Peruvian sheartail

Peruvian sheartail
Museum specimen
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Tribe:	Mellisugini
Genus:	Thaumastura Bonaparte, 1850
Species:	T. cora
Binomial name
Thaumastura cora (Lesson & Garnot, 1827)
Synonyms
Ornismya cora

Distribution map of Thaumastura cora

The Peruvian sheartail (Thaumastura cora) is a species of hummingbird in tribe Mellisugini of subfamily Trochilinae, the "bee hummingbirds". It is the only species placed in the genus Thaumastura. ^{[3] [4]} It is found in Chile, Ecuador, and Peru. ^[5]

Taxonomy and systematics

The Peruvian sheartail was first described by René Lesson and Prosper Garnot in 1827 as Ornismya cora. Bonaparte assigned it to its current genus Thaumastura in 1850. In the past, several subspecies were assigned to it but since at least the 1950s they have all been determined to be individual variation. In addition, several other species have at times been assigned to genus Thaumastura. ^[6] The Peruvian sheartail is now the only member of its genus and has no subspecies. ^[3]

It is closely related to the short-tailed woodstar (Myrmia micrura), purple-collared woodstar (Myrtis fanny), and oasis hummingbird (Rhodopis vesper) despite their all being in different genera. ^[6]

Santa Eulalia Valley - Peru

Illustration from Voyage autour du monde - Antoine Germain Bevalet (1779–1850)

Description

The male Peruvian sheartail is about 14 cm (5.5 in) long and weighs about 2.5 g (0.088 oz). The female about 7.5 cm (3.0 in) long and weighs about 2.6 g (0.092 oz). It is among the tiniest hummingbirds. Both sexes have a short, straight, black bill. ^{[7] [6]} Both sexes have metallic green upperparts, including the top of the face, that are darker towards the tail. The female's green has a faint beige tinge. Both sexes have an indistinct white spot behind the eye. Males have an iridescent magenta gorget that appears cyan or black at different angles; the female's throat is cream. The male's breast and belly are off-white to gray into which the green of the back gently merges. The female's breast and belly are similar but darker. ^[6]

The male Peruvian sheartail's most salient feature is its tail. The innermost pair of feathers are short, dark green on the outer vane and white on the inner. The next pair is very long with black outer vanes, white inner vanes, and black tips. The remaining three pairs are consecutively shorter, with black outer vanes, white inner vanes, and black tips outlined in white. The female's tail is short, with little difference in length among the feathers. The innermost pair have dark white bases followed by bronzy green outer webs and inner webs that transition from pale to almost black. The next pair are somewhat longer but not dramatically so as in the male; the feathers are mostly black with white tips. The third pair are black with white both near the body and at the tip. The outermost two pairs are black with white tips. ^[6]

Sources vary in their published weights for the Peruvian sheartail. Some state that it is the lightest hummingbird in South America. Other species that might rival that claim are the short-tailed woodstar and the three woodstars of genus Chaetocercus. ^{[8] [9] [10]}

Distribution and habitat

The Peruvian sheartail is found from far southwestern Ecuador through the entire length of western Peru and into northwestern Chile. Its presence in Ecuador is relatively recent; the first sighting was in the early 2000s and since then there are fewer than 10 eBird records. It is expanding its range in Chile, where it was first reported in 1971. The population in the Azapa Valley "is presently in the thousands", and it is also found further south. ^{[6] [11]}

The Peruvian sheartail's native habitat is the arid coastal zone with sparse and scrubby vegetation. It is also readily found in farmland, gardens, and orchards. In elevation it ranges from sea level to about 2,800 m (9,200 ft) and possibly to above 3,300 m (10,800 ft). However, it is most common near sea level. ^[6]

Behavior

Movement

The Peruvian sheartail is generally resident throughout its range, but because it has colonized isolated islands of suitable habitat in otherwise barren landscapes it must at least make exploratory movements. ^[6]

Feeding

The Peruvian sheartail forages for nectar at a variety of flowering plants, both native and introduced such as Eucalyptus. It usually feeds by hovering but sometimes clings to the flower. It occasionally visits hummingbird feeders. During the breeding season males defend territories, but it is unclear whether these are for courtship, feeding, or both. In addition to feeding on nectar it captures small insects by hawking from a perch. ^[6]

Breeding

Male Peruvian sheartails defend territories during the breeding season. Some observed territories are rich in flowers but others have few or none, so it is not clear whether they are guarding feeding resources or courtship display areas. Females tend to remain fairly deep in vegetation and males' display flights sometimes even penetrate the cover. The display flights can take the form of long J-shaped "dives", or "shuttles" where he flies on a shorter, more nearly horizontal plane or arc. During most dives and some shuttles the tail feathers are spread and produce a mechanical fluttering sound. Males sing during shuttles but not dives. ^[6]

The Peruvian sheartail's breeding phenology is otherwise poorly known. There is evidence that the species breeds twice a year, between March and May and between September and November. Its nest is a small cup; some have been seen with tiny flowers on the outside instead of the lichen that other hummingbirds commonly use. The incubation period and time to fledging are not known. ^[6]

Songs and calls Listen to Peruvian sheartail on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The male Peruvian sheartail's song is "squeaky, incessant, undirected [and] has at least 4 syllables". It is given from a perch or during the shuttle flight and can last a minute or more. Shorter versions are given during agonistic encounters with other males. Both sexes make "a short chip call". ^[6]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the Peruvian sheartail as being of Least Concern. It has a fairly large range, and though its population size is not known, it is believed to be stable. ^[1] It readily uses human-modified landscapes such as gardens and "is not threatened by land use change". ^[6]

References

1. BirdLife International (2016). "Peruvian Sheartail Thaumastura cora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22688150A93184547. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22688150A93184547.en . Retrieved 23 July 2022.
2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
3. Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 12.1. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
4. HBW and BirdLife International (2020) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved 27 May 2021
5. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 6 June 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved June 6, 2022
6. Clark, C. J. (2020). Peruvian Sheartail (Thaumastura cora), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pershe2.01 retrieved July 23, 2022
7. Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN   978-0-8014-8721-7.
8. Schulenberg, T.S.; Stotz, D.F.; Lane, D.F.; O'Neill, J.P.; Parker, T.A.; Egg, A.B. (2010). Birds of Peru: Revised and Updated Edition. Princeton University Press. p. 250. ISBN   9781400834495 . Retrieved 13 April 2015.
9. Schuchmann, K.L. & Boesman, P. (2016). Peruvian Sheartail (Thaumastura cora). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
10. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), ISBN   978-1-4200-6444-5.
11. "Peruvian Sheartail species map". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. July 23, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2022.

Further reading

• del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International.
• James A. Jobling: A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1991, ISBN   978-0-19-854634-4.
• Jon Fjeldså, Niels Krabbe: Birds of the High Andes: A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America. Apollo Books, Stenstrup 1990, ISBN   87-88757-16-1.
• René Primevère Lesson, Prosper Garnot: Voyage autour du monde exécuté par Ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Bd. 1, Nr. 1. Arthus Bertrand, Paris 1827.
• René Primevère Lesson, Prosper Garnot: Voyage autour du monde exécuté par Ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Bd. 1, Nr. 2. Arthus Bertrand, Paris 1830.
• Robert Sterling Ridgely, Paul J. Greenfield: Birds of Ecuador Field Guide: Status, Distribution, and Taxonomy. Bd. 1. Princeton University Press, Princeton 2001, ISBN   978-0-8014-8720-0.