Phaseolus

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Phaseolus
Snijboonplanten Phaseolus vulgaris.jpg
P. vulgaris
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Subtribe: Phaseolinae
Genus: Phaseolus
L. (1753)
Type species
Phaseolus vulgaris
L.
Species

See text.

Synonyms [1]
  • AlepidocalyxPiper (1926)
  • LipusaAlef. (1866)
  • MinkelersiaM.Martens & Galeotti (1843)

Phaseolus (bean, wild bean) [2] is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. [3] [4]

Contents

It is one of the most economically important legume genera. Five of the species have been domesticated since pre-Columbian times for their beans: P. acutifolius (tepary bean), P. coccineus (runner bean), P. dumosus (year bean), P. lunatus (lima bean), and P. vulgaris (common bean). [5] [6] Most prominent among these is the common bean, P. vulgaris, which today is cultivated worldwide in tropical, semitropical, and temperate climates.

Ecology

Phaseolus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including common swift, garden dart, ghost moth Hypercompe albicornis , H. icasia and the nutmeg.

Etymology

The generic name Phaseolus was introduced by Linnaeus in 1753 [7] , from the Latin faseolus, a possible diminutive of phasēlus, in turn borrowed from Greek φάσηλος / phasolus of unknown origin [8] [9] . The Ancient Greeks probably referred to any bean in a pod as phasolus [10] , which at the time, in Europe, were only of Asian origin. Later, when the common bean was introduced into Europe via Columbian exchange in the 16th Century, the meaning of the term extended to the New World beans.

Taxonomy

Previous classifications placed a number of other well-known legume species in this genus, but they were subsequently reassigned to the genus Vigna , sometimes necessitating a change of species name. For example, older literature refers to the mung bean as Phaseolus aureus, whereas more modern sources classify it as Vigna radiata. Similarly, the snail bean Vigna caracalla was discovered in 1753 and in 1970 moved from Phaseolus to Vigna. The modern understanding of Phaseolus indicates a genus endemic only to the New World. [3]

Species

Species have been organized into eight groups based on phylogenetic clades: [11] [12] [13]

Filiformis group

Leptostachyus group

Lunatus group

Pauciflorus group

Pedicellatus group

Polystachios group

Tuerckheimii group

Vulgaris group

Uncategorized


Allergenicity

The Phaseolus plant has an OPALS plant allergy scale rating of 4 out of 10, indicating moderate potential to cause allergic reactions, exacerbated by over-use of the same plant throughout a garden. Leaves can cause skin rash and old plants often carry Rust (fungus). [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bean</span> Seed of one of several genera of the plant family Fabaceae

A bean is the seed of several plants in the family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. They can be cooked in many different ways, including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in many traditional dishes throughout the world.

<i>Phaseolus acutifolius</i> Species of plant

Phaseolus acutifolius, also known as the tepary bean, is a legume native to the southwestern United States and Mexico and has been grown there by the native peoples since pre-Columbian times. It is more drought-resistant than the common bean and is grown in desert and semi-desert conditions from Arizona through Mexico to Costa Rica. The water requirements are low. The crop will grow in areas where annual rainfall is less than 400 mm (16 in).

<i>Vigna</i> Genus of plants

Vigna is a genus of plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, with a pantropical distribution. It includes some well-known cultivated species, including many types of beans. Some are former members of the genus Phaseolus. According to Hortus Third, Vigna differs from Phaseolus in biochemistry and pollen structure, and in details of the style and stipules.

<i>Phaseolus coccineus</i> Species of flowering plant

Phaseolus coccineus, known as runner bean, scarlet runner bean, or multiflora bean, is a plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. Another common name is butter bean, which, however, can also refer to the lima bean, a different species.

<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> Species of plant

Phaseolus vulgaris, the common bean, is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or green, unripe pods. Its leaf is also occasionally used as a vegetable and the straw as fodder. Its botanical classification, along with other Phaseolus species, is as a member of the legume family Fabaceae. Like most members of this family, common beans acquire the nitrogen they require through an association with rhizobia, which are nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green bean</span> Unripe, young fruit of cultivars of the bean

Green beans are young, unripe fruits of various cultivars of the common bean, although immature or young pods of the runner bean, yardlong bean, and hyacinth bean are used in a similar way. Green beans are known by many common names, including French beans, string beans, and snap beans or simply "snaps." In the Philippines, they are also known as "Baguio beans" or "habichuelas" to distinguish them from yardlong beans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phaseoleae</span> Tribe of legumes

The plant tribe Phaseoleae is one of the subdivisions of the legume subfamily Faboideae, in the unranked NPAAA clade. This group includes many of the beans cultivated for human and animal food, most importantly from the genera Glycine, Phaseolus, and Vigna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crop wild relative</span> Wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant

A crop wild relative (CWR) is a wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant. It may be a wild ancestor of the domesticated (cultivated) plant or another closely related taxon.

<i>Leptospron</i> Genus of legumes

Leptospron is a small genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It contains two species with a pantropical distribution. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. Species in this genus were formerly considered to belong to the genus Vigna.

<i>Strophostyles</i> Genus of legumes

Strophostyles is monophyletic three-species genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. Common names for the genus include wild bean and fuzzybean. It consists of annual and perennial herbaceous vines, ranging in their native distribution from Nevada, east to Florida, and north to the Great Lakes and eastern Canada. The etymology of the name is strophe (turning) + stylos (style), referring to the curve of the style within the keel petal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brongniartieae</span> Tribe of legumes

The tribe Brongniartieae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae, primarily found in tropical regions of the Americas and in Australia The members of this tribe consistently form a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenetic analyses. The tribe does not currently have a node-based definition, but morphological synapomorphies have been identified:

"stamens united by filaments in an adaxially open tube; anthers alternately long and basifixed, short and versatile; anther connective inconspicuous; septa present between seeds in pods; aril lateral lobe present and fitting into heel of funicle; fine red glandular processes present in axils; and pollen tricolporate with opercula and no definite endoaperture."

<i>Strophostyles helvola</i> Species of legume

Strophostyles helvola, commonly called amberique-bean, annual sand bean, or trailing fuzzybean is a species of flowering plant in the legume family. It is native to eastern Canada and the eastern United States.

Phaseolus angustissimus is a perennial, herbaceous vine of the Fabaceae (legume) family, native to the American Southwest, as well as northern Sonora, Mexico. It is a close relative of the cultivated tepary bean, also native to the same region.

<i>Cochliasanthus</i> Genus of legumes

Cochliasanthus caracalla is a leguminous flowering plant in the family Fabaceae that originates in tropical South America and Central America. The species is named caracalla, a corruption of the Portuguese caracol, meaning snail.

<i>Wajira</i> Genus of legumes

Wajira is a small genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes five species of climbing herbs or subshrubs native to tropical Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Thailand. Four species are native to the Somali-Masai region of northeastern tropical Africa. Wajira grahamiana is more widespread in Africa and ranges to the Indian subcontinent and Indochina. Typical habitats are seasonally-dry tropical forest, woodland, bushland, and grassland. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. Species in this genus were formerly considered to belong to the genus Vigna. A key for the genus has been published.

Meso-Papilionoideae is a monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae that includes the majority of papilionoid legumes. This clade is consistently resolved in molecular phylogenies. It contains many agronomically important genera, including Arachis (peanut), Cicer (chickpea), Glycine (soybean), Medicago (alfalfa), Phaseolus, Trifolium (clover), Vicia (vetch), and Vigna.

<i>Phaseolus polystachios</i> Species of legume

Phaseolus polystachios, also known as the thicket bean or wild kidney bean, is a perennial, herbaceous vine that is native to North America. It is unique among the Phaseolus in that its native range extends across the eastern temperate United States to southeast Canada, while most Phaseolus are tropical or subtropical. It is the namesake for the Polystachios group clade, which is the most species-rich within Phaseolus. In spite of its common name, it is more closely related to the lima bean, and it holds potential as a crop wild relative due to its resistance to white mold.

Phaseolus pauciflorus is a species of wild bean native to Mexico and Guatemala.

Phaseolus dumosus, the year bean or year-long bean, is an annual to perennial herbaceous vine in the family Fabaceae (legumes), native to a narrow region in the highlands of Guatemala. It is one of the five Phaseolus domesticates and is similarly used for its beans. It was recently found to be a hybrid between two other cultivated species of Central America, Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris and displays intermediate characteristics. Taxonomically, it was previously categorized as Phaseolus polyanthus and P. coccineus ssp. darwinianus.

References

  1. ↑ Phaseolus L. Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  2. ↑ "Phaseolus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  3. 1 2 Delgado-Salinas, A.; Thulin, M.; Pasquet, R.; Weeden, N.; Lavin, M. (2011). "Vigna (Leguminosae) sensu lato: the names and identities of the American segregate genera". American Journal of Botany . 98 (10): 1694–715. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100069. PMID   21980163.
  4. ↑ Freytag, George F.; Debouck, Daniel G. (2002). Taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of the genus Phaseolus (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) in North America, Mexico and Central America. Botanical Research Institute of Texas. ISBN   1889878111. OCLC   249436749.
  5. ↑ Rosales-Serna, R.; Hernández-Delgado, S.; González-Paz, M.; Acosta-Gallegos, J. A.; Mayek-Pérez, N. (2005). "Genetic Relationships and Diversity Revealed by AFLP Markers in Mexican Common Bean Bred Cultivars". Crop Science. 45 (5): 1951. doi:10.2135/cropsci2004.0582.
  6. ↑ Bitocchi, Elena; Rau, Domenico; Bellucci, Elisa; Rodriguez, Monica; Murgia, Maria L.; Gioia, Tania; Santo, Debora; Nanni, Laura; Attene, Giovanna (2017-05-08). "Beans (Phaseolus ssp.) as a Model for Understanding Crop Evolution". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 722. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00722 . ISSN   1664-462X. PMC   5420584 . PMID   28533789.
  7. ↑ Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2:623, cited in Oxford English Dictionary s.v. 'phaseolus'
  8. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary s.v. 'phaseolin'
  9. ↑ φάσηλος . Liddell, Henry George ; Scott, Robert ; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  10. ↑ Heinrich F.; Wilkins D. (2014). "Beans, boats and archaeobotany: A new translation of 'phasolus' or why the romans ate neither kidney beans nor cowpeas". Palaeohistoria. 55/56 (2013/2014): 149–176.
  11. ↑ ILDIS Version 10.01
  12. ↑ Delgado-Salinas, Alfonso; Bibler, Ryan; Lavin, Matt (2006-10-01). "Phylogeny of the Genus Phaseolus (Leguminosae): A Recent Diversification in an Ancient Landscape". Systematic Botany. 31 (4): 779–791. doi:10.1600/036364406779695960. ISSN   0363-6445. S2CID   14832239.
  13. ↑ Delgado-Salinas, Alfonso; Turley, Tom; Richman, Adam; Lavin, Matt (July 1999). "Phylogenetic Analysis of the Cultivated and Wild Species of Phaseolus (Fabaceae)". Systematic Botany. 24 (3): 438. doi:10.2307/2419699. ISSN   0363-6445. JSTOR   2419699.
  14. ↑ Ogren, Thomas Leo (2015). The Allergy-Fighting Garden. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN   9781607744917.
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