Pempidine

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Pempidine
Pempidine.svg
Identifiers
  • 1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.001.102 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C10H21N
Molar mass 155.285 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CC1(CCCC(N1C)(C)C)C

Pempidine is a ganglion-blocking drug, first reported in 1958 by two research groups working independently, and introduced as an oral treatment for hypertension. [1]

Contents

Pharmacology

Reports on the "classical" pharmacology of pempidine have been published. [2] [3] The Spinks group, at ICI, compared pempidine, its N-ethyl analogue, and mecamylamine in considerable detail, with additional data related to several structurally simpler compounds. [2]

Toxicology

LD50 for the HCl salt of pempidine in mice: 74 mg/kg (intravenous); 125 mg/kg (intraperitoneal); 413 mg/kg (oral). [2]

Chemistry

Pempidine is an aliphatic, sterically hindered, cyclic, tertiary amine, which is a weak base: in its protonated form it has a pKa of 11.25. [4]

Pempidine is a liquid with a boiling point of 187–188 °C and a density of 0.858 g/cm3. [2]

Two early syntheses of this compound are those of Leonard and Hauck, [5] and Hall. [4] These are very similar in principle: Leonard and Hauck reacted phorone with ammonia, to produce 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone, which was then reduced by means of the Wolff–Kishner reduction to 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. This secondary amine was then N-methylated using methyl iodide and potassium carbonate. [6]

Hall's method involved reacting acetone with ammonia in the presence of calcium chloride to give 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone, which was then reduced under Wolff–Kishner conditions, followed by N-methylation of the resulting 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine with methyl p-toluenesulfonate.

References

  1. ↑ Spinks A, Young EH (May 1958). "Polyalkylpiperidines: a new series of ganglion-blocking agents". Nature. 181 (4620): 1397–1398. Bibcode:1958Natur.181.1397S. doi:10.1038/1811397a0. S2CID   4196802.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Spinks A, Young EH, Farrington JA, Dunlop D (December 1958). "The pharmacological actions of pempidine and its ethyl homologue". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 13 (4): 501–20. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1958.tb00246.x. PMC   1481871 . PMID   13618559.
  3. ↑ Muggleton DF, Reading HW (June 1959). "Absorption, metabolism and elimination of pempidine in the rat". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 14 (2): 202–208. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1959.tb01384.x. PMC   1481796 . PMID   13662574.
  4. 1 2 Hall HK (1957). "Steric Effects on the Base Strengths of Cyclic Amines". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 79 (20): 5444–5447. Bibcode:1957JAChS..79.5444H. doi:10.1021/ja01577a031.
  5. ↑ Leonard NJ, Hauck Jr FP (October 1957). "Unsaturated amines. X. The mercuric acetate route to substituted piperidines, Δ2-tetrahydropyridines and Δ2-tetrahydroanabasines". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 79 (19): 5279–5292. doi:10.1021/ja01576a056.
  6. ↑ The boiling point of 147 °C given by these authors for their 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine is significantly below the range of approximately 182–188 °C reported by other chemists.
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