdo Randpere | Deputy Minister of Justice | Estonia | 1984 | Defected via Kotka, Finland to Sweden; fled a Soviet crackdown on Estonian nationalism |
Ivo Zdarsky | aviation engineering student | Czechoslovakia | 1984 | Defected from Czechoslovakia after he created a homemade aircraft, flying to Vienna International Airport. Subsequently, settled in the United States and founded the Ivoprop corporation. |
Ladislav Pataki | sports scientist | Czechoslovakia | 1985 | Defected to the United States via Rome, Italy; "the highest-ranking Soviet-bloc sports scientist ever to defect to the West" |
Milan Švec | embassy employee | Czechoslovakia | 1985 | Defected in Washington, D.C., where he was Minister-Counselor at the Czechoslovak embassy; later became a commentator on east–west relations |
Oleg Gordievsky | KGB agent | Russia | 1985 | Defected to the United Kingdom via Finland; became MI6 double agent after the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia; sentenced to death in absentia |
Vitaly Yurchenko | KGB agent | Russia | 1985 | Defected in Rome, Italy; exposed two KGB/CIA double agents, Ronald Pelton and Edward Lee Howard; ended up back in the KGB |
Mircea Florian | musician | Romania | 1986 | Defected while in the United States on an authorized visit for a performance |
Frank Lippmann | football player | East Germany | 1986 | Football player of SG Dynamo Dresden. Fled after a match against FC Bayer 05 Uerdingen in the quarter finals of the 1985–86 European Cup Winners' Cup. |
Naim Süleymanoğlu | weightlifter | Bulgaria | 1986 | Defected during World Cup final in Melbourne, Australia; traveled to Turkey |
Vyacheslav Polozov | opera singer | USSR | 1986 | Defected during a Madama Butterfly singing competition in Tokyo, Japan |
Mihai Smighelschi | air force cadet | Romania | 1987 | Flew his Aero L-39ZA Albatros jet trainer aircraft from Buzău, Romania to near Kirklareli, Turkey, where he landed on a dirt road [25] |
Tamás Buday | sprint canoe athlete | Hungary | 1987 | Defected to Canada |
Jürgen Sparwasser | football player | East Germany | 1988 | Defected to the West Germany while taking part in a veterans' tournament in Saarbrücken. |
Mihai Șubă | chess player | Romania | 1988 | Defected to the United Kingdom during the 1988 Lloyds Bank chess tournament in London |
Miodrag Belodedici | football player | Romania | 1988 | Defected to Belgrade, Yugoslavia |
Luboš Kubík | football player | Czechoslovakia | 1988 | Defected from a Czechoslovakia national football team training camp in West Germany to Belgium alongside Ivo Knoflíček. Eventually settled in Italy after signing for Fiorentina. |
Ivo Knoflíček | football player | Czechoslovakia | 1988 | Defected from a Czechoslovakia national football team training camp in West Germany to Belgium alongside Luboš Kubík. Eventually settled in West Germany after signing for St. Pauli |
Aleksandr Zuyev | pilot | Russia | 1989 | Flew Mikoyan MiG-29 to Trabzon, Turkey |
Alexander Mogilny | hockey player | Russia | 1989 | Defected after World Championships in Sweden |
Kalinikos Kreanga | table tennis player | Romania | 1989 | Defected in Luxembourg during youth table tennis championship |
Mihai Apostol | sprint canoe athlete | Romania | 1989 | - |
Nadia Comăneci | gymnast | Romania | 1989 | Defected weeks before the Romanian Revolution to Austria |
Cristian Raducanu | rugby player | Romania | 1989 | - |
Petr Nedvěd | hockey player | Czechoslovakia | 1989 | Defected during a midget hockey tournament in Calgary, Canada |
Vladimir Pasechnik | bioweapons engineer | Russia | 1989 | Defected in Paris, France, to warn the West about the Soviet biological weapons program |
Zuo Xiukai | military officer | China | 1989 | Defected to South Korea from his post at the Joint Security Area [26] |
Richard Kruspe | musician | East Germany | 1989 | Defected to West Germany after political imprisonment |
Marco Köller | football player | East Germany | 1989 | Football player of BFC Dynamo, left for West Germany only a short time before the fall of the Berlin Wall. [27] |
Gorsha Sur | ice dancer | Russia | 1990 | Defected to the United States while on tour with a Soviet troupe |
Sergei Fedorov | hockey player | Russia | 1990 | Defected in Seattle, United States during Goodwill Games |
Vitali Vitaliev | author | Ukraine | 1990 | Became a regular on BBC television in the United Kingdom |
The Berlin Wall was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic. Construction of the Berlin Wall was commenced by the government of the GDR on 13 August 1961. It included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, accompanied by a wide area that contained anti-vehicle trenches, beds of nails and other defenses. The primary intention for the Wall's construction was to prevent East German citizens from fleeing to the West.
The Cold War (1948–1953) is the period within the Cold War from the incapacitation of the Allied Control Council in 1948 to the conclusion of the Korean War in 1953.
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union with a secret protocol that partitioned Central and Eastern Europe between them. The pact was signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov. Unofficially, it has also been referred to as the Hitler–Stalin Pact and the Nazi–Soviet Pact.
Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology that became the largest faction of the communist movement in the world in the years following the October Revolution. It was the predominant ideology of most communist governments throughout the 20th century. It was developed in Russia by Joseph Stalin and drew on elements of Bolshevism, orthodox Marxism, and Leninism. It was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, Soviet satellite states in the Eastern Bloc, and various countries in the Non-Aligned Movement and Third World during the Cold War, as well as the Communist International after Bolshevization.
Walter Ernst Paul Ulbricht was a German communist politician. Ulbricht played a leading role in the creation of the Weimar-era Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and later in the early development and establishment of the German Democratic Republic. As the First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party from 1950 to 1971, he was the chief decision-maker in East Germany. From President Wilhelm Pieck's death in 1960 on, he was also the East German head of state until his own death in 1973. As the leader of a significant Communist satellite, Ulbricht had a degree of bargaining power with the Kremlin that he used effectively. For example, he demanded the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 when the Kremlin was reluctant.
The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991). These states followed the ideology of Marxism–Leninism, in opposition to the capitalist Western Bloc. The Eastern Bloc was often called the "Second World", whereas the term "First World" referred to the Western Bloc and "Third World" referred to the non-aligned countries that were mainly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America but notably also included former pre-1948 Soviet ally Yugoslavia, which was located in Europe.
Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere. Conversely, immigration describes the movement of people into one country from another. A migrant emigrates from their old country, and immigrates to their new country. Thus, both emigration and immigration describe migration, but from different countries' perspectives.
Checkpoint Charlie was the best-known Berlin Wall crossing point between East Berlin and West Berlin during the Cold War (1947–1991), as named by the Western Allies.
The term "Soviet empire" collectively refers to the world's territories that the Soviet Union dominated politically, economically, and militarily. This phenomenon, particularly in the context of the Cold War, is also called Soviet imperialism by Sovietologists to describe the extent of the Soviet Union's hegemony over the Second World.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947 and lasted to 1991.
In politics, a defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one state in exchange for allegiance to another, changing sides in a way which is considered illegitimate by the first state. More broadly, defection involves abandoning a person, cause, or doctrine to which one is bound by some tie, as of allegiance or duty.
Illegal emigration is departure from a country in violation of emigration laws. Countries often seek to regulate who departs a country for diverse reasons, such as stopping criminals from leaving, preventing labor shortages and capital flight, and averting brain drain. The simplest case is when a country prohibits certain persons from physically leaving. Another common situation is when a person legally goes abroad but refuses to return when demanded by his or her country of origin.
Republikflucht was the colloquial term in the German Democratic Republic for illegal emigration to West Germany, West Berlin, and non-Warsaw Pact countries; the official term was Ungesetzlicher Grenzübertritt. Republikflucht applied to both the 3.5 million Germans who migrated legally from the Soviet occupation zone and East Germany before the Berlin Wall was built on 13 August 1961, and the thousands who migrated illegally across the Iron Curtain until 23 December 1989. It has been estimated that 30,000 people left the GDR per year between 1984 and 1988, and up to 300,000 per year before the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961.
The Hungarian People's Republic was a one-party socialist state from 20 August 1949 to 23 October 1989. It was governed by the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, which was under the influence of the Soviet Union. Pursuant to the 1944 Moscow Conference, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin had agreed that after the war Hungary was to be included in the Soviet sphere of influence. The HPR remained in existence until 1989, when opposition forces brought the end of communism in Hungary.
During the Cold War, the Iron Curtain is a political metaphor used to describe the political boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union (USSR) to block itself and its Satellite States from open contact with the West, its allies and neutral states. On the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union, while on the west side were the countries that were NATO members, or connected to or influenced by the United States; or nominally neutral. Separate international economic and military alliances were developed on each side of the Iron Curtain. It later became a term for the 7,000-kilometre-long (4,300 mi) physical barrier of fences, walls, minefields, and watchtowers that divided the "east" and "west". The Berlin Wall was also part of this physical barrier.
Boris Georgiyevich Bazhanov was a Soviet secretary of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union who defected from the Soviet Union on 1 January 1928.
After World War II, emigration restrictions were imposed by countries in the Eastern Bloc, which consisted of the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe. Legal emigration was in most cases only possible in order to reunite families or to allow members of minority ethnic groups to return to their homelands.
Eastern Bloc media and propaganda was controlled directly by each country's communist party, which controlled the state media, censorship and propaganda organs. State and party ownership of print, television and radio media served as an important manner in which to control information and society in light of Eastern Bloc leaderships viewing even marginal groups of opposition intellectuals as a potential threat to the bases underlying communist power therein.
Eastern Bloc politics followed the Red Army's occupation of much of Central and Eastern Europe at the end of World War II and the Soviet Union's installation of Soviet-controlled Marxist–Leninist governments in the region that would be later called the Eastern Bloc through a process of bloc politics and repression. These governments contained apparent elements of representative democracy to conceal the process initially.
The Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959 was a crisis over the status of West Berlin during the Cold War. It resulted from efforts by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev to react strongly against American nuclear warheads located in West Germany, and build up the prestige of the Soviet satellite state of East Germany. American President Dwight D. Eisenhower mobilized NATO opposition. He was strongly supported by German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, but Great Britain went along reluctantly. There was never any military action. The result was a continuation of the status quo in Berlin, and a move by Eisenhower and Khrushchev toward détente. The Berlin problem had not disappeared, and escalated into a major conflict over building the Berlin Wall in 1961. See Berlin Crisis of 1961.