Parviluciferaceae

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Parviluciferaceae
Dinovorax pyriformis PMC5609580 fig1c.png
Double infection of two late Dinovorax pyriformis trophonts in a Prorocentrum micans cell. Scale bar: 10 μm.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Alveolata
Phylum: Myzozoa
Class: Perkinsea
Family: Parviluciferaceae
Reñé & Alacid 2017 [1]
Type genus
Parvilucifera
Norén & Moestrup 1999 [2]
Genera [3]
Diversity [4]
7 species

Parviluciferaceae is a family of perkinsozoans, a group of endoparasitic protists present in aquatic environments. [5]

Contents

Biology and life cycle

Members of Parviluciferaceae behave as endoparasitoids of dinoflagellates, an important group of marine phytoplankton. Their life cycle consists of biflagellated zoospores with two unequally sized flagella, that swim toward dinoflagellate hosts, infect them and grow into sporangia that develop more zoospores. All genera share similar sporangium morphology and life cycle. Their main differences regard the morphology of zoospores. Dinovorax and Snorkelia zoospores infect the host cell through a germ tube, which is absent in Parvilucifera . [1]

Systematics

Etymology

The name of this family derives from the type genus, Parvilucifera . [1] It derives from Latin parvus 'small',and lucidus 'shining', referring to the small refractile zoospores that characterize this genus. [2]

Classification

There are currently four genera accepted in this family. [3] The first to be described, Parvilucifera , initially was not assigned to any family, and instead belonged to the order Rastrimonadida, within the Perkinsea. A second genus was included within this order, Rastrimonas , for which no genetic sequences are available. [6] [7] In 2017 the family Parviluciferaceae was erected, with the inclusion of Parvilucifera and two additional genera: Dinovorax and Snorkelia . [1] In December 2018 a fourth genus was described for this family, Tuberlatum . [3] The most speciose genus is Parvilucifera, with four described species, while the remaining genera are monotypic, with one species each, [4] adding to a total of 7 species in the family:

Related Research Articles

Perkinsus is a genus of alveolates in the phylum Perkinsozoa. The genus was erected in 1978 to better treat its type species, Perkinsus marinus, known formerly as Dermocystidium marinum. These are parasitic protozoans that infect molluscs, at least some of which cause disease and mass mortality. P. marinus is the most notorious, causing the disease perkinsosis, or dermo, in wild and farmed oysters.

<i>Difflugia</i> Large genus of protists

Difflugia is the largest genus of Arcellinida, one of several groups of Tubulinea within the eukaryote supergroup Amoebozoa. Arcellinida species produce shells or tests from mineral particles or biogeonic elements and are thus commonly referred to as testate amoebae or shelled amoebae. Difflugia are particularly common in marshes and other freshwater habitats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leptomyxida</span> Order of protozoans

Leptomyxida is an order of Amoebozoa.

Karyorelictea is a class of ciliates in the subphylum Postciliodesmatophora. Most species are members of the microbenthos community, that is, microscopic organisms found in the marine interstitial habitat, though one genus, Loxodes, is found in freshwater.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myzozoa</span> Group of single-celled organisms

Myzozoa is a grouping of specific phyla within Alveolata, that either feed through myzocytosis, or were ancestrally capable of feeding through myzocytosis.

Suessiales is an order of dinoflagellates.

<i>Thaumatomastix</i> Genus of single-celled organisms

Thaumatomastix is a protist genus of the order Thaumatomonadida, within the phylum Cercozoa and the class Imbricatea. Its species are aquatic, feeding on algae and appearing in waters of a wide range of temperatures and salinities, and are 15-50 micrometers long. They can interchange between flagellated and amoeboid forms, and are notable for being covered in both spiny and flattened siliceous scales.

<i>Katabia</i> Genus of heterotrophic protists

Katabia is a genus of soil-dwelling heterotrophic flagellate cercozoans containing the single species Katabia gromovi, and the only member of family Katabiidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perkinsea</span> Group of intracellular parasites

Perkinsids are single-celled protists that live as intracellular parasites of a variety of other organisms. They are classified as the class Perkinsea within the monotypic phylum Perkinsozoa. It is part of the eukaryotic supergroup Alveolata, along with dinoflagellates, their closest relatives, and another parasitic group known as Apicomplexa. Perkinsids are found in aquatic environments, as parasites of dinoflagellates and various animals.

<i>Parvilucifera</i> Genus of single-celled organisms

Parvilucifera is a genus of marine alveolates that behave as endoparasites of dinoflagellates. It was described in 1999 by biologists Fredrik Norén and Øjvind Moestrup, who identified the genus among collections of Dinophysis dinoflagellates off the coast of Sweden. Initially mistaken for products of sexual reproduction, the round bodies found within these collections were eventually recognized as sporangia, spherical structures that generate zoospores of a parasitic protist. This organism was later identified as P. infectans, the type species. The examination of this organism and its close genetic relationship to Perkinsus led to the creation of the Perkinsozoa phylum within the Alveolata group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taxonomy of Protista</span> Classification of eukaryotes

A protist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. The protists do not form a natural group, or clade, since they exclude certain eukaryotes with whom they share a common ancestor; but, like algae or invertebrates, the grouping is used for convenience. In some systems of biological classification, such as the popular five-kingdom scheme proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969, the protists make up a kingdom called Protista, composed of "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissues". In the 21st century, the classification shifted toward a two-kingdom system of protists: Chromista and Protozoa.

Wallaceina is a genus of parasitic flagellate protist belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae. This generic name is a replacement name for ProteomonasPodlipaev, Frolov et Kolesnikov, 1990 because the latter Proteomonas was already attributed to a cryptomonad. Wallaceina is a taxonomic patronym honoring the protistologist Franklin G. Wallace, a pioneer in the modern taxonomy of trypanosomatids.

<i>Vampyrella lateritia</i> Species of protist

Vampyrella lateritia is a freshwater species of predatory amoebae that feeds on species of algae and is known for its specialized feeding strategy of removing, digesting, and ingesting the cellular contents of its prey. It is the type species of the genus Vampyrella and has been identified in numerous locations around the world including Brazil, Germany, and the eastern United States. Along with Vampyrella pendula, its genome was sequenced in 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cortical alveolum</span> Cellular organelle found in protists

The cortical alveolum is a cellular organelle consisting of a vesicle located under the cytoplasmic membrane, to which they give support. The term "corticate" comes from an evolutionary hypothesis about the common origin of kingdoms Plantae and Chromista, because both kingdoms have cortical alveoli in at least one phylum. At least three protist lineages exhibit these structures: Telonemia, Alveolata and Glaucophyta.

Hyalochlorella marina, the only species in the genus Hyalochlorella and also known as Dermocystidium sp., is a marine heterotrophic eukaryote with uncertain phylogenic position.

Rhogostomidae is a family of thecate amoebae with a ventral cleft-like aperture. Their theca is thin and flexible and adheres to the cell. The cleft-like aperture allows them to extend and retract their filose pseudopodia, which they use to move and feed. They are primarily feeding on bacteria, but they are also known to consume yeasts and algae. The family contains three genera: Capsellina, Sacciforma, and Rhogostoma.

<i>Urceolus</i> Genus of flagellates

Urceolus is a genus of heterotrophic flagellates belonging to the Euglenozoa, a phylum of single-celled eukaryotes or protists. Described by Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowsky in 1877, its type species is Urceolus alenizini. Species of this genus are characterized by deformable sack-shaped cells that exhibit at least one flagellum that is active at the tip. They are found in a variety of water body sediments across the globe. Molecular phylogenies show they belong to a group known as peranemids, closely related to the euglenophyte algae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colponemid</span> Group of predatorial flagellates

Colponemids are free-living alveolates, unicellular flagellates related to dinoflagellates, apicomplexans and ciliates. They are predators of other small eukaryotes, found in freshwater, marine and soil environments. They do not form a solid clade, but a sparse group of deep-branching alveolate lineages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amoeboflagellate</span> Cellular body type

An amoeboflagellate is any eukaryotic organism capable of behaving as an amoeba and as a flagellate at some point during their life cycle. Amoeboflagellates present both pseudopodia and at least one flagellum, often simultaneously.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chrompodellid</span> Clade of alveolates

Chrompodellids are a clade of single-celled protists belonging to the Alveolata supergroup. It comprises two different polyphyletic groups of flagellates: the colpodellids, phagotrophic predators, and the chromerids, photosynthetic algae that live as symbionts of corals. These groups were independently discovered and described, but molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that they are intermingled in a clade that is the closest relative to Apicomplexa, and they became collectively known as chrompodellids. Due to the history of their research, they are variously known in biological classification as Chromerida or Colpodellida (ICZN)/Colpodellales (ICN).

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Albert Reñé; Elisabet Alacid; Isabel Ferrera; Esther Garcés (24 August 2017). "Evolutionary Trends of Perkinsozoa (Alveolata) Characters Based on Observations of Two New Genera of Parasitoids of dinoflagellates, Dinovorax gen. nov. and Snorkelia gen. nov". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1594. doi:10.3389/FMICB.2017.01594. ISSN   1664-302X. PMC   5609580 . PMID   28970818. Wikidata   Q42163896.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. 1 2 3 Fredrik Norén; Øjvind Moestrup; Ann-Sofi Rehnstam-Holm (October 1999). "Parvilucifera infectans Noren et Moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a Parasitic Flagellate Capable of Killing Toxic Microalgae". European Journal of Protistology . 35 (3): 233–254. doi:10.1016/S0932-4739(99)80001-7. ISSN   0932-4739. Wikidata   Q56038565.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Boo Seong Jeon; Myung Gil Park (21 December 2018). "Tuberlatum coatsi gen. n., sp. n. (Alveolata, Perkinsozoa), a New Parasitoid with Short Germ Tubes Infecting Marine Dinoflagellates". Protist . 170 (1): 82–103. doi:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2018.12.003. ISSN   1434-4610. PMID   30797136. Wikidata   Q91851560.
  4. 1 2 3 Boo Seong Jeon; Myung Gil Park (27 June 2020). "Parvilucifera multicavata sp. nov. (Alveolata, Perkinsozoa), a New Parasitoid Infecting Marine Dinoflagellates Having Abundant Apertures on the Sporangium". Protist . 171 (4): 125743. doi:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2020.125743. ISSN   1434-4610. PMID   32731120. Wikidata   Q98172104.
  5. Sarah Itoïz; Sebastian Metz; Evelyne Derelle; Albert Reñé; Esther Garcés; David Bass; Philippe Soudant; Aurélie Chambouvet (1 January 2021). "Emerging Parasitic Protists: The Case of Perkinsea". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 735815. doi:10.3389/FMICB.2021.735815. ISSN   1664-302X. PMC   8792838 . PMID   35095782. Wikidata   Q111321231.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. T. Cavalier-Smith; E.E. Chao (September 2004). "Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.)". European Journal of Protistology . 40 (3): 185–212. doi:10.1016/J.EJOP.2004.01.002. ISSN   0932-4739. Wikidata   Q54540793.
  7. Thomas Cavalier-Smith (5 September 2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma . 255 (1): 297–357. doi:10.1007/S00709-017-1147-3. ISSN   0033-183X. PMC   5756292 . PMID   28875267. Wikidata   Q47194626.
  8. Albert Reñé; Elisabet Alacid; Rosa Isabel Figueroa; Francisco Rodríguez; Esther Garcés (13 December 2016). "Life-cycle, ultrastructure, and phylogeny of Parvilucifera corolla sp. nov. (Alveolata, Perkinsozoa), a parasitoid of dinoflagellates". European Journal of Protistology . 58: 9–25. doi:10.1016/J.EJOP.2016.11.006. ISSN   0932-4739. PMID   28092806. Wikidata   Q31154927.
  9. Rosa Isabel Figueroa; Esther Garcés; Ramon Massana; Jordi Camp (9 August 2008). "Description, host-specificity, and strain selectivity of the dinoflagellate parasite Parvilucifera sinerae sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa)". Protist . 159 (4): 563–578. doi:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2008.05.003. ISSN   1434-4610. PMID   18693068. Wikidata   Q31170770.
  10. Boo Seong Jeong; Seung Won Nam; Sunju Kim; Myung Gil Park (15 March 2018). "Revisiting the Parvilucifera infectans / P. sinerae (Alveolata, Perkinsozoa) species complex, two parasitoids of dinoflagellates" (PDF). Algae. 33 (1): 1–19. doi:10.4490/ALGAE.2018.33.3.6. ISSN   1226-2617. Wikidata   Q124518906.
  11. Frédéric Lepelletier; Sergey A. Karpov; Sophie Le Panse; Estelle Bigeard; Alf Skovgaard; Christian Jeanthon; Laure Guillou (17 October 2013). "Parvilucifera rostrata sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa), a novel parasitoid that infects planktonic dinoflagellates". Protist . 165 (1): 31–49. doi:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2013.09.005. ISSN   1434-4610. PMID   24334099. Wikidata   Q35066131.
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