Otomycosis

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Otomycosis
Other namesFungal external otitis
Specialty Infectious diseases   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Symptoms Varies widely, only itching in early cases, hearing impairment if the fungal debris blocks the ear canal, severe pressure type pain in advanced cases
Complications Perforation of the tympanic membrane, rarely invasion of the middle ear

Otomycosis is a fungal ear infection, [1] a superficial mycotic infection of the outer ear canal caused by micro-organisms called fungi which are related to yeast and mushrooms. It is more common in tropical or warm countries. The infection may be either subacute or acute and is characterized by itching in the ear, malodorous discharge, inflammation, pruritus, scaling, and severe discomfort or ear pain. The mycosis results in inflammation, superficial epithelial exfoliation, masses of debris containing hyphae, suppuration, and pain. [2] Otomycosis can also cause hearing loss.

Contents

Signs and symptoms

Otomycosis does not usually cause as much canal skin edema as does acute bacterial external otitis. While a severe pressure type of pain is a prominent feature of advanced cases, the ear is usually much less tender, if at all, to traction or tragal pressure. Appearance of the fungus is variable, most commonly gray, white, or black, often intermixed with cerumen and clinging to the canal skin. Gray concretions may be present.

Cause

Most fungal ear infections are caused by Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium and Candida albicans . [3] Otomycosis commonly worsens from overuse of antibacterial ear drops, which should never be used for more than 7 days. In such cases the fungus is an opportunist that results from antibacterial suppression of the normal bacterial flora, combined with the steroid the drops also contain. [4]

Diagnosis

Otoscopy (exam of the ear) is best done with a binocular microscope that provides adequate lighting, depth perception, and the ability to instrument the ear to comfortably remove the fungus. Findings range from scattered saprophytic fungal colonies of various colors, causing no symptoms, to densely packed fungal debris, often intermixed with cerumen (wax), filling the entire canal and involving the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The fungus can cling to the skin and tympanic membrane, presumably because of invading hyphae, and can require significant time to accomplish complete removal. [4]

Treatment

Treatment of otomycosis typically includes microscopic suction to remove fungal mass, topical antibiotics to be discontinued, and treatment with antifungal eardrops for three weeks. [5] The antifungal medications can be administered in the form of creams or drops applied to the ears and the most commonly used medications are azoles, a heterocyclic class of antifungal agents. [6] Evidence in the form of high quality clinical trials on treatment methods is very weak and it is not known how effective these treatments are at improving the infection, having adverse effects (serious or not serious) when comparing different medications prescribed. [6]

If neglected and not treated on time, the infection can cause perforation of eardrum. The only resort in such a situation can be major ear surgery, as hearing loss can be permanent.

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Earwax, also known by the medical term cerumen, is a waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of humans and other mammals. Earwax can be many colors, including brown, orange, red, yellowish, and gray. Earwax protects the skin of the human ear canal, assists in cleaning and lubrication, and provides protection against bacteria, fungi, particulate matter, and water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antifungal</span> Pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ketoconazole</span> Antifungal chemical compound

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Aspergillus versicolor is a slow-growing species of filamentous fungus commonly found in damp indoor environments and on food products. It has a characteristic musty odor associated with moldy homes and is a major producer of the hepatotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin sterigmatocystin. Like other Aspergillus species, A. versicolor is an eye, nose, and throat irritant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fungal sinusitis</span> Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses due to fungal infection

Fungal sinusitis or fungal rhinosinusitis is the inflammation of the lining mucosa of the paranasal sinuses due to a fungal infection. It occurs in people with reduced immunity. The maxillary sinus is the most commonly involved. Fungi responsible for fungal sinusitis are Aspergillus fumigatus (90%), Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger. Fungal sinusitis occurs most commonly in middle-aged populations. Diabetes mellitus is the most common risk factor involved.

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References

  1. "Otomycosis". Medical Dictionary. TheFreeDictionary.
  2. Kaur R, Mittal N, Kakkar M, Aggarwal AK, Mathur MD (August 2000). "Otomycosis: a clinicomycologic study". Ear, Nose & Throat Journal. 79 (8): 606–9. doi: 10.1177/014556130007900815 . PMID   10969470.
  3. Munguia R, Daniel SJ (April 2008). "Ototopical antifungals and otomycosis: a review". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 72 (4): 453–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.12.005. PMID   18279975.
  4. 1 2 Vennewald I, Klemm E (March 2010). "Otomycosis: Diagnosis and treatment". Clin Dermatol. 28 (2): 202–11. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.12.003 . PMID   20347664.
  5. Sangaré I, Amona FM, Ouedraogo RW, Zida A, Ouedraogo MS (June 2021). "Otomycosis in Africa: Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment". J Mycol Med. 31 (2): 101115. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101115. PMID   33516991. S2CID   231752722.
  6. 1 2 Lee, Ambrose; Tysome, James R.; Saeed, Shakeel R. (2021-05-25). "Topical azole treatments for otomycosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (5): CD009289. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009289.pub2. ISSN   1469-493X. PMC   8147581 . PMID   34033120.