Rail transport in Wales

Last updated

Rail transport in Wales
Cardiff Central station (26526139271).jpg
Cardiff Central railway station
Operation
Infrastructure company Network Rail
Major operators Transport for Wales Rail
Features
No. stations 223
Map
Rail network of Wales 2021.svg
Existing rail network of Wales

Rail transport in Wales began in the early 19th century initially used for industrial purposes and shortly began to be used for commercial purposes. The Beeching cuts had a significant impact on rail transport in Wales, closing a large number of railway stations. Since then some stations have reopened in Wales and following Welsh devolution, the Wales and Borders passenger rail franchise was established in 2001 and the operator was taken into public ownership by the Welsh Government in 2021.

Contents

Rail services are generally managed by the Welsh Government whilst rail infrastructure is generally the responsibility of the UK Government. Rail in Wales is mostly operated by Transport for Wales Rail. Current developments include the North Wales Metro, South Wales Metro and Swansea Bay and West Wales Metro.

History

Early history

The world's oldest known iron railway bridge, Pont-y-Cafnau was designed and built in 1793. On 21 February 1804 the first recorded steam-hauled journey on rails took place in Merthyr Tydfil from Penydarren to the Glamorganshire Canal. [1] [2]

Swansea and Mumbles Railway was opened in 1807, becoming the first fare-paying passenger rail service in the world. [3]

In 1832 Ffestiniog Railway opened and is the world's oldest surviving railway company. [3]

Trains between South Wales, Bristol and London crossed the River Severn at Gloucester. The Severn Railway Bridge was opened in 1879, and continued to operate until it collapsed in 1960. In 1873, a Severn Estuary tunnel began construction including permanent water pumps which remain operational. The first trains passed through the tunnel in 1886 and for a century remained the longest underwater tunnel in the world. [3]

Beeching report

In 1963, the Beeching report aimed to reduce the debt of the nationalised British Rail and led to 189 stations in Wales intended for closure with lines and tracks removed over the next decade across Wales. This list for closure was in addition to another 166 Welsh stations and halt-stops that were proposed for closure prior to Beeching's report. [4]

Some stations with particular industry works were saved. Larry Davies, an Arriva Trains Wales' community manager in 2013 said, "Although there were a lot of local protest from people as one would expect, I think the traffic that came from the power station saved the Conwy Valley line". [4] Since the Beeching cuts and as of 2013, 32 stations have re-opened in Wales. [4]

Wales and Borders franchise

In March 2000, the UK government announced its proposal to form the new Wales and Borders rail franchise, following long-standing calls for this by the Select Committee on Welsh Affairs. [5] The Wales & Borders Train Company was formed on 14 October 2001 and ran by National Express. [6]

In 2016, Transport for Wales was established, and would oversee the procurement of the next operator of the franchise, then operated by Arriva Trains Wales, as well as Metro services on the Valley Lines. [7] [8]

In 2018, KeolisAmey Wales was appointed to operate the Wales and Borders franchise on behalf of Transport for Wales, replacing Arriva Trains Wales as the operator of the Wales and Borders franchise, and would be operating as a "partnership" between KeolisAmey and Transport for Wales while being branded as the latter. It commenced operations in October 2018. [7] [8] The introduction of a new operator was accompanied with a £5 billion investment into rail by the Welsh Government, during the 15-year franchise. [9]

In 2020, Transport for Wales took ownership of Core Valley Lines from Network Rail, which runs from Cardiff to Aberdare, Merthyr Tydfil, Treherbert, Rhymney and Coryton. [7]

Transition to public-owned operation

In February 2021, the Wales and Borders franchise was brought into public ownership by the Welsh government under the subsidiary Transport for Wales Rail. [10] In the same year, a new app was launched and Bow Street railway station became the first Transport for Wales built station. [7]

As of 2023, there are 223 rail stations in Wales. [11]

Network

Rail network of Wales Rail network of Wales 2021.svg
Rail network of Wales

Geography

The Welsh railway system is split into three detached parts: The South Wales network, consisting of the South Wales Main Line, the West Wales lines and their complex network of associated branches, including the Valley Lines, the Cambrian Line serving mid-Wales, and in North Wales, the North Wales Coast Line and its associated branches. The three parts are linked together by the Welsh Marches Line and Shrewsbury–Chester line which both run partly through Wales and partly through England.

Railway lines

Heritage railways

Various heritage railways are present in Wales. [14] Some are part of the Great Little Trains of Wales initiative. [15]

Electrification

Currently the only stretch of line to be electrified in Wales is the South Wales Main Line between the Severn Tunnel and Cardiff Central railway station, which was electrified as part of the Great Western Main Line upgrade, and was completed in 2020. [19] Plans to extend the electrification from Cardiff to Swansea were scrapped in 2017. [20]

Management

Responsibility for agreements with rail operators and the procurement of the specific Welsh rail franchise rests with the Welsh government, whilst rail infrastructure and overall franchising powers are held by the UK government. [21] Rail infrastructure in Wales is managed by Network Rail and is part of the Wales & Western region, including some parts of England along the England–Wales border, and parts of South West England. [22]

Powers

Wales' railway network is not devolved to the Welsh Government and Senedd, with there being limitations. The Welsh Government has been devolved some executive functions in relation to rail transport. These are primarily on the issues of funding, passenger rail franchising, discontinuing or closing railway services or some railway assets, under the Railways Act 2005 and The Welsh Ministers (Transfer of Functions) (Railways) Order 2018. The Welsh Government has the power to make TWA orders in relation to the construction and operation of railways, tramways, trolley vehicles, and other guided transport systems, where the order authorises the acquisition or use of land rights, and the charging of tolls and penalty fares. However, any application determined to be classed as "England and Wales", for example a railway line crossing the England–Wales border, then that is the responsibility of the UK Government's Secretary of State for Transport. [23]

As it is not devolved, the Welsh Block Grant (determined by the Barnett formula) [24] does not include funding for rail infrastructure to the Welsh Government, although the Welsh Government can still invest in rail, including for rail infrastructure and railway stations using its existing funding, but the responsibility of rail infrastructure and funding for Network Rail lies with the UK Secretary of State for Transport. This differs from Scotland, where such powers are devolved. In relation to building new railway stations in Wales, while the Welsh Government can invest, Network Rail is the asset owner and rail network operator of rail infrastructure in England and Wales, with the UK Secretary of State being responsible for the specifications of any enhancements and the funding provided for such enhancements. The UK Government's New Stations Fund is an example of a funding source for many of the proposed railway stations in Wales made by the Welsh Government, although other proposals such as Cardiff Parkway can be funded privately with support from the Welsh Government or by gaining funding from European Structural and Investment Funds. To assess its proposals, the Welsh Government conducts a three-stage assessment process for proposed station in Wales, with the business case of a station prioritised as a greater chance to secure UK Government funding, while limiting expenses and construction time are also prioritised. [25]

The UK Secretary of State produces a High Level Output Specification (HLOS) and Statement of Funds Available (SoFA) to set out the priorities of Network Rail. This later develops into a Control Period, a five-year long rail plan for rail infrastructure in England and Wales. [25]

Devolution of more powers

In 2005, the UK Government offered to devolve rail infrastructure to Wales. The Welsh Assembly Government of the time refused, citing concerns around funding, the weakness of the Welsh civil service and possible issues arising from the levels of integration between Wales's rail infrastructure with England's. [26]

The 2011 Commission on Devolution in Wales had recommended that rail infrastructure be devolved to Wales. The St David's Day Agreement was created following many of the commission's recommendations, but did not include the devolution of rail infrastructure. [8]

In 2021, the Welsh Affairs Select Committee had proposed for the establishment of a "Wales Rail Board" rather than devolving infrastructure to Wales. [27] [28]

Political concerns

Criticism of funding

A report by the Wales Governance Centre found that Wales could have utilised an additional £514 million rail infrastructure between 2011-12 and 2019-20 if rail were fully devolved, and an additional £505 million for the following five years. [29]

In the 2020s, the Welsh Government and Welsh politicians had criticised the UK Government for the classification of some rail infrastructure schemes.

In 2020, the UK Government had classified High Speed 2 as an "England and Wales" project. This move was criticised by Welsh MPs [30] and Welsh Government ministers, who argued such a classificiation had little justification as High Speed 2 did not pass through Wales, and they claim would not give any benefits to Wales. The classification would mean, unlike Scotland, Wales would not receive a Barnett consequential, estimated at £5 billion. [31] [32] By February 2020, the Welsh Government had received £755 million in HS2-linked funding, with the UK Government stating it was "investing record amounts in Wales' railway infrastructure" and the Welsh Government had received a "significant uplift" in Barnett-based funding due to the UK Government's increased funding of HS2, [33] with Network Rail to invest £1.5 billion in Wales' railways between 2019 and 2024. [34] In April 2023, all parties of the Senedd agreed to a motion introduced by Plaid Cymru that called on the UK Government to re-allocate funding to Wales that is "rightfully owed" for HS2. [35]

In 2023, the UK Government classed Northern Powerhouse Rail, as another "England and Wales" project, which would have given Wales a Barnett consequential of £1 billion if classed as a "England" project. The decision was criticised by the Welsh Liberal Democrats. [36]

Criticism of the state of the railways

In April 2023, Wales' transport minister, Lee Waters has described Welsh rail as having been "pretty bleak for a while" and included overcrowding and cancellations. He has accused the UK government of a "managed decline" of Welsh rail, which the UK government denies. Waters accused Network Rail's running period of 2024-2029 which shows infrastructure failures and deteriorating assets which he says will cause speed restrictions, worsened reliability, and further service failures. A spokesperson of the UK government treasury responded by saying that "we're committed to improving services for rail passengers in Wales, investing a record-breaking £2bn in Welsh railways from April 2019 to March 2024." [37]

Future initiatives

Transport for Wales (TfW) have planned three regional metros in Wales, the South Wales Metro, Swansea Bay and West Wales Metro and the North Wales Metro. [38]

Transport for Wales 2025

TfW say that their first phase of rail services improvement will be complete by 2025. The operating service said that there will be a "generational" change to services in the Wales and Borders franchise after 148 new trains are deployed in Wales; over 170 km (110 miles) of rail lines is electrified; new stations are built; improvements are made to tracks and signals.

By 2025, TfW has promised a more expansive and frequent service on its network, all trains being replaced, with 95% of journeys on 148 new trains, and a 65% increase in capacity. TfW aim to operate five new stations, and have an improved service on Sundays. They also plan to electrify part of the South Wales Valleys rail network, while also providing >600 new jobs, better Wifi services, more station car parking spaces and smarter ticketing. [39]

Proposals

Passenger services

Transport for Wales' route map in May 2022 Transport for Wales May 2022 Route Map.svg
Transport for Wales' route map in May 2022

All passenger routes in Wales are operated by Transport for Wales Rail, as part of the cross-border Wales and Borders franchise, involving services throughout Wales and the routes making up the network through England. [40] Transport for Wales operate the Premier Service , connecting Holyhead in north Wales, to Cardiff in the south. [41]

Aside Transport for Wales Rail, Avanti West Coast operate a London Euston to Holyhead and Wrexham General service via Chester. [42] In 2022, Grand Union was approved to operate services between Carmarthen and London Paddington, with the first services expected in 2024. [43]

Train operating companies working in Wales include: [44] [45]

Other

Sign at Llanfairpwll railway station, showing a longer version of its name Llanfairpwll Station sign Platform 2.jpg
Sign at Llanfairpwll railway station, showing a longer version of its name

See also

Related Research Articles

Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes is the network of passenger suburban railway services radiating from Cardiff, Wales. It includes lines within the city itself, the Vale of Glamorgan and the South Wales Valleys.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arriva Trains Wales</span> British transport company that operated in Wales, United Kingdom

Arriva Trains Wales was a British train operating company owned by Arriva UK Trains that operated the Wales & Borders franchise. It ran urban and inter-urban passenger services to all railway stations in Wales, including Cardiff Central, Cardiff Queen Street, Newport, Swansea, Wrexham General and Holyhead, as well as to certain stations in England such as Hereford, Shrewsbury, Chester, Crewe, Manchester Piccadilly and Birmingham New Street.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Wales Main Line</span> Railway line in north Wales

The North Wales Main Line, also known as the North Wales Coast Line, is a major railway line in the north of Wales and Cheshire, England, running from Crewe on the West Coast Main Line to Holyhead on the Isle of Anglesey. The line has 19 stations, with all except two, Chester and Crewe, being in Wales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Merthyr line</span> Commuter railway line in South Wales

The Merthyr line is a commuter railway line in South Wales from central Cardiff to Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare. The line is part of the Cardiff urban rail network, known as the Valley Lines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhondda line</span> Commuter railway line in South Wales

The Rhondda line, also known as the Treherbert line, is a commuter railway line in South Wales from Cardiff to Treherbert. The line follows the Merthyr line as far as Pontypridd, where it then diverges to continue along the Rhondda Valley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coryton Line</span> Commuter railway line in Cardiff, Wales

The Coryton Line is a commuter railway line in Cardiff from the city centre to Heath, Birchgrove, Rhiwbina, Whitchurch and Coryton. It was originally opened as part of the main line of the Cardiff Railway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Butetown branch line</span> Commuter railway line in Cardiff, Wales

The Butetown branch line, also known as the Cardiff Bay Line, is a 1-mile-6-chain (1.7 km) commuter railway line in Cardiff, Wales from Cardiff Bay to Cardiff Queen Street. The service pattern formerly comprised a mixture of shuttle services along the branch and through trains along the Rhymney Line to Caerphilly, or the Coryton Line to Coryton, but after December 2005 was a shuttle service from Queen Street station. However, in May 2024, direct trains to Pontypridd were restored alongside shuttle services. The normal journey time is four minutes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhymney line</span> Commuter rail line in Wales

The Rhymney line is a commuter rail line running from Cardiff Central through the Rhymney valley via Heath and Llanishen in the north of the city, to Caerphilly, Bargoed and Rhymney.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swansea railway station</span> Railway station in Swansea, Wales

Swansea railway station serves the city of Swansea, Wales. It is 216 miles 7 chains (348 km) measured from London Paddington on the National Rail network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fishguard Harbour railway station</span> Railway station that serves the port of Fishguard Harbour, Wales

Fishguard Harbour railway station serves the port of Fishguard Harbour, Wales. It is the terminus of one of the branches of the West Wales Line from Swansea. The area is also now served by Fishguard and Goodwick railway station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport in Wales</span> Overview of the transportation system in Wales

Transport in Wales is heavily influenced by the country's geography. Wales is predominantly hilly or mountainous, and the main settlements lie on the coasts of north and south Wales, while mid Wales and west Wales are lightly populated. The main transport corridors are east–west routes, many continuing eastwards into England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swanline</span> Local rail service in Wales

Swanline is the name of the local rail service from Swansea to Cardiff Central, on the South Wales Main Line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date</span> History of British rail transport since 1995

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">High Speed 2</span> British high-speed rail project

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Wales Metro</span> Public transport network in south-east Wales

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Powerhouse Rail</span> Proposed railway network in the North of England

Northern Powerhouse Rail (NPR), sometimes referred to unofficially as High Speed 3, is a proposed major rail programme designed to substantially enhance the economic potential of the North of England. The phrase was adopted in 2014 for a project featuring new and significantly upgraded railway lines in the region. The aim is to transform rail services between the major towns and cities, requiring the region's single biggest transport investment since the Industrial Revolution. The original scheme would have seen a new high-speed rail line from Liverpool to Warrington continuing to join the HS2 tunnel which it would share into Manchester Piccadilly station. From there, the line would have continued to Leeds with a stop at Bradford. The line was intended to improve journey times and frequency between major Northern cities as well as creating more capacity for local service on lines that express services would have been moved out from.

The North Wales Metro is a rail and bus transport improvement programme in north Wales. Styled as a "Metro", it is conceptually a multi-modal system with a combination of bus, heavy rail, and light rail services. It was initially focused on linking major settlements and employment areas of the north-east of Wales with the North West of England, with its hubs located in Wrexham, Chester and Deeside, although the programme has since expanded, with proposals extending to Anglesey in the north-west of Wales. The existing Borderlands line forms a core rail component of the network, where projects to increase connections, integrated access, and service frequency between Wrexham, Deeside and Liverpool are centred upon. The proposals were put forward in 2016 as is part of Welsh Labour's plan for north Wales. Labour has pledged to open the system by 2035. The proposals were included in the 2018 Wales & Borders franchise contest. It is the second of the three regional metros proposed by the Welsh Government to go ahead, after the South Wales Metro, and before the Swansea Bay and West Wales Metro. The project is described to be in its initial phases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KeolisAmey Wales</span> Former train operating company in Wales & England

Keolis Amey Operations, trading as Transport for Wales Rail Services was a Welsh train operating company owned by Keolis (60%) and Amey (40%) that operated the Wales & Borders franchise between October 2018 and February 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport for Wales Rail</span> Welsh train operating company

Transport for Wales Rail Limited, branded as Transport for Wales and TfW Rail, is a Welsh publicly owned train operating company, a subsidiary of Transport for Wales (TfW), a Welsh Government-owned company. It commenced operations of the day to day services of the Wales & Borders franchise on 7 February 2021, as an operator of last resort, succeeding KeolisAmey Wales.

Great British Railways (GBR) is a planned state-owned company that is to oversee rail transport in Great Britain except for Transport for London, Merseytravel, light rail and tram services. It is to assume most rail functions of the Department for Transport (DfT) and the Rail Delivery Group, including procuring services and setting fares. In addition, it is to absorb Network Rail to become the operator of most rail infrastructure across Great Britain. It will not affect the existing powers of the UK's devolved governments in their areas.

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