Lonicera maackii

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Lonicera maackii
Lonicera maackii 2.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Genus: Lonicera
Species:
L. maackii
Binomial name
Lonicera maackii
Synonyms [1]
  • Xylosteon maackiiRupr.

Lonicera maackii, the Amur honeysuckle, is a species of honeysuckle in the family Caprifoliaceae that is native to temperate eastern Asia; specifically in northern and western China south to Yunnan, Mongolia, Primorsky Krai in southeastern Siberia, Korea, and, albeit rare there, central and northern Honshū, Japan. [2]

Contents

Lonicera maackii is a listed endangered species in Japan. [3] [4] It has escaped from cultivation and naturalized in New Zealand and the eastern United States; in the woodlands of the U.S. it is a significant invasive species. [5]

Description

The plant is a large, deciduous shrub that grows a maximum of 6 metres (20 ft) tall with stems of a maximum of 10 centimetres (4 in) in diameter. The leaves are oppositely arranged, 5–9 centimetres (2–3+1⁄2 in) long and 2–4 centimetres (3⁄4–1+5⁄8 in) broad, with an entire margin, and with at least some rough pubescence.

Foliage and fruit LoniceraMaackii5.jpg
Foliage and fruit

The flowers are produced in pairs; they are 2 centimetres (3⁄4 in) long, have two lips, begin white and later turn yellow or pale orange in color; they bloom from middle of spring to early summer. The fruit is a bright red to black, semi-translucent berry, 2–6 millimetres (5⁄64–15⁄64 in) in diameter, that contains numerous small seeds.

Etymology and authority

Lonicera maackii planted as a hedge LoniceraMackii4.jpg
Lonicera maackii planted as a hedge

The species name "maackii" is derived from Richard Maack, a Russian naturalist of the 19th century. [6] Its common name "Amur honeysuckle" is from its native range surrounding the Amur River, which demarcates the border between Siberia and Manchuria.

Some Internet sources name the species authority as "(Rupr.) Herder", but the correct authority is "(Rupr.) Maxim". [2]

Cultivation

Amur honeysuckle is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its attractive flowers and as a hedge. Many cultivars have been selected for horticulture, including "Erubescens" with pink flowers and "Rem Red" with an erect form. [7] The plant is adaptable and flourishes in a wide range of conditions. In the United States, it was planted to control erosion and to form hedges. It readily self-propagates via birds dispersing its seeds, and quickly spreads into habitats for which it has no community connectivity. [5] [8] [9] [10] [6]

It grows rapidly and prefers shady habitats such as woodland understories, neglected urban areas, and fence rows. It can form very dense thickets. [7] [8] [11]

The flowers are sometimes savored by children, who remove blossoms and pull off their bottoms so as to suck out the sweet nectar in the centers. The berries, on the other hand, are mildly poisonous to humans and therefore should not be consumed.

Alternatives

Because of the invasive nature of this species, regardless of whether it is banned locally, it is imprudent to cultivate Amur honeysuckle in climates similar to those where the species has invaded, e.g. eastern North America. [9]

Possible alternative shrubs that are also fast growing, shade tolerant, and deciduous, but not invasive in eastern US include: [6]

More native shrubs for use the Midwestern United States are listed in the pamphlet Curse of the Bush Honeysuckles!. [12]

Phytochemistry

L. maackii produces various secondary metabolites to deter insect herbivory. [13] Cipollini et al. found seasonal variation in the levels of chlorogenic acid, apigenin, apigenin-7-glucoside, luteolin and luteolin-7-glucoside, and confirm their deterrent effect. [14]

Invasive nature and remedies

Birds and mammals consume and disperse seeds. Biotic transmission vectors include species: American robin (Turdus migratorius), hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus) and European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). [15] Because of its well-documented invasiveness, propagation of this plant is illegal or controlled in some of the United States, where it is an alien species. [5] [8] [9] [10] [6] The species is named "invasive, banned" in Connecticut, "prohibited" in Massachusetts, as an invasive species in Tennessee, as an invasive species in Ohio, as a "Class B noxious weed" in Vermont, and as an invasive species in Wisconsin. [16]

It has been suggested that plants growing outside their native range, in eastern Asia, should be removed and replaced by non-invasive alternatives. [6]

Consequences

Lonicera maacki dominates the subcanopy along this stretch of the Huron River near Ypsilanti, Michigan. Lonicera maackii along Huron River of Michigan 02.jpg
Lonicera maacki dominates the subcanopy along this stretch of the Huron River near Ypsilanti, Michigan.

In the understories of deciduous woodlands of the eastern United States it forms dense thickets, the shade of whose canopies prevent the growth of native shrubs, juvenile trees, and wild flowers. [5] [8] [9] [10] [6] Uncontrolled, these growths result in almost monocultural thickets of Amur honeysuckle. [5] [8] [9] [10] [6] The species gravely jeopardizes not only the diversity of the invaded ecosystems but even the regeneration of woodlands, [5] [8] [9] [10] [6] because it reduces the growth and diversity of native seedlings. [17] Additional studies indicate that it negatively affects birds [18] and tadpoles. [19] However, other studies have shown a mixture of positive and negative effects on birds, depending on species (McNeish and McEwan, 2016). [20] Effects on invertebrate diversity can also be negative or positive, depending on the taxonomic group (Loomis and Cameron, 2014). [21]

Even if L. maackii shrubs are removed, the affected habitat may not recover absent substantial restoration effort. [22]

The relationship between white-tailed deer and L. maackii is complex, with deer playing a significant role in consuming the berries, dispersing the seeds, and browsing the foliage; the presence of L. maackii may prevent deer from browsing understory vegetation, which can be desirable if a native understory is present, but undesirable if other invasive species dominate the understory. [20] A study conducted in the vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri in 2010 indicated that the plant increases the risk of tick-borne diseases such as Erlichiosis and Lyme disease in suburban natural areas by attracting deer and consequently increasing the presence of infected ticks. Furthermore, experimental removal of the plant was shown to reduce deer activity and the number of infected ticks by shifting ticks' blood meals from deer. [23]

Control and eradication

The species is controlled by cutting, flaming, or burning the plant to the level of its roots and repetition of this in two-week increments until the nutrient reserves in the roots are depleted and unable to produce any new growths. To ensure eradication, herbicide may be applied to freshly cut stumps. Control by prescribed burning has been found to be most effective during the phase of seed dispersal in late summer and early autumn. [5]

It can also be controlled by annual applications of glyphosate that thoroughly saturate the foliage, or by grubbing the shallowly rooted juvenile plants, but these two methods increase labor cost and disrupt the soil. Uprooting by hand or with tools can be effective for small individuals, though it becomes difficult or impractical for larger ones. [24]

This species has been found to be a host for the leaf-mining moth Phyllonorycter emberizaepenella in North America. [25] In its native range, Lonicera maackii is a host plant for the following butterflies: Limenitis camilla , Limenitis helmanni , and Limenitis amphyssa. [26]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Honeysuckle</span> Genus of flowering plants

Honeysuckles are arching shrubs or twining vines in the genus Lonicera of the family Caprifoliaceae. It includes 158 species native to northern latitudes in North America, Eurasia, and North Africa. Widely known species include Lonicera periclymenum, Lonicera japonica and Lonicera sempervirens. L. japonica is a highly invasive species considered a significant pest in parts of North America, Europe, South America, Australia, and Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caprifoliaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Caprifoliaceae or honeysuckle family is a clade of dicotyledonous flowering plants consisting of about 860 species in 33 to 42 genera, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Centres of diversity are found in eastern North America and eastern Asia, while they are absent in tropical and southern Africa.

<i>Lonicera morrowii</i> Species of honeysuckle

Lonicera morrowii, the Morrow's honeysuckle, is a deciduous honeysuckle in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to Japan, Korea, and Northeast China. It is a shrub, reaching a height of 2–2.5 m, with oblong leaves 4–6 cm long. It leafs out quite early in the spring, and in North America is commonly the first deciduous shrub with foliage in March. The flowers are white to pale yellow, and the fruit is a dark red berry 7–8 mm diameter containing numerous seeds. The berries, while eaten frequently by birds, are considered poisonous to humans. It is colloquially called "bush honeysuckle" in the United States, and is considered an invasive species.

<i>Abelia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Abelia is a genus of flowering plants in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae. The genus currently includes six species native to China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.

<i>Lonicera japonica</i> Flowering shrub known as Japanese honeysuckle

Lonicera japonica, known as Japanese honeysuckle and golden-and-silver honeysuckle, is a species of honeysuckle native to East Asia, including many parts of China. It is often grown as an ornamental plant, but has become an invasive species in a number of countries. Japanese honeysuckle is used in traditional Chinese medicine.

<i>Diervilla</i> Genus of flowering plants in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae

Diervilla, or bush honeysuckle, is a genus of three species of deciduous shrubs in the family Caprifoliaceae, all indigenous to eastern North America. The genus is named after a French surgeon Dr. Marin Diereville, who introduced the plant to Europe around 1700.

<i>Berberis thunbergii</i> Species of plant

Berberis thunbergii, the Japanese barberry, Thunberg's barberry, or red barberry, is a species of flowering plant in the barberry family Berberidaceae, native to Japan and eastern Asia, though widely naturalized in China and North America, where it has become a problematic invasive in many places, leading to declines in species diversity, increased tick habitat, and soil changes. Growing to 1 m tall by 2.5 m broad, it is a small deciduous shrub with green leaves turning red in the autumn, brilliant red fruits in autumn and pale yellow flowers in spring.

<i>Lonicera caerulea</i> Honeysuckle plant

Lonicera caerulea, also known by its common names blue honeysuckle, sweetberry honeysuckle, fly honeysuckle, blue-berried honeysuckle, or the honeyberry, is a non-climbing honeysuckle native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere regions of North America, Europe, and Asia.

<i>Lonicera involucrata</i> Species of honeysuckle

Lonicera involucrata, the bearberry honeysuckle, bracted honeysuckle, twinberry honeysuckle, Californian Honeysuckle, twin-berry, or black twinberry, is a species of honeysuckle native to northern and western North America.

<i>Lonicera sempervirens</i> Species of honeysuckle

Lonicera sempervirens is a flowering plant species of honeysuckle vine native to the eastern United States which is known for its reddish flowers.

<i>Viburnum nudum</i> Species of shrub

Viburnum nudum is a deciduous shrub in the genus Viburnum within the muskroot family, Adoxaceae.

<i>Lonicera tatarica</i> Species of honeysuckle

Lonicera tatarica is a species of honeysuckle known by the common name Tatarian honeysuckle. Native to Eurasia, the plant is one of several exotic bush honeysuckles present in North America, being considered an invasive species there.

<i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> Species of flowering plant

Symphoricarpos albus is a species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family known by the common name common snowberry. Native to North America, it is browsed by some animals and planted for ornamental and ecological purposes, but is poisonous to humans.

<i>Borodinia perstellata</i> Species of flowering plant

Borodinia perstellata, commonly known as Braun's rockcress and Nevada rockcress, is a rare species of flowering plant in the mustard family. It is native to Kentucky and Tennessee, where it is known from perhaps 25 total populations. Most of the occurrences have few individuals, and all are deteriorating in quality. The plant grows in shady forest habitat on limestone substrates, usually near streams or rivers. This is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

<i>Diervilla lonicera</i> Species of flowering plant

Diervilla lonicera, commonly referred to as northern bush honeysuckle, low bush honeysuckle, dwarf bush honeysuckle, or yellow-flowered upright honeysuckle, is a deciduous shrub native to the northeastern United States and Canada. Its specific epithet, lonicera refers to its similarity in appearance to the true honeysuckles, genus Lonicera. It attracts bumblebees and is an important source of nectar for them.

<i>Lonicera fragrantissima</i> Species of honeysuckle

Lonicera fragrantissima is a species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae, known by the common names winter-flowering honeysuckle, fragrant honeysuckle, kiss-me-at-the-gate, and sweet breath of spring. It is native to China and has been an introduced species to other parts of the world. It was brought to the attention of western gardeners by Scottish plant hunter Robert Fortune, who was plant hunting in China for the Royal Horticultural Society. Fortune introduced Lonicera fragrantissima to England in 1845, and a few years later it was introduced to the United States. In 1853 the editor of American gardening magazine The Horticulturist wrote that the previous year he had been sent a specimen from a plant that had been flowering in the gardens of Hatfield House, the Marquess of Salisbury's stately home in Hertfordshire. The first mention of a specimen for commercial sale in an American plant catalogue is in 1860.

<i>Lonicera caprifolium</i> Species of honeysuckle

Lonicera caprifolium, the Italian woodbine, perfoliate honeysuckle, goat-leaf honeysuckle, Italian honeysuckle, or perfoliate woodbine, is a species of perennial flowering plants in the genus Lonicera of the family Caprifoliaceae. It is native to parts of Europe, and naturalised in South East Britain and northeastern North America. It can readily be distinguished from Europe's most common species, Lonicera periclymenum, by its topmost leaves, which are perfoliate as the Latin name suggests. It is a vigorous, deciduous climber growing up to 8 metres. It bears masses of very fragrant, cream-coloured flowers, tinged with pink, appearing in midsummer.

<i>Viburnum dilatatum</i> Species of shrub

Viburnum dilatatum, commonly known as linden arrowwood or linden viburnum, is a deciduous shrub in the moschatel family (Adoxaceae). It is native to eastern Asia, and can be found as an introduced plant in the mid-Atlantic regions in the U.S from New York to Virginia. Linden arrowwood is known for the clusters of red drupes it produces when it is mature.

<i>Lonicera <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> bella</i> Species of honeysuckle

Lonicera × bella, known as Bell's honeysuckle and showy fly honeysuckle, is a hybrid species of flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae. It was first described by Hermann Zabel in 1889. Zabel reported that he grew it in cultivation from seeds obtained from a plant of Lonicera morrowii, but that its appearance suggested the influence of L. tatarica. It has escaped from cultivation and become an aggressive invasive species in central and eastern parts of the United States.

References

  1. ↑ "The Plant List: A working list of all plant species" . Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  2. 1 2 "Lonicera maackii". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  3. ↑ "Red List of Threatened Plants of Japan". Ministry of the Environment (Excel spreadsheet). Government of Japan.
  4. ↑ "Lonicera maackii (with map)". Red Data Book (Japan) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 June 2011; "Google translation".
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Amur honeysuckle" (PDF). USDA Forest Service. Weed of the Week Fact Sheet. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "L. maackii". Pocket Gardener. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007.
  7. 1 2 Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN   0-333-47494-5.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Lonicera maackii in Missouri". Missouriplants.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Annotated bibliography of primary research on invasive qualities of L. maackii in the U.S.A." National Biological Information Infrastructure. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "L. maackii". Department of Horticulture. Plant Database. University of Connecticut. Archived from the original on 10 May 2007.
  11. ↑ "Lonicera species" (PDF). Invasive.org. Invasive weeds from Asia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2006.
  12. ↑ "Curse of the Bush Honeysuckles!" (PDF). mdc.mo.gov. Missouri Department of Conservation.
  13. ↑ Cipollini; et al. (March–April 2008). "Contrasting Effects of Allelochemicals from Two Invasive Plants on the Performance of a Nonmycorrhizal Plant". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 169 (3): 371–375. doi:10.1086/526470.
  14. ↑ Peñuelas, Josep; Sardans, Jordi; Estiarte, Marc; Ogaya, Romà; Carnicer, Jofre; Coll, Marta; Barbeta, Adria; Rivas-Ubach, Albert; Llusià, Joan; Garbulsky, Martin; Filella, Iolanda; Jump, Alistair S. (25 March 2013). "Evidence of current impact of climate change on life: a walk from genes to the biosphere". Global Change Biology . 19 (8). Wiley: 2303–2338. Bibcode:2013GCBio..19.2303P. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.480.9111 . doi:10.1111/gcb.12143. ISSN   1354-1013. PMID   23505157. S2CID   10377923.
  15. ↑ Kaufman, S (7 January 2022). Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) (Report). doi: 10.1079/cabicompendium.31192 .
  16. ↑ "L. maackii". USDA Plants Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  17. ↑ Gorchov, David L.; Trisel, Donald E. (1 May 2003). "Competitive effects of the invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder (Caprifoliaceae), on the growth and survival of native tree seedlings". Plant Ecology. 166 (1): 13–24. doi:10.1023/A:1023208215796. S2CID   41965189.
  18. ↑ Schmidt, Kenneth A.; Whelan, Christopher J. (1 December 1999). "Effects of Exotic Lonicera and Rhamnus on Songbird Nest Predation". Conservation Biology. 13 (6): 1502–1506. Bibcode:1999ConBi..13.1502S. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.99050.x. S2CID   85797805.
  19. ↑ Watling, J.I.; Hickman, C.R.; Lee, E.; Wang, K.; Orrock, J.L. (1 January 2011). "Extracts of the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii increase mortality and alter behavior of amphibian larvae". Oecologia. 165 (1): 153–159. Bibcode:2011Oecol.165..153W. doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1777-z. PMID   20938785. S2CID   7347009.
  20. 1 2 McNeish, Rachel E.; McEwan, Ryan W. (2016). "A review on the invasion ecology of Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii, Caprifoliaceae) a case study of ecological impacts at multiple scales". The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 143 (4): 367–385. doi: 10.3159/TORREY-D-15-00049.1 . S2CID   89223917.
  21. ↑ Loomis, Jessica D.; Cameron, Guy N. (2014). "Impact of the invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) on shrub-layer insects in a deciduous forest in the eastern United States". Biological Invasions. 16 (1): 89–100. Bibcode:2014BiInv..16...89L. doi:10.1007/s10530-013-0505-0. S2CID   18834906.
  22. ↑ Rodewald, A.D.; et al. (2015). "Does removal of invasives restore ecological networks? An experimental approach". Biological Invasions. 17 (7): 2139–2146. Bibcode:2015BiInv..17.2139R. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-0866-7. hdl: 10261/116766 . S2CID   14654835.
  23. ↑ Allan, Brian F.; Dutra, Humberto P.; Goessling, Lisa S.; Barnett, Kirk; Chase, Jonathan M.; Marquis, Robert J.; et al. (26 October 2010). "Invasive honeysuckle eradication reduces tick-borne disease risk by altering host dynamics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (43): 18523–18527. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10718523A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1008362107 . PMC   2973004 . PMID   20937859.
  24. ↑ "Shrub Honeysuckles". extension.psu.edu. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  25. ↑ Craves, J.A. (2017). "Native birds exploit leaf-mining moth larvae using a new North American host, non-native Lonicera maackii". Écoscience . 24: 81–90. doi:10.1080/11956860.2017.1367908. S2CID   90390095.
  26. ↑ "HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants - HOSTS - Data Portal". data.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
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