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The Long March rockets are a family of expendable launch system rockets operated by the China National Space Administration (CNSA). Development and design falls under the auspices of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT). In English,the rockets are abbreviated as LM- for export and CZ- within China,as "Chang Zheng" (长征) which means Long March in Chinese pinyin. The rockets are named after the Chinese Red Army's 1934–35 Long March,during the Chinese Civil War.
The Ariane 4 was a European expendable space launch system,developed by the Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES),the French space agency,for the European Space Agency (ESA). It was manufactured by ArianeGroup and marketed by Arianespace. Since its first flight on 15 June 1988 until the final flight on 15 February 2003,it attained 113 successful launches out of 116 total launches.
The Long March 2F,also known as the CZ-2F,LM-2F and Shenjian,is a Chinese orbital carrier rocket,part of the Long March 2 rocket family. Designed to launch crewed Shenzhou spacecraft,the Long March 2F is a human-rated two-stage version of the Long March 2E rocket,which in turn was based on the Long March 2C launch vehicle. It is launched from complex SLS at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The Long March 2F made its maiden flight on 19 November 1999,with the Shenzhou 1 spacecraft. After the flight of Shenzhou 3,CPC General Secretary and President Jiang Zemin named the rocket "Shenjian" meaning "Divine Arrow".
Shenzhou 6 was the second human spaceflight of the Chinese space program,launched on October 12,2005 on a Long March 2F rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The Shenzhou spacecraft carried a crew of Fèi Jùnlóng (费俊龙) and NièHǎishèng (聂海胜) for five days in low Earth orbit. It launched three days before the second anniversary of China's first human spaceflight,Shenzhou 5.
A small satellite,miniaturized satellite,or smallsat is a satellite of low mass and size,usually under 1,200 kg (2,600 lb). While all such satellites can be referred to as "small",different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass. Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of launch vehicles and the costs associated with construction. Miniature satellites,especially in large numbers,may be more useful than fewer,larger ones for some purposes –for example,gathering of scientific data and radio relay. Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient power storage or of room for a propulsion system.
The Mu,also known as M,was a series of Japanese solid-fueled carrier rockets,which were launched from Uchinoura between 1966 and 2006. Originally developed by Japan's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science,Mu rockets were later operated by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency following ISAS becoming part of it.
The Tiangong program is China's space program to create a modular space station,comparable to Mir. This program is independent and unconnected to any other international space-active countries. The program is part of the China Manned Space Program began in 1992. The core module,the Tianhe was finally launched on 29 April 2021 marking the start of the Tiangong Space program deployment.
Long March 2 rocket family or Chang Zheng 2 rocket family as in Chinese pinyin is an expendable launch system operated by the People's Republic of China. The rockets use the abbreviations LM-2 family for export,and CZ-2 family within China,as "Chang Zheng" means "Long March" in Chinese pinyin. They are part of the larger Long March rocket family. Development and design falls mostly under the auspices of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT).
Long March 5,or Changzheng 5 (CZ-5),and also by its nickname "Pang-Wu",is a Chinese heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT). It is the first Chinese launch vehicle designed to use exclusively non-hypergolic liquid propellants. It is the fifth iteration of the Long March rocket family.
The China Manned Space Program,also known as Project 921 is a space program developed by the People's Republic of China and run by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA),designed to develop and enhance human spaceflight capabilities for China. It was approved on 21 September 1992 and been in operation ever since.
The Long March 3B,also known as the CZ-3B and LM-3B,is a Chinese orbital launch vehicle. Introduced in 1996,it is launched from Launch Area 2 and 3 at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan. A three-stage rocket with four strap-on liquid rocket boosters,it is currently the second most powerful member of the Long March rocket family after the Long March 5 and the heaviest of the Long March 3 rocket family,and is mainly used to place communications satellites into geosynchronous orbits.
The Long March 6 or Chang Zheng 6 as in pinyin,abbreviated LM 6 for export or CZ 6 within China,is a Chinese liquid-fuelled launch vehicle of the Long March family,which was developed by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) and the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST). The rocket was developed in the 2000s,and made its maiden flight in 2015. As one of the new generation rocket family,the Long March 6 was designed to be a light capacity,"high-speed response" rocket,complementing the heavy lift Long March 5 and the mid-heavy lift Long March 7 rocket families. It is capable of placing at least 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) of payload into a Sun-synchronous orbit. The first stage of the Long March 6 was derived from the booster rockets being developed for the Long March 5 rocket. It is powered by a YF-100 engine,which generates 1,340 kN (300,000 lbf) of thrust from burning kerosene and LOX as rocket fuel and oxidiser. This was the first flight of the new engine design.
The Long March 7,or Chang Zheng 7 in pinyin,abbreviated LM-7 for export or CZ-7 within China,originally Long March 2F/H or Chang Zheng 2F/H,nicknamed Bingjian,is a Chinese liquid-fuelled launch vehicle of the Long March family,developed by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CAST). It made its inaugural flight on 25 June 2016.
LauncherOne is a two-stage orbital launch vehicle developed and flown by Virgin Orbit that began operational flights in 2021,after being in development from 2007 to 2020. It is an air-launched rocket,designed to carry smallsat payloads of up to 300 kg (660 lb) into Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO),following air launch from a carrier aircraft at high altitude. The rocket is carried to the upper atmosphere on a modified Boeing 747-400,named Cosmic Girl,and released over the Pacific Ocean. Initial work on the program was done by Virgin Galactic,another Virgin Group subsidiary,before a separate entity —Virgin Orbit —was formed in 2017 to complete development and operate the launch service provider business as a separate entity from the passenger-carrying Virgin Galactic business.
Orbital-3,also known as Orb-3,was an attempted flight of Cygnus,an automated cargo spacecraft developed by United States-based company Orbital Sciences,on 28 October 2014. The mission was intended to launch at 22:22:38 UTC that evening. This flight,which would have been its fourth to the International Space Station and the fifth of an Antares launch vehicle,resulted in the Antares rocket exploding seconds after liftoff.
Kuaizhou is a family of Chinese "quick-reaction" orbital launch vehicles. Flying since 2013,Kuaizhou 1 and 1A consist of three solid-fueled rocket stages,with a liquid-fueled fourth stage as part of the satellite system. Kuaizhou 11,which flew an unsuccessful maiden flight in July 2020,is a larger model able to launch a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) payload into low Earth orbit. Heavy-lift models KZ-21 and KZ-31 are in development. The Kuaizhou series of rockets is manufactured by ExPace,a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC),as their commercial launch vehicles.
Space launch market competition is the manifestation of market forces in the launch service provider business. In particular it is the trend of competitive dynamics among payload transport capabilities at diverse prices having a greater influence on launch purchasing than the traditional political considerations of country of manufacture or the national entity using,regulating or licensing the launch service.
The FG-02 was a Chinese solid rocket motor burning Polysulfide. It was developed by China Hexi Chemical and Machinery Corporation for use in the Long March 1 third stage. It has a total nominal mass of 2,052 kg (4,524 lb),of which 1,806 kg (3,982 lb) is propellant load. It has an average thrust of 118 kN (27,000 lbf) with a specific impulse of 254 seconds burning for 38 seconds,with a total impulse of 4,500 kN (1,000,000 lbf). It used spin stabilization and a timing device to ignite in flight.
OneSpace or One Space Technology Group is a Chinese private space launch group based in Beijing,subsidiaries in Chongqing,Shenzhen and Xi'an. OneSpace was founded in 2015. OneSpace is led by CEO Shu Chang,and is targeting the small launcher market for microsatellites and nanosatellites. OneSpace launched China's first private rocket in 2018.
NG-15,previously known as OA-15,was the fifteenth launch of the Northrop Grumman robotic resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its fourteenth flight to the International Space Station (ISS) under the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract with NASA. The mission launched on 20 February 2021 at 17:36:50 UTC. This is the fourth launch of Cygnus under the CRS-2 contract.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 de Selding, Peter B. (15 October 2015). "With Naga-L Rocket, China Would Turn Tables on U.S. Export Ban". SpaceNews . Retrieved 25 May 2016.
- 1 2 Yang, Haoliang (October 2015). "A review of the new generation of small launch vehicle developed by CALT" (PDF). International Astronautical Federation . Retrieved 25 May 2016.
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