List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Air Force

This is a list of equipment of the Vietnam Air Defence - Air Force. During the Cold War, it received equipment from the Soviet Union. After the Vietnam War, it also used equipment captured from South Vietnam which had been supplied by the United States. Russia became a supplier after the Cold War.

Aircraft

Combat Aircraft

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	Sukhoi Su-22	Fighter-bomber	Su-22M4 Su-22UM3K	16 [1] 9 [1]	Soviet Union Vietnam (maintenance, parts replaced)	The Soviets transferred 70 Su-22s (including Su-22M-3R reconnaissance and Su-22UM versions) to Vietnam from 1981 to 1984. [2] According to the Vietnam Air Force Air Defense newspaper, the A32 factory overhauled 20 aircraft and repaired another 23 at units (i.e. on duty) from 2019 to 2024. [3] Flight International reported 32 aircraft in 2025. [4]
	Sukhoi Su-27	Fighter	Su-27SK Su-27UBK	5 [1] 5 [1]	Russia Vietnam (maintenance, parts replaced)	According to the Vietnam Air Force Air Defense newspaper, the A32 factory overhauled 5 aircraft from 2019 to 2024. [3]
	Sukhoi Su-30	Multirole	Su-30MK2	35 [1]	Russia Vietnam (maintenance, parts replaced)	According to the Vietnam Air Force Air Defense newspaper, the A32 factory overhauled 4 aircraft from 2019 to 2024. [3]

Transport

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	CASA C-295	Transport	C-295M	3 [1] [4]	Spain
	CASA C-212	Transport	NC-212i	3 [1]	Indonesia	The aircraft are equipped with MSS 6000 radar.

Helicopter

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	Mil Mi-8	Utility	Mi-8	16 [1]	Soviet Union Vietnam (maintenance, parts replaced)	Helicopter Technical Service JSC (Helitechco) is the only certified company in Asia besides Russia that is qualified to perform maintenance and overhauls on the Mil helicopters. The repair center was established in 1994. [5] [6] Similar to Mi-17.
	Mil Mi-17	Utility	Mi-17 Hip H Mi-171	6 [1] 8 [1]	Russia Vietnam (maintenance, parts replaced)	4 Mi-171s are for search and rescue. [1] Helicopters are able to be maintenance and overhauled domestically. [5] [6]

Trainer

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	Sukhoi Su-27	Jet trainer	Su-27	5 [4]	Russia Vietnam (maintenance, parts replaced)	The International Institute for Strategic Studies did not list these aircraft in 2025. [1]
	Yakovlev Yak-130	Jet trainer Light multirole		11	Russia	According to publicly available documents from the media of Vietnam Air Force Air Defense Command, there is gradually researching and using the Yak-130 to fight enemy air attacks, and partake in Land-Air-Sea attack missions. One crashed in November 2024. [7]
	Aero L-39 Albatros	Jet trainer	L-39 L-39NG	17 [1] ~8 [1]	Czechslovak SR Czech Republic	Flight International reported 43 aircraft in inventory, and three ordered, in 2025. [4]
	Beechcraft T-6 Texan II	Trainer aircraft	T-6C Texan II	12	United States	Delivery completed. . [8] [9]
	Yakovlev Yak-52	Trainer aircraft		34 [10] [11]	Soviet Union	According to the official Vietnamese press, the Yak-52 are still actively being used. [12]

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
Training/Test UAV
[13]	M400-CT2	Training/Test UAV			Vietnam	Colored in bright orange. Specs: Wingspan: 3.2 m Length: 2.8 m Height: 1.1 m Endurance: 120 minutes Speed: 200 – 220 km/h (cruise), 260 km/h (max) Max altitude (above sea level): 3.5 km Max take-off weight: 110 kg (possible typo) Max Effective payload: 10 kg Operational features: Optical systems, thermal imaging, reflective lenses, infrared thermal decoys, smoke
[14]	DIS-18	Training/Test UAV			Vietnam	Specs: Wingspan: 2.8 Length: 3.1 m Height: 1.3 m Range: 100 km Endurance: 60 minutes Speed: 200 – 250 km/h (cruise), 360 km/h (max) Max altitude (above sea level): 5 km Max take-off weight: 102 kg Max effective payload: 5 kg Operational features: Optical systems, thermal imaging, reflective lenses, infrared thermal decoys, smoke

Air Defense

The Military Balance of 2024 from the International Institute for Strategic Studies notes that Vietnam has a variety of towed anti-aircraft artillery in its arsenal, though the specific guns using the 85mm and 130mm calibers remain uncertain. It is possible that the 85mm gun is the KS-12/K-52, while the 130mm may be the KS-30. Vietnam has ~98+ SAM systems. ^[15]

Surface-to-Air Defense

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	S-300	Long range air defense and anti-ballistic missile system.	S-300PMU1	12 launchers	Russia Vietnam (maintenance, parts replaced)	Two systems were acquired. [16] Received upgrade to the command center and range of the missile. Said to be upgraded to S-300PMU2 standards. Factory A31 capable of domestically manufacturing spare and critical parts for SAM missile.
	SPYDER	Medium to long range air defense system. Short to medium range air defense system.	SPYDER-MR SPYDER-SR	10 launchers 20 launchers	Israel	80 km range. Five systems (including 6 launchers each) and 750 missiles ordered. [17] The SPYDER-MR variant has a nonrotatable, vertical launcher. Used more as stationary air defense. Can domestically maintenance Derby and Python SAM missiles. There is a patent to reverse engineer the Derby SAM missile. [18] 40 km range. The SPYDER-SR variant has a rotatable, slanted launcher. Can possibly be used as mobile AA due to quick deployment.
	SA-2 Dvina	Short to medium range air defense system.	Volga S-75M/M3	~25 launchers	Soviet Union Vietnam (maintenance, parts replaced)	~27 to 35 km range. The Volga S-75M/M3 air defense missile complex (modern version of SAM-2) uses 5IA23 missiles and is a High-altitude air defense system. All SAM-2 complex systems have been modernized. Able to domestically produce complexes and equipment. Factory A31 capable of domestically manufacturing spare and critical parts for SAM missile. Old missiles had certain analog parts replaced with digital systems.
	S-125 Neva/Pechora	Short to medium range air defense system.	S-125TM Pechora-2TM S-125M Pechora-M S-125-VT	51 launchers	Soviet Union Vietnam (maintenance, parts replaced)	~35 km range. 30 S-125TM Pechora-2TM and 21 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024. [19] The S-125-VT domestic modernized variant was reported to be in service in July 2024. [20] Factory A31 capable of domestically manufacturing spare and critical parts for SAM missile. Old missiles had certain analog parts replaced with digital systems.
	9K35 Strela-10	Short range air defense system.		20 launchers	Soviet Union	~10 km range. Still being used according to official Vietnamese newspaper from 2024, but not mentioned in the Military Balance of 2024. [21]

Anti-aircraft Artillery

Image	Model	Type	Caliber	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	61-K	Autocannon	37 mm			Soviet Union Vietnam (maintenance, parts replaced)	37 mm automatic anti-air autocannon. Modernized with a fire-control system and radar.
	AZP S-60	Autocannon	57 mm			Soviet Union Vietnam (maintenance, parts replaced)	57 mm automatic anti-air autocannon. The Vietnamese heavily upgraded the AZP S-60 by equipping it with a fire-control system with radar, optoelectronic reconnaissance equipment, an electromechanical gun control complex, and a digital firing element identification system connected to a computer. Has an LCD screen. The upgraded AZP S-60 can operate without a gunner, is fully automatic, and no longer needs to be manually reloaded. [22] A part of the VPK-57 project. Fire-control system integrated with X-band AESA radar.
	KS-19	Towed Anti-aircraft gun	100 mm			Soviet Union	Used during Vietnam war. [23] Still in service according to Military Balance of 2024. [24]

Radar System

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
3D Radar
	ELM-2288	3D Solid-state Long-range S-Band radar	ELM-2288ER	At least 5	Israel	The ELM-2288ER AD-STAR is a long-range 3D S-Band radar developed by ELTA Systems (Israel). It provides early warning, air defense, and air traffic control capabilities with a detection range of up to 420 km for fighter-sized targets and a maximum range of 480 km. The system features automatic 3D target tracking, strong ECCM (Electronic Counter-Countermeasures) capabilities, and a modular, transportable design, allowing deployment via road or cargo plane. ELM-2288ER is a high-performance radar system enhancing national air surveillance and defense networks.
	Nebo-U	3D Long-range VHF-Band radar	Nebo-UE		Russia	The Nebo-UE (55Zh6U) is a mobile long-range 3D radar developed by Russia’s NNIIRT, operating in the VHF band. It is designed for early warning and air surveillance, with a detection range of up to 600 km and strong capability to detect stealth aircraft. The system supports 3D tracking, features ECCM for jamming resistance, and is often integrated into layered air defense networks alongside other radar systems. Its mobility and VHF frequency range make it a key asset in modern anti-stealth operations.
	Kasta 2E2	3D Mid-range UHF-Band Radar	Kasta 2E2		Russia	Acquired in the 2000s. [25]
	RV-3D	3D Medium range S-band Surveillance Radar			Vietnam	Developed by Air Force- Air Defense Institute and Z179 Factory.
	VRS-3TL-1	3D L-Band Tactical Surveillance Radar			Vietnam	Surveillance, detection, tracking, narrow pencil-beam (ability to emit high precision & reduce interference concentrated radar beam), electronic scanning in elevation, and other capabilities. Detect targets flying at low altitude and short range. Produced and developed by Viettel. [26]
	VRS-MRS	3D S-Band Medium-Range Surveillance Radar			Vietnam	This radar is equipped with AESA technology, a narrow pencil-beam, and supports electronic scanning in elevation. It features look-down capability, a burn-through function (enabling target detection through interference or clutter), ECM capabilities, IFF identification, and an open architecture compatible with the CS5SIR system. The radar performs functions including surveillance, detection, and tracking. Designed to detect targets flying at medium altitude and within medium range, produced and developed by Viettel. [27]
	VRS-SRS	3D S-Band Tactical Surveillance Radar			Vietnam	Easy to assemble, disassemble, transport, and cost-effective. It retains all the advantages of the VRS-MRS, except for weather monitoring capabilities. Produced and developed by Viettel. [28]
2D Radar
	VRS-M2D-1	2D Medium-Altitude Surveillance Radar			Vietnam	Supports Air Traffic Control, and provides essential information for command, control, and air defense systems. Retain basic ECM functions. Designed to detect targets flying at low altitude and within medium range. Produced and developed by Viettel. [29]
	VRS-2DM-1	2D Low-Altitude Surveillance Radar			Vietnam	Seamlessly integration with SAM systems along with other radar abilities and provides info for command/control and air defense system. Detect targets flying at low altitude and medium range. Produced and developed by Viettel. [30]
	VRS-2DM	2D Ultra-high Frequency Radar			Soviet Union Vietnam	Based on the Soviet Union's P19 radar. Works proficiently in low altitude and used to control/track airspace. Works in semi or automatic mode. Produced and developed by Viettel.
	P18M	2D Very-high Frequency Radar			Soviet Union Czech Republic Vietnam	Specs: Frequency: VHF Range: 250 km Altitude: 35 km Azimuth: 360-degrees Produced and developed based on Transfer of Technology (ToT) from Czech Republic. [31]
	Vostok-E	2D Metric Band Surveillance Radar / Digital VHF Radar	RV-02 Vostok-E		Belarus Vietnam	Specs: Frequency: VHF RPM: 6 Height: 11 m Weight: 18 tons 21.6 m long antennae 28 channel, antennas, and receiver Ready in 10–15 minutes of arrival Fiber optic installation Domestic copy of mobile Vostok-E radar system of Belarus; original system claimed to have major anti-stealth capabilities. The RV-02 is the successor to the RV-01. Latest edition addressed the precursor's limitations and weak points. [32]
Special Purpose Radar
	Kolchuga passive sensor	Passive radar			Ukraine	4 systems acquired for the price of $27 million per unit. [33] Even though the mentioned figures could be inaccurate or varied, the systems have been formally commissioned by the Vietnamese Air Defense - Air Force Service. [34]
	VERA Passive Sensor	Passive Surveillance ESM System	VERA-NG V-ELINT18		Czech Republic Vietnam	VERA-NG systems were imported and entered operation since 2015. [35] Specs of V-ELINT18: Monitor/Track: ≤ 500 target Can hold inform of > 10,000 unique targets Range (km): 450 Bandwidth (MHz): ≤ 500 Receiver sensitivity: < 85dBm at 20 MHz bandwidth Signals able to process: primary radar pulse, SIF/SSR and Mode-S/ADS-B, DME/TACAN, Parol, and AIS Can detect stealth Used for detecting air, sea, and land targets without having location compromised. System includes 1 central receiving and processing system and 3 peripheral receiving station. Produced and developed by Viettel. [36]
	VRS-S55X	X-Band Fire-control Radar			Vietnam	A part of VPK-57 project. Fire-control system integrated with X-band AESA radar. Ready to operate within 20 minutes of arriving. Produced and developed by Viettel.

Munition

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
Air-to-air Missile
	K-13 (AA-2)	Air-to-air missile		2,550	Soviet Union	Used by former MiG-21 and Su-22M4/UM3K. 1000 R-3S, 800 R-3R, and 750 R-13M missiles. [37]
	R-60 (AA-8)	Air-to-air missile		400	Soviet Union	Used by Su-22M4/UM3K fighter-bombers. [37]
	R-27 (AA-10)	Air-to-air missile		320	Russia   Ukraine	Used by Su-30MK2 and Su-27SK/UBK fighters. [38] [39]
	R-73 (AA-11)	Air-to-air missile	R-73E	375	Russia	Used by Su-30MK2, Su-27SK/UBK and Yak-130. Short range missile. [37]
	R-77 (AA-12)	Air-to-air missile	RVV-AE		Russia	[40]
Air-to-surface Missile
	Kh-28 (AS-9)	Anti-radiation missile	Kh-28E		Soviet Union
	Kh-25 (AS-10)	Air-to-surface missile Anti-radiation missile	Kh-25ML Kh-25TE Kh-25MR Kh-25MP		Russia
	Kh-59 (AS-13)	Air-to-surface missile		200	Russia	[37]
	Kh-29 (AS-14)	Air-to-surface missile		100	Russia	[37]
	Kh-31 (AS-17)	Air-to-surface missile	Kh-31A Kh-31P	100	Russia	Kh-31 is carried by Vietnamese Su-30MK2. [37]
Rocket
	S-5 rocket	Rocket			Soviet Union	[41]
	S-8 rocket	Rocket			Soviet Union	[41]
	S-13 rocket	Rocket			Soviet Union	[41]
Bomb
	KAB-500KR	Electro-optical TV-guided fire and forget bomb			Russia
	KAB-1500L	Laser-guided bomb			Russia
	OFAB-100-120	Aerial bomb			Soviet Union
	OFAB-250-270	Aerial bomb			Soviet Union

Former

Combat Aircraft

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	Shenyang J-6	Fighter		30 [42]	China	10 units per year delivered in 1970, 1971, and 1972. [43]
	Shenyang J-5	Fighter		10	China	The Vietnamese Air Force used J-5s alongside the Soviet supplied MiG-17s for interception missions until the 1990s when they were retired, along with the remaining MiG-19s, being replaced with newer MiG-21s and Su-27s.
	MiG-21 Fishbed	Fighter	MiG-21bis MiG-21UM MiG-21PF MiG-21PFM MiG-21MF MiG-21F-13	645	Soviet Union	Retired from service in November 2015. [44] Replaced with Su-22. The MiG-21 fleet has reserved in storage and some frames are still capable of flying. There are plans to turn these retired aircraft into UAVs.
	MiG-19 Farmer	Fighter		~45	Soviet Union	15 delivered in 1967; another 15 in 1973. [45]
	MiG-17 Fresco	Fighter	MiG17A MiG17P MiG17PF	367	Soviet Union	[46]
	MiG-15 Fagot	Fighter Trainer		3	Soviet Union
	Northrop F-5	Light ground-attack Light fighter	F-5A F-5E	191	United States	Captured during Vietnam War. [47] [48]
	Cessna A-37 Dragonfly	Light ground-attack	A-37A A-37B	254	United States	Captured during Vietnam War. [49]

Maritime patrol

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	PZL M28	Maritime patrol	M28B-1R [50]	2 [50]	Poland	Inactive.

Transport

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	Antonov An-26	Transport		~50 [51]	Soviet Union
	Beriev Be-12	Transport		6	Soviet Union	[52]
	Lockheed C-130 Hercules	Transport		7	United States	Captured during Vietnam War. Still serviced after 1975 and retired after 1980
	Fairchild C-119	Transport		4	United States	Captured during Vietnam War.
	Antonov An-2	Transport		6 [1]	Soviet Union

Helicopter

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	Mil Mi-24	Attack helicopter	Mi-24A Mi-24D	~10 [53] ~30 [54]	Soviet Union
	Mi-4	Transport		~10	Soviet Union	[55]
	Mi-6 Hook	Transport	Mil Mi-6	~15-26	Soviet Union	They were actively used during the Vietnam War to move aircraft at forward airstrips and also took part in delivering supplies along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. [56]
	CH-47 Chinook	Transport	CH-47A	5	United States	Captured during Vietnam War. [57]
	UH-1 Iroquois	Utility	UH-1H	15	United States	Captured during Vietnam War. [58]

Trainer

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	Aero L-29	Trainer			Czechoslovakia
	TL-1	Trainer			Vietnam	Designed and manufactured from 1984 - 1985. The TL-1 is said to be a 4 seater with side-by-side seating arrangement. The HL-1 is a 2 seater with tandem seating. The HL-2 is either a 2nd iteration of HL-1 or a new variation. [59] Also, seen at the Vietnam People's Air Force Museum in Hanoi.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
Small UVA
	ITAD M-400	Reconnaissance			Vietnam	No longer in service. Designed in 2001 and produced in 2005. Produced and developed by Viettel. [60]

Air Defense

Anti-aircraft Artillery

Image	Model	Type	Caliber	Variant	Origin	Notes
	ZU-23-2	Twin Autocannon	23 mm	23mm-2M 23mm-2ML	Soviet Union Israel Vietnam	The 23mm-2M variant upgrade included cabin for gunner, electromechanic turn system, modern control systems, and potentially a ballistic computer and fire-control system. This project was jointly carried out by Israel and Vietnam. Similar to the 23mm-2M, the 23mm-2ML additionally includes optronics sensor, laser rangefinder, and potentially a digital fire-control system Further modernization projects includes installing the platform on logistic trucks and adding an automatic control system that's being developed. Potentially retired according to the Military Balance of 2024.

Radar System

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
2D Radar
	P-18 radar	2D Very-high Frequency Radar			Soviet Union	May have been retired and replace by P18M radar.

Development

This section will include weapons that are in the planning, development, or testing phase. It is important to note that not all the weapons in this particular section will progress to the point of being procured. To avoid confusion, existing weapon systems that are being modified or upgraded should have their progress recorded in the notes section and not moved to the development section.

  Development completed

  Development ongoing

  Development cancelled

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
MALE UVA
	HS-6L	MALE UAV			Belarus Vietnam	Jointly developed by Vietnam's Academy of Science and Technology with Belarus; completed in 2015 around November. [61] [62] Specs: Range: 4,000 km (claimed) Endurance: 35 hours Wingspan: 22 m
	UAV2-20	MALE UAV			Vietnam	Resembles MQ-9 Reaper drone. Certain parts painted in red.
	VU-MALE	MALE UAV			Vietnam	Multi-purpose UAV. [63] Specs: Range: 1,000 km Endurance: 12 hours Operational features: Carry long range weaponry, high-precision weapons, and reconnaissance equipment
Small UVA
	ARP-A-1	Reconnaissance			Vietnam	Payload of 1–3 kg. Classified as AI drone. Produced and developed by Viettel.
	ARP-A-2	Reconnaissance			Vietnam	Payload of 3–7 kg. Classified as AI drone. Produced and developed by Viettel.

Munition

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	BT-100-120	Practice Aerial Bomb			Vietnam	Researched and manufactured by Vietnam's Military Science and Technology Institute. Project took 2 years to complete. Stated to be 100% domestically manufactured along with the technology and material used. Low cost and able to be produced in large batches. [64]

Procurement

  Procurement completed

  Procurement ongoing

  Procurement cancelled

Aircraft

Transport

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	C-130J	Transport		3-13	United States	Vietnam reported to sign a deal with the US to purchase 13 C-130J. [65] [66] Other sources state that Vietnam may purchase 3 units.

Trainer

Image	Model	Type	Variant	Quantity	Origin	Notes
	Beechcraft T-6 Texan II	Trainer aircraft	T-6C Texan II	7	United States	Delivery completed.

See also

• Vietnam People's Air Force
• List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Ground Forces
• List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Navy
• People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces
• Naval Air Force, Vietnam People's Navy
• Vietnam Coast Guard
• Vietnam People's Public Security
• Vietnam Fisheries Surveillance

References

1. The International Institute for Strategic Studies 2025, p. 310.
2. "#790062". Arms Transfer Database. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2024. doi:10.55163/SAFC1241.
3. Hữu Lệ (29 May 2024). "Thi đua là động lực để Nhà máy A32 hoàn thành xuất sắc nhiệm vụ". www.phongkhongkhongquan.vn. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
4. Flight International 2025, p. 34.
5. "Russian Helicopters plans first repairs of military helicopters in Vietnam". Vertical Mag. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
6. Akramov (22 April 2019). "Rostec opens helicopter engines repair center in Vietnam". MENADEFENSE. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
7. Trí, Dân (6 November 2024). "Máy bay quân sự Yak-130 rơi tại Bình Định, 2 phi công nhảy dù thoát nạn". Báo điện tử Dân Trí (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 12 December 2024.
8. "United States Expands U.S.-Vietnam Defense Cooperation with Delivery of T-6C Trainer Aircraft". Consulate General of the United States, Ho Chi Minh City . United States Department of State. 20 November 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2024. The handover of five next generation American-made T-6C Trainer Aircraft demonstrates the U.S. commitment to partner with Vietnam as it develops self-reliant defense capabilities in accordance with the U.S. – Vietnam Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.
9. "COMPACAF Attends Historic T-6C Aircraft Delivery to Vietnam". Pacific Air Forces . United States Air Force. 20 November 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2024. ...with the full complement of 12 T-6C aircraft scheduled for delivery by 2025.
10. Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) (25 March 2023). "Chủ tịch Quốc hội thăm chiến sỹ thi công Sân bay quân sự Phan Thiết". Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 31 January 2025.
11. Doãn, Tuấn. "Change information according to publicly available information about the activities of the Vietnamese military in the news - Overall layout of Phan Thiet airport".
12. "Regiment 920 successfully organized a staff flight at Phan Thiet airport". Vietnam.vn - Nền tảng quảng bá Việt Nam. 14 August 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
13. Fretay, Halna du. "Expansion of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Vietnam with M400-CT2 Drone". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
14. Huy, Giang; Ha, Son. "US fighter jets, drones showcased at Vietnam international defense expo". VnExpress International.
15. "The Military Balance 2024". Routledge & CRC Press. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
16. "Russian missiles to guard skies over Vietnam". atimes.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
17. "Trade Registers". armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
18. "WIPO Publish". wipopublish.ipvietnam.gov.vn. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
19. "The Military Balance 2024, p. 326". IISS. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
20. "Hội thao, diễn tập chiến thuật phân đội hỏa lực tên lửa phòng không". qdnd.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 30 August 2024.
21. "Báo VietnamNet". VietNamNet News (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 31 January 2025.
22. hợp), Phong Vũ (Tổng (6 September 2019). "Báo Nga bình luận về pháo phòng không S-60 AZP Việt Nam tự nâng cấp - Tạp chí Doanh nghiệp Việt Nam". Cơ quan ngôn luận của Hiệp hội Doanh nghiệp Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 30 August 2024.
23. "KS-19 (100mm Air Defense Gun) 100mm Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun". www.militaryfactory.com. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
24. "The Military Balance 2024". Routledge & CRC Press. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
25. "Tại sao Việt Nam mua radar Kasta-2E2 loại vợt kép?". Giáo dục & Thời đại. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2025.
26. "3D L-Band Tactical Surveillance Radar". viettelhightech.vn. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
27. "3D S-Band Medium-Range Surveillance Radar". viettelhightech.vn. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
28. "3D S-Band Tactical Surveillance Radar". viettelhightech.vn. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
29. "Medium-Altitute Surveillance Radar". viettelhightech.vn. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
30. "Low-Altitude Surveillance Radar". viettelhightech.vn. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
31. Thanh, Ngoc (21 December 2019). "Vietnam puts its advanced military might on show". VnExpress International.
32. "DEFENSE STUDIES: Anti-Stealth Radar RV-02 Vietnam is Stronger than Imports". DEFENSE STUDIES. 19 January 2018.
33. "Việt Nam sắm thêm vũ khí" [Vietnam buys more weapons]. BBC News Tiếng Việt (in Vietnamese). 20 February 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
34. Minh Anh. "Kolchuga radar troops join competition to raise competence". People's Army Newspaper Online. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
35. VCCorp.vn (18 January 2015). "Mắt thần Vera-NG - Khắc tinh của máy bay tàng hình". soha.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
36. "Strong Signal: Vietnam is Growing its Indigenous EW Capability". www.jed-digital.com. Retrieved 30 April 2025.
37. Trade Registers. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on 29 May 2015
38. danviet.vn (14 March 2018). "Vietnamese Army with 100km-range infrared-homing missiles". danviet.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 3 November 2021.
39. International Institute for Strategic Studies (2020). "Chapter Six: Asia". The Military Balance. 120 (1): 255. doi:10.1080/04597222.2020.1707967. S2CID   219627149.
40. "Vietnam equipped RVV-AE to Su-30MK2". soha.vn. 20 April 2016.
41. . soha.vn. Retrieved on 26 June 2025
42. "#786074". Arms Transfer Database. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2024. doi:10.55163/SAFC1241.
43. Toperczer 2001 , pp. 14, 58, 64, 95 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFToperczer2001 (help)
44. "KQND Việt Nam chuẩn bị vĩnh biệt tiêm kích MiG-21". Nguyễn Tấn Dũng. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
45. "#771977". Arms Transfer Database. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2024. doi:10.55163/SAFC1241.
46. Wragg 2011, pp. 330−331. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWragg2011 (help)
47. Gordon 2008, pp. 403–410.
48. Baugher, Joe. "1966 USAF Serial Numbers". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
49. Hunt, Julian. "Picture of the Cessna A-37A Dragonfly (318D) aircraft". Airliners.net. Demand Media, Inc. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
50. "#808175". Arms Transfer Database. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 17 October 2025.
51. "#790024". Arms Transfer Database. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 17 October 2025.
52. "Đông Nam Á tăng cường năng lực cảnh báo, chống ngầm" (in Vietnamese). Báo Đất Việt. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
53. "#772696". Arms Transfer Database. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 17 October 2025.
54. "#787200". Arms Transfer Database. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 17 October 2025.
55. "Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 581" . Retrieved 3 April 2013.
56. "World Air Forces". Flight International. 1987. p. 105. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
57. "World Air Forces 1987 pg 105". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
58. "World Air Forces 2015". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
59. "SimplePlanes | TL-1 Reconnaissance-Communication Aircraft". www.simpleplanes.com. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
60. "Báo Anh hé mở thông tin về UAV hiện đại của Việt Nam". trithuccuocsong.vn. 12 November 2018.
61. "Beyond ISR: is Vietnam developing an armed UAV?". IISS. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
62. Oryx. "Red Star Rising - Vietnam's Armed Drone Projects". Oryx. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
63. "Báo VietnamNet". VietNamNet News (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 23 December 2024.
64. Trạm tin QPVN (15 December 2024). NHỮNG SẢN PHẨM HIỆN ĐẠI "MADE IN VIETNAM" TẠI TRIỂN LÃM QUỐC PHÒNG QUỐC TẾ VIỆT NAM . Retrieved 7 February 2025– via YouTube.
65. CNA (19 December 2024). Vietnam PM eyes expansion of defence cooperation to "build trust and prevent wars" . Retrieved 6 February 2025– via YouTube.
66. CNA (23 December 2024). Vietnam wraps up defence expo with 16 contracts worth US$286m inked . Retrieved 6 February 2025– via YouTube.

Sources

• International Institute for Strategic Studies (2025). The Military Balance 2025. London: Routledge. ISBN   978-1-041-04967-8.
• Flight International. "2025 World Air Forces directory". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 13 January 2025.