Philippine English vocabulary

As a historical colony of the United States, the Philippine English lexicon shares most of its vocabulary from American English, but also has loanwords from native languages and Spanish, as well as some usages, coinages, and slang peculiar to the Philippines. Some Philippine English usages are borrowed from or shared with British English or Commonwealth English, for various reasons.^{[ example needed ]} Due to the influence of the Spanish language, Philippine English also contains Spanish-derived terms, including Anglicizations, some resulting in false friends, such as salvage and viand. Philippine English also borrows words from Philippine languages, especially native plant and animal names (e.g. ampalaya and balimbing ), and cultural concepts with no exact English equivalents such as kilig and bayanihan . Some borrowings from Philippine languages have entered mainstream English, such as abaca and ylang-ylang.

Words unique to Philippine English

Here are some examples of words that are unique to Philippine English:

• Abaca ^[1] — The Manila hemp.
• Academician ^[2] – A teacher in a college or higher education institution. Shared with American English. From French.
• Ading — Younger sibling. ^[3] From Ilocano.
• Adobo ^[4] — A Philippine dish. From Spanish.
• Agawan base^{[ citation needed ]} — A team game whose main objective is to touch the base of the opposition without getting tagged. Called washington in Baguio.
• Aggrupation ^{[5] [6]} — A group or an organization. Anglicized from Spanish.
• Aircon ^{[7] [8]} — Short for air conditioner. This word is shared with British English.
• Ambush interview ^[9] — surprise interview
• Alcalde ^[1] — A mayor during the Spanish Colonial period. From Spanish.
• Aling ^[5] — a title of a woman roughly equivalent to Ms. or Mrs. From Tagalog.
• Amboy ^[8] — A Filipino perceived to be extremely pro-American. From American and boy.
• Ampalaya ^[10] — The Momordica charantia or bitter gourd.
• Anak — Child. ^[3] From Tagalog.
• Anito ^[1] — ancestor spirit
• Anting-anting ^[11] — amulet
• Apartelle ^[6] — A budget hotel based on an apartment building. Also spelled as apartele or apartel.
• Apo ^{[12] [3]} — grandchildren ^[12] or grandparent. ^[3] From Tagalog.
• Arnis ^{[13] [5]} — Martial arts practiced in the Philippines employing sticks, bladed weapons, and bare hands.
• Asianovela ^[14] — Any television drama series made in Asia.
• Ate ^{[15] [5]} — older sister ^[14] From Tagalog.
• Atis ^[15] — The Annona squamosa or sugar apple.
• Awardee ^[2] — One who is given an award. Shared with American English.
• Bagoong ^{[7] [5]} — fermented fish or shrimp paste
• Baguio ^[1] — A typhoon. This word is a borrowing from Philippine Spanish.
• Bakya ^[16] — referring to the lower socioeconomic class
• balete ^[11] — A Philippine tree
• Balikbayan ^[16] — A Filipino returning to the Philippines after spending time in another country.
• Balikbayan box ^{[5] [3]} — A carton shipped or brought to the Philippines from another country by a Filipino who has been living overseas, a balikbayan, typically containing items such as foods, clothing, toys, and household products.
• Balimbing ^[10] — The star fruit; the fruit of Averrhoa carambola . From Tagalog. In Philippine politics, it refers to a turncoat.
• Balisong ^[4] — A folding pocket knife from the Batangas, Philippines.
• Ballpen ^[17] — Short for ball point pen.
• Balut ^{[7] [5]} — Asian street food consisting of a developing duck embryo boiled alive and eaten in the shell. Either from Malay or Tagalog.
• Banaba ^[16] — A Southeast Asian tree with medicinal leafs.
• Banana cue — A Philippine snack made by coating a deep-fried banana in caramelized brown sugar, served on a skewer.
• Banca ^[1] — A dug-out canoe.
• bangkal ^[11] — A Philippine tree
• Baon ^{[16] [5]} — packed lunch or money taken to school, work, or a journey. ^[13] From Tagalog.
• Barangay ^[5] — The smallest local government unit in the Philippines. From Tagalog.
• Barkada ^{[16] [5]} — a group of friends ^[14]
• Barong ^[5] – shortened form of barong tagalog. From Tagalog.
• Barong tagalog ^[5] — A formal shirt made of piña; the national dress shirt of the Philippines. From Tagalog.
• Baro’t saya ^[5] — National dress of the Philippines worn by Filipino women. From Tagalog.
• Barrio ^[1] — A hamlet; a rural barangay or neighborhood. From Spanish.
• Basi ^[7] — An Ilocano Ilocano fermented alcoholic beverage or wine made with sugarcane juice.
• Batchmate ^[18] — A person in a graduating class.
• Bayanihan ^{[16] [5]} — Mutual cooperation for the public good. From Tagalog.
• Bedspacer ^{[7] [10]} — A person who rents a bed in a shared room or dormitory.
• Behest loan ^[16] — A loan granted to individuals or corporations favored by a powerful government official despite their lack of qualifications to receive such a loan. It is a mechanism for graft and political corruption particularly used in authoritarian regimes, where financial institutions such as banks are placed under intense pressure to approve such loans "at the behest" of high officials. ^{[19] [20]} The term has historically been most associated with the cronies of 10th president Ferdinand Marcos, ^{[21] [22] [23]} although other officials have also been accused of engaging in the practice. ^[24]
• Bibingka ^[25] — A Philippine type of baked rice cake.
• Bihon ^[5] — A Philippine type of noodle.
• Bodega ^[4] — A storage room or storehouse. From Spanish.
• Blocktime^{[ citation needed ]} — Units of air time sold by a broadcaster sold for use by another entity, often an advertiser or politician.
• Bolo ^[1] — a long machete-like heavy knife
• Bongga ^{[13] [5]} – extravagant; flamboyant; impressive; stylish. From Tagalog.
• Boodle fight — A large communal meal where food is placed directly on top of banana leaves across a long table where diners typically eat standing with their hands or using plastic gloves usually without cutlery. Initially adopted from the U.S. Military Academy by the Philippine Military Academy, which spread across the AFP (Armed Forces of the Philippines) before spreading to the populace.
• Bring house ^[26] — Take-out food; transliterated from Tagalog dala sa bahay. ^[26]
• Brown joke ^[16] — toilet humor; jokes about excretory functions.
• Brownout ^{[27] [28]} — A power outage. This is shared with Hong Kong English and Australian English.
• Buko ^[5] — coconut. From Tagalog.
• Buko juice ^[5] — coconut juice
• Bunso — Youngest sibling or child. ^[3] From Tagalog.
• Buri ^[1] — A species of palm and its fiber.
• Calachuchi ^[29] — The Plumeria rubra .
• Camote ^[30] — sweet potato
• Carinderia ^[5] — A small restaurant, typically in a market or roadside, serving Filipino dishes. From Philippine Spanish.
• Carless ^[31] — Having no car.
• Carnap ^[27] — To steal a motor vehicle.
• Carnapper ^[4] — A person who steals a motor vehicle.
• Cartolina ^[5] — A large sheet of colored paper. From Portuguese.
• Cash gift ^[3] — Cash remittance.
• Cedula ^[30] — originally, tax receipt; residence certificate. From Spanish.
• Centavo ^[1] — cent. From Spanish.
• Center island ^[32] — A barrier or structure on the median strip dividing opposing lanes of a road. It is typically lined with plants, trees, streetlights, and/or pillars supporting road or railroad overpasses.
• Chancing ^[33] — make sexual advances
• Charter change/Cha-cha^{[ citation needed ]} — Processes used to amend the constitution of the Philippines; constitutional reform.
• Chika ^[12] — stories; light gossip. ^[12] From Tagalog.
• Chinita ^[14] — A person who has squinty, Asian eyes.
• City folk ^[34] — Someone who lives in a city.
• Coconut milk ^[29] — coconut water
• Colorum ^{[35] [36]} — Unlicensed operation of public utility vehicles. Corrupted from Latin.
• Comfort room ^{[29] [5]} — A bathroom or a restroom. Abbreviated as CR usually in speech.
• Community quarantine — A cordon sanitaire or stay-at-home order. Devised by the IATF-EID to distinguish a series of lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic from military lockdowns resulting from civil disorder or armed conflict, the latter being associated with Martial law. ^[37] Compare with Malaysian English movement control order or Singaporean circuit breaker measure .
• Compadre ^[16] — A friend or close associate. From Spanish.
• Compañero ^[1] — A companion. From Spanish.
• Condotel ^[38] — A budget hotel based on a condominium.
• Cotton bud ^[10] — A cotton swab. This word is shared with British English.
• Course ^[18] — Academic degree. Shared with British English partly due to the Spanish word curso and its borrowed form in many Philippine languages.
• Cutex ^[10] — Nail polish.
• Dean's lister ^[39] — A person awarded a dean's list
• Despedida party ^{[7] [5]} — A farewell party. The word despedida is a borrowing from Spanish. Can simply be called a despedida.
• Dirty kitchen ^{[16] [5]} — A kitchen where everyday cooking is done by household staff, as distinct from a kitchen that is purely for show or for special use by the owner of the house. Also a kitchen, sometimes auxiliary or situated outside the house, used primarily for preparing messy and smelly dishes or cooking with firewood or charcoal. This is also used for cooking for a large group of people and found in some West Asian countries.
• Dirty ice cream ^{[16] [5]} — Local ice cream often made using coconut milk and sold by street hawkers.
• Dormmate ^[29] — A person who stays at the same dormitory with someone.
• Duhat ^[16] — The Java plum or Syzygium cumini .
• Dutertard — A derogatory term for a fanatic supporter of Rodrigo Duterte. ^[40]
• Eat-all-you-can ^[16] — all-you-can-eat
• Economic plunder ^[9] — The embezzlement of public funds.
• Endo ^{[41] [42]} — A labor contracting system where workers are hired by employment agencies to work for a specific period of time until being replaced and prohibited from being re-hired. Coined from end of contract, as used on the contracts given to workers under the system.
• Ensaimada ^[5] — A Filipino spiral-shaped pastry topped with grated cheese and sugar. From Spanish.
• Estafa ^[29] — The legal term for fraud. This term is borrowed from Spanish.
• Fantaserye ^[43] — fantasy series
• Filipinism ^[29] — Filipino nationalism
• Fiscal ^[34] — A public prosecutor or a district attorney. From Spanish.
• Fiscalize^{[ citation needed ]} — To serve as check and balance.
• Five-six/5-6 ^[9] — A moneylending scheme stereotypically associated with Indian nationals, especially Punjabis. Named after the high interest rate where ₱6 must be returned if ₱5 is borrowed.
• Flyover^{[ citation needed ]} — An overpass. This word is shared with British English. The term overpass, which is shared with American English, is also used.
• Gobernadorcillo ^[29] — A municipal mayor during the Spanish colonial period. From Spanish.
• Government-owned and controlled corporation ^{[ citation needed ]} — A state-owned enterprise that conducts both commercial and non-commercial activity.
• Grease money ^[29] — A small bribe.
• Guyabano ^[16] — The soursop. From Tagalog.
• Hacienda ^[16] — a large estate. From Spanish.
• Hacendero ^[29] — A landlord or estate owner. From Spanish.
• Halo-halo ^{[29] [5]} — A Philippine dessert consisting of a mixture of shaved ice and milk with various boiled sweet beans and fruits, served cold in a tall glass or bowl.
• Handcarry ^[3] — carry-on luggage
• Hilot ^[16] — A traditional Filipino healing practice involving massage. From Tagalog.
• Holdupper ^{[44] [5]} — One who carries a robbery at gunpoint.
• Hurado ^[12] — panel of judges in talent/musical competitions. ^[12] From Tagalog.
• Ylang-ylang ^[1] — A Philippine tree.
• Ilustrado ^[44] — A wealthy and elite Filipino during the Spanish colonial period. From Spanish.
• Imeldific ^[8] — Something ostentatious or in bad taste. ^[16] Named after Imelda Marcos.
• Inihaw ^[16] — grilled or roasted food. From Tagalog.
• Ipil ^[44] — A Philippine and Pacific island tree ( Intsia bijuga ) yielding a valuable brown dye and having a very hard and durable dark wood.
• Istambay ^[45] — Slang for a bystander. From Tagalog.
• Japayuki ^[16] — A Filipina who travels to Japan to work as an entertainer, with implications of prostitution.
• Jeepney ^[46] — A vehicle used as public transport in the Philippines, originally made from US military Jeeps left over from World War II and well known for their flamboyant decoration and crowded seating.
• Jueteng ^[46] — An illegal numbers game lottery, using a tombolá container that is spun or a receptacle, sometimes shaped like a bottle or small-necked phial, that is shaken with the winning number from 1 to 37 on a ball or raffle ticket paper drawn after all bets are submitted. From Hokkien. The gambling game traces back to China and has been played since Early Ming Dynasty to Late Qing Dynasty times starting in Coastal China and spreading across Inland China and abroad and finally banned last in China since 1949. It has been made illegal in the Philippines in 1907 under American rule. In the 21st century, it is still played illegally in secret in China (and the Philippines) under the informal economy of both countries, but government-run lotteries are used to regulate and compete against the illegal private practice.
• Kilig ^[5] — Romantic thrill. From Tagalog.
• Kinder ^[8] — A clipping of kindergarten.
• Kababayan ^[12] — fellow Filipinos. ^[12] From Tagalog.
• Kare-kare ^[5] — A Philippine dish.
• Kikay ^[5] — A girl or woman interested in fashion and beauty products; a flirtatious girl or woman; girly. From Tagalog.
• Kikay kit ^{[5] [10]} — A soft case in which a woman's toiletries and cosmetics are stored.
• Kundol ^[44] — winter melon
• Kuya ^{[15] [5]} — older brother. ^[43] From Tagalog.
• Lambanog ^[16] — A traditional Filipino distilled palm liquor.
• Lambing ^[12] — sweetness. ^[12] From Tagalog.
• Lanzones ^[16] — The fruit of the Lansium domesticum .
• Lapu-lapu ^[27] — The brown-marbled grouper.
• Leche flan ^[5] — A Philippine dessert.
• Lechon ^{[44] [5]} — A roasted suckling pig. From Spanish.
• Lola ^{[12] [5]} — grandmother. ^[12] From Tagalog.
• Lolo ^{[12] [5]} — grandfather. ^[12] From Tagalog.
• Loveteam^{[ citation needed ]} — A pair of actors or television presenters who are promoted as a romantic couple. From love and team.
• Lukban ^[1] — pomelo
• Lumpia ^[44] — spring rolls
• Macapuno ^[16] — A coconut sport or a tree propagated from such sport; a naturally occurring mutant coconut with an abnormal development of the endocarp, prized for its soft coconut meat. From Spanish.
• Macho dancer ^[7] — A male stripper who works in a strip club.
• Maestro/Maestra ^[1] — teacher. From Spanish.
• Magic sugar^{[ citation needed ]} — sodium cyclamate
• Mang ^[5] — a title of a man roughly equivalent to Mr. From Tagalog.
• Manong ^[47] — an older man. ^[47] From Ilocano.
• Masteral ^[7] — master’s degree ^[39]
• Merienda ^[16] — snack time. From Spanish.
• Mineral water ^{[3] [33]} — Bottled water
• Molave ^[1] — A Philippine tree
• Monthsary ^[39] — A monthly celebration of an anniversary or important event. ^[39]
• Morena ^[43] — tanned skin ^[43]
• Musang ^[44] — A cat-like animal in South Asia and Africa.
• Narra ^[44] — Any of the pantropical genus Pterocarpus of trees in the family Fabaceae , but especially Pterocarpus indicus .
• Nata de piña ^[44] — jelly-like pineapple juice product
• Ninang ^[15] — godmother
• Ninong ^[15] — godfather
• Nipa hut ^[1] — A kind of stilt house indigenous to the cultures of the Philippines.
• Noynoying/Noy-noying ^[48] — Colloquial neologism for lazing around. After the nickname of former president Benigno Aquino III. ^[48]
• Nuisance candidate ^[49] — A person who is deemed a frivolous or insincere candidate for elective office.
• Off-day ^[44] — Day off; a day away from work.
• Onion-skinned ^[45] — Overly sensitive. Calqued from Tagalog balat-sibuyas.
• Ocular inspection ^{[50] [51]} — An inspection of a place using the naked eye.
• Original Pilipino Music/OPM — Any musical composition created by a Filipino, whether the lyrics are in Filipino, English, or in any other language or dialect, regardless of the actual genre.
• Padre ^[1] — father. From Spanish.
• Palay ^[5] — Rice prior to husking. From Tagalog.
• Pampers ^[25] — Generalized trademark for disposable diapers
• Pandan ^[25] — The Pandanus tectorius .
• Pan de sal ^{[30] [5]} — Salted bread. From Spanish.
• Pancit ^{[16] [5]} — A Filipino dish of stir-fried egg noodles with meat, vegetables, soy sauce and other seasonings. From Chinese.
• Panciteria ^[5] — A restaurant typically serving Filipino noodles.
• Pasalubong ^{[7] [5]} — A Filipino tradition of giving gifts or souvenirs to family or friends after being away for a period of time. From Tagalog.
• Patis ^[11] — Fish sauce which is a by-product of bagoong.
• Pentel pen ^{[52] [10]} — Generalized trademark for color marker.
• Pili ^[30] — A Philippine tree and its edible nut.
• Pinakbet ^[44] — A Philippine dish.
• Pinoy ^[7] — A Filipino person. Popularized by the song Ako'y Isang Pinoy.
• Plantilla ^{[53] [35]} — Faculty assignment; ^[53] a permanent or regular position in the public sector. From Spanish.
• Plate number ^[3] — License plate
• Po ^[12] — Philippine word for courtesy and respect. ^[12] From Tagalog.
• Presidencia ^[1] — A town hall (especially during the Spanish colonial period). From Spanish.
• Presidentiable ^[5] — A likely or confirmed candidate for President. First used in the 1970s.
• Pulutan ^[5] — Food eaten as an accompaniment to alcoholic drinks. From Tagalog.
• Puto ^[5] — A Filipino steamed rice cake.
• PX goods^{[ citation needed ]} — An import-restricted imported grocery item. Named after the Post Exchange due to the initially illegal import trade in the then-US military bases in the Philippines, particularly Pampanga's Clark Air Base and Subic Naval Base in Subic Bay. Its illicit trade died out when trade was liberalized around the 1990s, opening the door for legal freeport zones in Clark and Subic Bay for more legalized imported goods in duty-free stores and supermarkets instead.
• PX store^{[ citation needed ]} — A store that sells import-restricted imported grocery items. See PX Goods above.
• Querida ^[5] — A mistress. From Spanish.
• Re(-)electionist ^[8] — Someone who runs for re(-)election. Anglicized from Spanish reeleccionista.
• Red-tagging ^[54] — Red-baiting
• Rubber shoes ^{[55] [33]} — sneakers
• Sala ^{[44] [10]} — living room
• Statement of assets, liabilities, and net worth^{[ citation needed ]} — An annual document that all de jure government workers in the Philippines, whether regular or temporary, must complete and submit attesting under oath to their total assets and liabilities, including businesses and financial interests, that make up their net worth.
• Sampaguita ^[16] — The Arabian jasmine.
• Sando^{[ citation needed ]} — A sleeveless shirt. From Tagalog. The Tagalog term is possibly from Japanese.
• Santan ^[16] — The Ixora coccinea .
• Santol ^[16] — The fruit of Sandoricum koetjape .
• Sari-sari store ^{[16] [5]} — A small variety store. The term sari-sari is from Tagalog,
• Senatoriable ^[56] — A likely or confirmed candidate for being a senator.
• Sign pen ^[10] — Generalized trademark for a pen for signing documents.
• Sinigang ^[5] — A Philippine stew. From Tagalog.
• Sisig ^[5] — A Philippine dish.
• Solon ^[34] — A legislator or a lawmaker.
• Stampita ^[57] — A small religious picture. From Spanish.
• Suki ^[5] — a regular customer. From Tagalog.
• Supermart ^[7] — A supermarket.
• Tabo ^[5] — A small plastic or metal water dipper typically used for washing. From Tagalog.
• Taglish ^[57] — A bilingual English-Tagalog code-switching phenomenon mainly encountered in Metro Manila.
• Talahib ^[16] — The Saccharum spontaneum .
• Talisay ^[1] — The Indian almond or Tropical almond.
• Tapa ^[57] — sliced dried meat
• Teleserye ^{[14] [5]} — television drama series
• Tita ^{[5] [3]} — aunt; also used as a form of address for an older woman. ^[4] From Tagalog.
• Tito ^{[5] [3]} — uncle; also used as a form of address for an older man. ^[4] From Tagalog.
• Trainor ^[58] — Misspelling of trainer.
• Trapo ^{[7] [5]} — A corrupt politician. From a clipping of traditional politician and Tagalog trapo (dirty rag). ^[16]
• Tricycle ^{[ citation needed ]} — A type of motorized vehicle consisting of a motorcycle and a passenger cab attached to it.
• Tuba ^[11] — An alcoholic drink.
• Turbo broiler^{[ citation needed ]} — tabletop convection oven
• Turco^{[ citation needed ]} Anti-rust paint. Generalized trademark from a Spanish brand.
• Turon ^[5] — A Philippine street food consisting of ripened bananas wrapped in spring roll wrappers.
• Ube ^[16] — The Dioscorea alata or purple yam.
• Unli ^[59] — Clipping of unlimited. Usually found in offers and promos such as unli-text or unli-rice.
• Videoke ^{[3] [10]} — A form of entertainment popular in clubs, at parties, etc, in which individual members of the public sing along to pre-recorded instrumental versions of popular songs, the lyrics of which are displayed for the singer on a screen in time with the music. Blend of video and karaoke. This term was coined in the 1990s.
• Xerox ^{[25] [3]} — Generalized trademark for photocopier
• Yakal ^[16] — The Shorea astylosa , a tree endemic to the Philippines.
• Yaya ^{[57] [5]} — A female employee who looks after the employers' children.
• Yellowtard — A derogatory term that refers to a supporter of Benigno Aquino III or the Liberal Party. ^[40]

Meanings unique to Philippine English

Here are some examples of words with meanings unique to Philippine English:

• Accomplish ^[5] — To fill out a form. (Original meaning: to finish successfully)
• Advanced ^{[7] [5]} — Indicates that a clock or watch is ahead of the standard time. (Original meaning: state-of-the-art)
• Blowout ^[27] — To treat somebody with a meal; ^[60] a birthday party. (Original meaning: a sudden puncturing of a tire)
• Bold ^[5] — erotic; titillating; sexual ^[61] (Original meaning: brave; daring)
• Canteen ^[28] – An eatery within a school or factory. Shared with British English. (Original meaning: a small portable flask or bottle for storing water or beverages)
• Commute ^[10] — To take public transportation. (Original meaning: to regularly travel from one's home to one's workplace or school, or vice versa)
• Computer shop ^[28] – An internet cafe. (Original meaning: A shop that sells computers)
• Cong ^[62] — Abbreviation of congressman/-person/-woman ^[62] (Original: Congress)
• Duster ^[28] — A loose dress wore in (and near) one’s house. (Original meaning: a cleaning tool)
• Gets ^[18] — Slang for understand. Commonly used in Taglish by the younger generation. (Original meaning: to have, achieve, obtain something)
• Gimmick ^{[5] [10]} — A night out with one's friends. (Original meaning: a trick or ploy)
• Go down ^{[63] [4]} — get off a vehicle (Original meaning: To descend, decline, or to fail)
• Green — Indicates that something has sexual connotations. ^[16] (Original meaning: of a green hue; with a hue which is of grass or leaves)
• High blood ^{[9] [28]} — enraged, furious, agitated, flustered. (Original meaning: hypertension)
• Hostess ^[64] — A prostitute. (Original meaning: female host)
• Jingle ^[65] — To urinate. It is not clear whether the now-defunct Jingle Chordbook magazine popular in the 1970s–1980s used the urinating Cupid on its masthead logo before the slang term came into circulation, thus inspiring the slang term's conception and street usage, or whether the image was inspired by the slang term. (Original meaning: to make a light tinkling sound)
• Load ^[10] — prepaid phone credits (Original meaning: a burden)
• Marketing ^[44] — Shopping for daily needs. (Original meaning: buying and/or selling in a market)
• Motel ^[60] — a hotel usually for premarital or extramarital sex. (Original meaning: motorist’s hotel) ^[60]
• Nosebleed ^{[66] [67]} — mental overload (Original meaning: hemorrhage from the nose)
• Number two ^[16] — mistress (Original meaning: the number after 1)
• Open ^[68] — To turn on (an appliance, for example). Shared with Malaysian English. (Original meaning: to make something accessible or allow for passage by moving from a shut position)
• Plastic ^[56] — two-faced; insincere (Original meaning: a synthetic, solid, hydrocarbon-based polymer, whether thermoplastic or thermosetting)
• Province ^[69] – Any place outside Metro Manila. (Original meaning: major administrative subdivision within a country or a sovereign state)
• Ref ^{[70] [10]} — Clipping of refrigerator. (Original meaning: clipping of referee)
• Rotonda ^[5] — A traffic circle. From Spanish. English rotunda also in use. (Original meaning: round building)
• Rugby ^[10] — Generalized trademark for contact cement or rubber cement. (Original meaning: a form of football using an oval ball)
• Salvage ^{[60] [56]} — To perform summary execution. Possibly started to surface during the Martial law era. From Spanish. (Original meaning: to rescue)
• Sorbetes ^[5] — A Philippine ice cream made from coconut milk or carabao milk. From Spanish. (Original meaning: sorbet)
• Stateside ^[45] — Used to describe imported items, especially goods. (Original meaning: being in, coming from, or going to the United States)
• Topnotcher ^[34] — Someone who finishes or is listed by name. Also top-notcher. (Original meanings: something excellent or first-rate; someone regarded as the best in an activity or occupation)
• Traffic ^[45] — Heavy traffic; congestion. Possibly influenced by trapik. Follows a trend in Philippine English to turn nouns into adjectives.^{[ example needed ][ citation needed ]} (Original meaning: vehicular flow)
• Viand ^{[27] [8]} — A side dish or a rice topping. Anglicization of Spanish vianda. Used to translate the Tagalog word ulam. Considered a misnomer. (Original meaning: item of food)

Others

• CR ^{[8] [70]} — comfort room; bathroom; restroom
• DH ^[45] — domestic helper; a maid
• DOM ^[45] — dirty old man; a rich man ^[45]
• Dra. ^[14] — female doctor
• EDSA^{[ citation needed ]} — Epifanio de los Santos Avenue. It used to be called Highway 54. It was the place of the People Power Revolution in 1986.
• EJK^{[ citation needed ]} — extra judicial killing
• GOCC^{[ citation needed ]} — A government-owned and controlled corporation or a state-owned enterprise. See the entry for the non-abbreviated form above.
• GRO ^[8] — guest relations officer; bargirl
• KJ ^[8] — killjoy
• OA ^[70] — overacting
• OFW ^[63] — Overseas Filipino Worker
• QC ^[71] — Quezon City
• SALN — Statement of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth. See the entry of the said term above.
• Actually ^[18] — Used to express agreement.
• Bad shot ^[33] — Used to express frustration ^[33]
• Bad trip ^[67] — Used to express that someone is not in a good mood.
• Bahala na ^[5] — Expressing the fatalistic attitude that things are out of one's control and whatever will happen will happen. From Tagalog.
• Mabuhay ^{[5] [3]} — Long live. From Tagalog.
• KKB ^[72] — Abbreviation of Tagalog Kaniya-kaniyang bayad (lit. 'each one pays their own').
• Power ^[65] — Cheer used to express support. Usually found in the phrase More power to you!. ^[65]
• Sanaol ^[73] — Taglish slang; used to express hope for an individual's success to spread to others; also spelled sana all. ^[74]
• Sayang ^[45] — Used to express sympathy or regret. From Tagalog.
• Time first ^[33] — time out ^[33]
• Yehey ^[75] — Used to express joy or elation. Possibly a blend of yey and hey.
• Feeling close ^[18] — Refers to a person who acts too friendly to someone but is not a friend.
• Utang na loob ^{[5] [57]} — A Tagalog phrase which is a Filipino cultural trait that may roughly mean an internal debt of gratitude or a sense of obligation to reciprocate.
• Fall in line^{[ citation needed ]} — To line up.
• Blocktime^{[ citation needed ]} — Units of air time sold by a broadcaster sold for use by another entity, often an advertiser or politician.
• Caban^{[ citation needed ]} — A grain measure equal to 3.47 cubic feet. From Spanish. Also spelled cavan.
• Chupa^{[ citation needed ]} — A historical unit of volume equivalent to around 375 ml.

References

Citations

1. Bautista & Bolton 2008, p. 180.
2. Bautista 2008, p. 184. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBautista2008 (help)
3. Jubilado 2016, p. 93.
4. Limos 2019.
5. Borlongan 2023, p. 194.
6. Cabansag 2013, p. 46.
7. Bautista & Bolton 2008, p. 184.
8. Tadeo 2012, p. 194.
9. Bautista & Bolton 2008, p. 182.
10. Sarte 2019.
11. Bautista & Bolton 2008, p. 181.
12. Dimaculangan & Sarmiento 2024, p. 1255.
13. Ahn et al. 2023, p. 157.
14. Gustilo, Tocalo & Calingasan 2019, p. 95.
15. Tadeo 2012, p. 209.
16. Tadeo 2012, p. 195.
17. Low & Hashim 2012, p. 95.
18. Miranda 2023.
19. Araneta 2006.
20. Rimando 2011.
21. Palabrica 2018.
22. Nonato 2017.
23. Mogato 2016.
24. The Manila Times 2017.
25. Tadeo 2012, p. 193.
26. Lamanilao & Agdana 2024, p. 456.
27. Bautista & Bolton 2008, p. 183.
28. Guray et al. 2022, p. 7.
29. Bautista & Bolton 2008, p. 185.
30. Bautista & Bolton 2008, p. 178.
31. Bautista 2008, p. 185. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBautista2008 (help)
32. Escaros 2024.
33. Jallorina n.d., Table 2: Frequency of Usage of Philippine English.
34. Bautista 2008, p. 183. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBautista2008 (help)
35. Dimaculangan & Gustilo 2019, p. 4.
36. Erram 2023.
37. Esguerra 2020.
38. Dimaculangan & Sarmiento 2024, p. 1260.
39. Dimaculangan & Sarmiento 2024, p. 1259.
40. Butuyan 2016.
41. Esquivias 2019, p. 1.
42. Chanco 2018.
43. Gustilo, Tocalo & Calingasan 2019, p. 96.
44. Bautista & Bolton 2008, p. 186.
45. Astrero 2017, 3.2: Awareness to the selected words.
46. Tadeo 2012, p. 208.
47. Mair 2003, p. 489.
48. Moody 2024, p. 673.
49. OEC 1985.
50. Dalan 2024.
51. SENATE 2023.
52. Low & Hashim 2012, p. 94.
53. Lamanilao & Agdana 2024, pp. 456–457.
54. CMFR 2019.
55. Guray et al. 2022, pp. 7–8.
56. Bernardo 2015, p. 88.
57. Bautista & Bolton 2008, p. 187.
58. Lopido 2012.
59. Dimaculangan & Sarmiento 2024, p. 1261.
60. Guray et al. 2022, p. 3.
61. Guray et al. 2022, p. 6.
62. Dimaculangan & Sarmiento 2024, p. 1257.
63. Yap & Saludez 2022, p. 15.
64. Symaco & Dumanig 2022, p. 38.
65. Foley & Deocampo 2016, p. 151.
66. Bernardo 2015, p. 88–89.
67. Guray et al. 2022, p. 8.
68. Foley & Deocampo 2016, p. 150.
69. Bautista 2008, p. 186. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBautista2008 (help)
70. Bautista & Bolton 2008, p. 147.
71. Nicolas 2016.
72. Quismundo 2015.
73. Avenido & Gilbas 2023, pp. 261, 263, 268.
74. Pontillas et al. 2020.
75. Avenido & Gilbas 2023, pp. 262, 263, 268.

Cited works

Books and journals

• Ahn, Hyejeong; Kiaer, Jieun; Salazar, Danica; Bordilovskaya, Anna (April 17, 2023). Beyond Borrowing: Lexical Interaction between Englishes and Asian Languages. Routledge. ISBN   978-0-429-59627-8 . Retrieved July 14, 2024.
• Avenido, Anikka Ataiza; Gilbas, Sherill Asis (2023). "Students' Digital Discourse in the New Normal" (PDF). United International Journal for Research & Technology. 4 (7). ISSN   2582-6832 . Retrieved July 21, 2024.
• Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S.; Bolton, Kingsley, eds. (November 1, 2008). Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN   978-962-209-947-0 . Retrieved July 12, 2024.
• Bernardo, Alejandro S. (2015). ""Teachable Culture Moments" in English as Second Language (ESL) Classes" (PDF). International Journal for Talent Development and Creativity. 2 (1). ISSN   2291-7179. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 14, 2024– via Education Resources Information Center.
• Borlongan, Ariane Macalinga, ed. (2023). Philippine English: Development, Structure, and Sociology of English in the Philippines. Routledge. ISBN   978-0-429-76514-8 . Retrieved July 14, 2024.
• Cabansag, John Natividad (March 2013). "Emergence of Philippine English: Seeing It From the Cultural Perspective". International Journal of English and Literature. 3 (1). ISSN   2249-6912 . Retrieved July 14, 2024– via ResearchGate.
• Dimaculangan, Nimfa; Gustilo, Leah (March 2019). "A closer look at Philippine English word-formation frameworks". Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience. 24 (11): 8384–8388. Retrieved July 27, 2024– via ResearchGate.
• Dimaculangan, Nimfa G.; Sarmiento, Michelle B. (April 1, 2024). "A corpus-based study of word-formation creativity in Facebook Philippine English". International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education. 13 (2): 1252. doi: 10.11591/ijere.v13i2.26182 . Retrieved July 13, 2024– via ResearchGate.
• Foley, J. A.; Deocampo, Marilyn F. (January 30, 2016). "The use of English as a lingua franca in translation". Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 5 (2): 146. doi:10.17509/ijal.v5i2.1339 . Retrieved July 25, 2024– via ResearchGate.
• Guray, Denise Miyuki Andrion; Caligan, Jenny Rose Imperial; Fonte, Emelyn Robin; Veluz, Francine Jules Domondon; Adnan, Airil Haimi Mohd (2022). "Awareness of college students towards Philippine English vocabulary items and equivalent meanings in American English". International Journal of Advanced Language and Educational Linguistics. 3 (3). Yogyakarta, Indonesia: AMCS Research Center & AMCS Press: 1–14. Retrieved July 13, 2024– via ResearchGate.
• Gustilo, Leah; Tocalo, Abdul Wahid; Calingasan, King Arman (March 2019). "The Intelligibility and Acceptability of Internet Philippine English (IPE): Their Implications for English Language Teaching in the New English Varieties". Asian EFL Journal Research Articles. 21 (2). Retrieved July 13, 2024– via ResearchGate.
• Jubilado, Rodney (July 2016). "Where is the CR? A Description of Philippine English in Hawaii". Philippine ESL Journal. 17 (2): 86–101. ISSN   1718-2298 . Retrieved July 21, 2024– via ResearchGate.
• Lamanilao, Randy P.; Agdana, Francis Mervin L. (2024). "Acculturation of American English as Philippine English: An affective critique" (PDF). International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation. 5 (1): 453–458. doi:10.54660/.IJMRGE.2024.5.1.453-458. ISSN   2582-7138. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
• Low, Ee-Ling; Hashim, Azirah, eds. (January 24, 2012). English in Southeast Asia: Features, policy and language in use. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN   978-90-272-8183-8 . Retrieved July 14, 2024.
• Mair, Christian (2003). The Politics of English as a World Language: New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies. Rodopi. ISBN   978-90-420-0866-3 . Retrieved July 28, 2024.
• Moody, Andrew J. (2024). The Oxford Handbook of Southeast Asian Englishes. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-285528-2 . Retrieved July 28, 2024.
• Symaco, Lorraine Pe; Dumanig, Francisco P. (February 28, 2022). Education and Language in the Philippines. Lexington Books. ISBN   978-1-7936-0296-1 . Retrieved July 21, 2024.
• Tadeo, Daphne Rashid (March 2012). "A Corpus Linguistic Analysis of Philippine English (PE) in Student Publication Editorials" (PDF). The Summit. University of the Assumption. ISSN   2094-6317. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
• Yap, Elmer Joseph C.; Saludez, Luis Miguel P. (August 17, 2022). "Students' Morpho-Pragmatic Awareness of the Codified Philippine English and Millennial Slang as Input to Teaching Vocabulary in Junior High School". Psychology and Education. 3. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7003656. ISSN   2822-4353 . Retrieved July 25, 2024– via Philippine E-Journals.

News articles

• Araneta, Sandy (April 20, 2006). "PCGG uncovers 130 behest loans worth P50 billion". The Philippine Star . Retrieved April 22, 2018.
• Butuyan, Joel Ruiz (September 12, 2016). "'Dutertards' versus 'Yellowtards'". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved July 7, 2024.
• Chanco, Boo (April 13, 2018). "Endo". The Philippine Star . Retrieved July 29, 2024.
• Dalan, Avito (June 24, 2024). "Ocular Inspection". Philippine News Agency . Retrieved July 29, 2024.
• Erram, Morexette Marie B. (October 4, 2023). "How to spot colorum vehicles and why regulators think they're not safe?". Cebu Daily News . Archived from the original on October 5, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
• Escaros, Jesus Jr. (April 23, 2024). "Worker paint center island along Aguinaldo Highway". Philippine News Agency . Retrieved July 25, 2024.
• Esguerra, Darryl (March 12, 2020). "Metro Manila placed under 'community quarantine' due to COVID-19". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved August 30, 2020.}
• Limos, Mario Alvaro (June 17, 2019). "Philippine Embassy Celebrates Filipino Loan Words in the Oxford English Dictionary". Esquire Philippines. Archived from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
• Lopido, Leonilo D. (March 9, 2012). "PNP-8 to conduct trainor's training on disaster preparedness, rescue and relief operations". ReliefWeb . Philippine Information Agency . Retrieved July 25, 2024.
• Nicolas, Jino (September 15, 2016). "Why QC wants to be like SG". BusinessWorld . Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
• Miranda, Pau (July 17, 2023). "English words that only make sense in Filipino". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved July 22, 2024.
• Mogato, Manuel (February 24, 2016). "Philippines still seeks $1 billion in Marcos wealth 30 years after..." Reuters . Retrieved April 22, 2018.
• Nonato, Vince F. (December 11, 2017). "3 PNB execs to be tried for behest loans". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved April 22, 2018.
• Palabrica, Raul J. (January 8, 2018). "Three-decade old behest loans". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved April 22, 2018.
• Quismundo, Tarra (June 25, 2015). "'Presidentiable,' 'barkada,' 'KKB' officially recognized in Oxford English Dictionary". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved July 22, 2024.
• Rimando, Lala (December 11, 2011). "Anatomy of a 'behest' loan". Rappler . Retrieved April 22, 2018.
• Sarte, Jonal V. (April 17, 2019). "Inventory of Philippine English". SunStar . Retrieved July 21, 2024– via PressReader.
• "Tulfo holds ocular inspection at PUP, expresses dismay over its old & damaged facilities" (Press release). Senate of the Philippines. July 2, 2023. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
• "Speaker smells P5.6B in DBP behest loans". The Manila Times . May 16, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2018.

Others

• Astrero, Emily T. (June 2017). The Millenials' Awareness and Understanding of Philippine English (PDF). DLSU Research Congress. De La Salle University . Retrieved July 25, 2024.
• Batas Pambansa Blg. 881 (December 3, 1985), Omnibus Election Code of the Philippines
• "How red-baiting undermines truth-telling in the Philippines". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. September 20, 2019 – via IFEX. More popularly known as 'red-tagging'...
• Esquivias, Deborah (December 2019). "Socio-Politico-Economic Sustainability Amidst the Labor Contractualization Issue in the Philippines". ResearchGate . doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.12053.27367 . Retrieved July 29, 2024.
• Jallorina, Alma Torres (n.d.). "Motivation, Frequency of Usage and Level of Confidence in Using Philippine English Among Foreign Students" (PDF). University of Perpetual Help System - Laguna . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
• Pontillas, Marlon; Tormes, Elaine Mae; Barcela, Zairah Shane; Lorzano, Ma. Christina; Naparato, Lian Shane; Folloso, Jessa (June 2020). Sana All: Filipino Teenagers' Indirectness of Today's Time (PDF). DLSU Research Congress. De La Salle University . Retrieved July 25, 2024.

Further reading

• Anvil-Macquarie Dictionary of Philippine English for High School. Anvil Publishing. 2000. ISBN   978-971-27-0898-5.