Relative hour (Jewish law)

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Relative hour (Hebrew singular: shaʿah zǝmanit / שעה זמנית; plural: shaʿot - zǝmaniyot / שעות זמניות), sometimes called halachic hour, seasonal hour and variable hour, is a term used in rabbinic Jewish law that assigns 12 hours to each day and 12 hours to each night, all throughout the year. A relative hour has no fixed radical, but changes with the length of each day - depending on summer (when the days are long and the nights are short), and on winter (when the days are short and the nights are long). Even so, in all seasons a day is always divided into 12 hours, and a night is always divided into 12 hours, which inevitably makes for a longer hour or a shorter hour. [1] [2] All of the hours mentioned by the Sages in either the Mishnah or Talmud, or in other rabbinic writings, refer strictly to relative hours. [3] [4]

Rabbinic Judaism, also called Rabbinism, has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Babylonian Talmud. Growing out of Pharisaic Judaism, Rabbinic Judaism is based on the belief that at Mount Sinai, Moses received from God the Written Torah (Pentateuch) in addition to an oral explanation, known as the "Oral Torah," that Moses transmitted to the people.

Mishnah

The Mishnah or Mishna is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions known as the "Oral Torah". It is also the first major work of Rabbinic literature. The Mishnah was redacted by Judah the Prince at the beginning of the third century CE in a time when, according to the Talmud, the persecution of the Jews and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions of the Pharisees from the Second Temple period would be forgotten. Most of the Mishnah is written in Mishnaic Hebrew, while some parts are Aramaic.

Talmud Holy Book of Rabbinic Judaism.

The Talmud is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology. Until the advent of modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the centerpiece of Jewish cultural life and was foundational to "all Jewish thought and aspirations", serving also as "the guide for the daily life" of Jews.

Contents

Another feature of this ancient practice is that, unlike the standard modern 12-hour clock that assigns 12 o'clock pm for noon time, in the ancient Jewish tradition noon time was always the sixth hour of the day, whereas the first hour began with the break of dawn, by most exponents of Jewish law, [5] and with sunrise by the Vilna Gaon [6] and Rabbi Hai Gaon. 12:o'clock am (midnight) was also the sixth hour of the night, whereas the first hour of the night began when the first three stars appeared in the night sky.

The 12-hour clock is a time convention in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods: a.m. and p.m.. Each period consists of 12 hours numbered: 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. The 24 hour/day cycle starts at 12 midnight, runs through 12 noon, and continues to the midnight at the end of the day. The 12-hour clock has been developed from the middle of the second millennium BC to the 16th century AD.

Noon 12 oclock in the daytime

Noon is 12 o'clock in the daytime, as opposed to midnight. The term 12 p.m. is sometimes used for noon.

Dawn time that marks the beginning of the twilight before sunrise

Dawn, from an Old English verb dagian: "to become day", is the time that marks the beginning of twilight before sunrise. It is recognized by the appearance of indirect sunlight being scattered in the atmosphere, when the centre of the Sun's disc reaches 18° below the horizon. This dawn twilight period will last until sunrise, as the diffused light becomes direct sunlight.

Jewish tradition

In old times, the hour was detected by observation of the position of the sun, [7] or when the first three stars appeared in the night sky. During the first six hours of the day, the sun is seen in the eastern sky. At the sixth hour, the sun is always at its zenith in the sky, meaning, it is either directly overhead, or parallel (depending on the hemisphere). [8] Those persons living in the Northern Hemisphere, the sun at noon time will appear overhead slightly towards the south, whereas for those living in the Southern Hemisphere, the sun at noon time will appear overhead slightly towards the north. From the 6th and a half hour to the 12th hour, the sun inclines towards the west, until it sets. The conclusion of a day at the end of twilight may slightly vary in minutes from place to place, depending on the elevation and the terrain. [9] Typically, nightfall ushers in more quickly in the low-lying valleys, than it does on a high mountaintop. [10]

Zenith

The zenith is an imaginary point directly "above" a particular location, on the imaginary celestial sphere. "Above" means in the vertical direction opposite to the apparent gravitational force at that location. The opposite direction, i.e. the direction in which gravity pulls, is toward the nadir. The zenith is the "highest" point on the celestial sphere.

Northern Hemisphere half of Earth that is north of the equator

The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth's North Pole.

Southern Hemisphere part of Earth that lies south of the equator

The Southern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is south of the Equator. It contains all or parts of five continents, four oceans and most of the Pacific Islands in Oceania. Its surface is 80.9% water, compared with 60.7% water in the case of the Northern Hemisphere, and it contains 32.7% of Earth's land.

The conventional Jewish way of calibrating the time of day is to reckon the "first hour" of the day with the rise of dawn (Hebrew : עמוד השחר), that is to say, approximately 72 minutes before sunrise, [11] and the end of the day commencing shortly after sunset when the first three medium-size stars have appeared in the night sky. [12] From the moment of sunset when the sun is no longer visible until the appearance of the first three medium-size stars is a unit of time called evening twilight (Hebrew : בין השמשות). In the Talmud, twilight is estimated at being the time that it takes a person to walk three quarters of a biblical mile (i.e. 1,500 cubits, insofar that a biblical mile is equal to 2,000 cubits). [13] According to Maran's Shulhan Arukh, a man traverses a biblical mile in 18 minutes, [14] meaning, one is able to walk three quarters of a mile in 13½ minutes. According to Maimonides, a man walks a biblical mile in 24 minutes, meaning, three quarters of a mile is done in 18 minutes. In Jewish law, the short period of dusk or twilight (from the moment the sun has disappeared over the horizon until the appearance of the first three stars) is a space of time whose designation is doubtful, partly considered day and partly considered night. When the first medium-size star appears in the night sky, it is still considered day; when the second star appears, it is an ambiguous case. When the third star appears, it is the beginning of the first hour of the night. Between the break of dawn and the first three medium-size stars that appear in the night sky there are always 12 hours.

Hebrew language Semitic language native to Israel

Hebrew is a Northwest Semitic language native to Israel; the modern version of which is spoken by over 9 million people worldwide. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors, although the language was not referred to by the name Hebrew in the Tanakh. The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE. Hebrew belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. Hebrew is the only living Canaanite language left, and the only truly successful example of a revived dead language.

Twilight illumination of the Earths lower atmosphere when the Sun itself is not directly visible because it is below the horizon

Twilight on Earth is the illumination of the lower atmosphere when the Sun itself is not directly visible because it is below the horizon. Twilight is produced by sunlight scattering in the upper atmosphere, illuminating the lower atmosphere so that Earth's surface is neither completely lit nor completely dark. The word twilight is also used to denote the periods of time when this illumination occurs.

Biblical mile is a unit of distance on land, or linear measure, principally used by Jews during the Herodian dynasty to tell short distances between cities and to mark the Sabbath limit, equivalent to about ⅔ of an English statute mile, or what was about four furlongs (stadia). The basic Jewish traditional unit of distance was the cubit, each cubit being roughly between 46–60 centimetres (18–24 in) The standard measurement of the biblical mile, or what is sometimes called tǝḥūm šabbat, was 2,000 cubits.

In the Modern Age of astral science and of precise astronomical calculations, it is now possible to determine the length of the ever-changing hour by simple mathematics. To determine the length of each relative hour, one needs but simply know two variables: (a) the precise time of sunrise, and (b) the precise time of sunset. Since the actual day begins approximately 72 minutes before sunrise, and ends 13½ minutes after the sun has already set and can no longer be seen over the horizon (according to Maran), [15] or 18 minutes (according to Maimonides), by collecting the total number of minutes in any given day and dividing the total number of minutes by 12, the dividend that one is left with is the number of minutes to each hour. In summer months, when the days are long, the length of each hour during daytime can be as much as 77 minutes or more, whereas the length of each hour during nighttime can be less than 42 minutes.

Practical bearing

In Jewish Halacha, the practical bearing of this teaching is reflected in many halachic practices. For example, whenever observant Jews refer to the appointed time for reciting the verses of Kriyat Shema , ideally, this recital must be made from the time of sunrise until the end of the third hour of the day, a time that actually fluctuates on the standard 12-hour clock, depending on summer and winter. [16] Its application is also used in determining the time of the Morning Prayer, traditionally said, as a first resort, from sunrise until the end of the fourth hour, [17] but as a last resort can be said until noon time, [18] and which times will vary if one were to rely solely on the dials of the standard 12-hour clock, depending on the Summer months and Winter months.

Shacharit

Shacharit[ʃaχaˈʁlit], or Shacharis in Ashkenazi Hebrew, is the morning Tefillah (prayer) of the Jewish people, one of the three daily prayers.

On the eve of Passover, Jews are only permitted to eat leavened bread-stuffs until the fourth-hour of the day. [19]

In Jewish tradition, prayers were usually offered at the time of the daily whole-burnt offerings. [20] The historian, Josephus, writing about the daily whole-burnt offering, says that it was offered twice each day, in the morning and about the ninth hour. [21] The Mishnah, a compendium of Jewish oral laws compiled in the late 2nd-century CE, says of the morning daily offering that it was offered in the fourth hour, [22] but says of the late afternoon offering: "The daily whole-burnt offering was slaughtered at a half after the eighth hour, and offered up at a half after the ninth hour." [23] Elsewhere, when describing the slaughter of the Passover offerings on the eve of Passover (the 14th day of the lunar month Nisan), Josephus writes: "...their feast which is called the Passover, when they slay their sacrifices, from the ninth hour to the eleventh, etc." (roughly corresponding to 3 o'clock pm to 5 o'clock pm). [24] Conversely, the Mishnah states that on the eve of Passover the daily whole-burnt offering was slaughtered at a half past the seventh hour, and offered up at a half past the eighth hour. [23]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ R. Moses b. Maimon Responsa, ed. Jehoshua Blau, Rubin Mass Ltd. Publishers, Jerusalem 1989, vol. 1, responsum # 134
  2. ↑ Mishnah - with a Commentary of Rabbi Moses ben Maimon (ed. Yosef Qafih), vol. 1, Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1963, s.v. Berakhot 1:5 (p. 33); Questions and Responsa of Rabbi Moses ben Maimon (ed. Joshua Blau), vol. 1, Rubin Mass publishers: Jerusalem 1989, responsum # 134 (pp. 251–255); Yaakov de Castro, `Erekh Leḥem (Orach Chaim §233:2)
  3. ↑ Mishnah - with a Commentary of Rabbi Moses ben Maimon (ed. Yosef Qafih), vol. 1, Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1963, s.v. Berakhot 1:5 (p. 33), who wrote: "Be apprised that all of the hours that are mentioned throughout all the Mishnah are none other than relative hours, and the word relative has the connotation of those hours wherein there are twelve in the daytime, as also at night."
  4. ↑ Questions and Responsa of Rabbi Moses ben Maimon (ed. Joshua Blau), vol. 1, Rubin Mass publishers: Jerusalem 1989, responsum # 134 (p. 252)
  5. ↑ Magen Avraham §58:1, §233:3 of R. Avraham Gombiner; Maimonides' commentary on Mishnah Megillah 2:4; the Responsa Terumat HaDeshen, responsum # 1 of R. Israel Isserlein; the Levush §267 of R. Mordecai Yoffe; Minchat Kohen (Mevoh Shemesh 2:6) of R. Abraham Cohen Pimentel, in the name of Tosefot Ha-Ramban (Nachmanides) and R. Shlomo ben Aderet (Rashba); Bayit Chadash §431 of R. Joel Sirkis; Turei Zahav §433 of R. David HaLevi Segal; Pri Chadash §433 of R. Hezekiah da Silva; Eliyahu Rabbah 58:2 of R. Elijah Spira; Mizbe’ach Adamah 4a of R. Mordechai Chaim Meyuchas; Mikra'ei Kodesh 158b by R. Baruch Gigi; Mateh Yehuda §433 of R. Yehudah Ayash; the Responsa Hayim Sha'al 2:38 (70) of R. Chaim Yosef David Azulai; Tov Ayin 18:38 of R. Alter Yechiel Naiman; Chayei Adam 21:3, 27:1 of R. Avraham Danzig; Kitzur Shulhan Arukh 17:1 of R. Shlomo Ganzfried, Chesed La'alafim 58:5 of R. Eliezer Papo; Shiltei ha-Gibborim 58:3 of Joshua Boaz ben Simon Baruch; Rav Poalim (Orach Chaim 2:2); Shalmei Tzibbur 93c of R. Yisrael Ya'akov Algazi, among others. Rabbi Yechiel Michel Tukachinsky in Sefer Eretz Yisrael (p. 18:3) has written that the custom of the Land of Israel is to follow the Magen Avraham and only under extenuating circumstances may one rely on the Vilna Gaon.
  6. ↑ Bi'urei ha-Gra ("Elucidations of the Gra") §459:2
  7. ↑ Sefer Ravid ha-Zahav of Rabbi David Mishreqi (Mizrachi), ed. Shimon Giat, Betar-Ilit 2002, Responsa Ravid Ha-Zahav, responsum # 13, s.v. ונהירנא (p. 182)
  8. ↑ Babylonian Talmud, Pesahim 12b; 11b
  9. ↑ Israel Meir Kagan, Mishnah Berura on Shulhan Arukh (Orah Hayyim 261:2:23), otherwise known as the time it takes to walk "three quarters of a biblical mile."
  10. ↑ In the Babylonian Talmud (Shabbat 118b) we read: Rabbi Jose has said: “Let my portion be with those who usher in the Sabbath day [at its outset] in Tiberias, and with those who dismiss the Sabbath day [at its recess] in Sepphoris.” This has been explained by Aaron Mordechai Freedman (editor of the 1987 Soncino edition of Tractate Shabbath): "In Tiberias, which was situated in a valley, the Sabbath commenced rather earlier, whilst in Sepphoris, which was on a mountain, it terminated rather later than elsewhere." (v. Hebrew-English Edition of the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Shabbath, Soncino edition, London 1987, s.v. Shabbath 118b, note (b)3).

    Freedman's description of twilight being, literally, an oscillating physical reality dependent upon one's location is supported by Rabbi Joseph ibn Migash (1077–1141) [Responsa of R. Joseph ibn Migash, responsum # 45] and by Rabbi David ben Zimra (c. 1479–1573) [Responsa of Rabbi David ben Zimra, book I, responsum # 76], as also by Rabbi Hayyim Eliezer, the son of Isaac ben Moses of Vienna (13th century), who also compiled a book called "Or Zarua" (responsum # 186). Apparently, there is a local phenomenon relating to light emanating from fixed stars in the sky, and their becoming visible once a certain level of darkness has enveloped the land. Rashi, however, differs in view, whose opinion is supported also by Rabbi Menachem Meiri (1249–1306) Langa's Edition, p. 460, and Rabbi Nissim ben Jacob (990–1062), and who all thought that twilight was a fixed time for all, but that the people of Tiberias and Sepphoris were merely stringent in their religious practices, the one group welcoming the Sabbath early, while the other departing from it as late as possible.
  11. ↑ Mishnah - with a Commentary of Rabbi Moses ben Maimon (ed. Yosef Qafih), vol. 1, Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1963, s.v. Berakhot 1:5 (p. 33); Megillah 2:4 (p. 232)
  12. ↑ Responsa of Rabbi David ben Zimra , Book 4, Warsaw 1882 (reprinted), s.v. responsum # 1353 (282)
  13. ↑ Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 34b–35a; Chaim Yosef David Azulai, Birkei Yosef (Orah Hayyim, § 261:1), Levorno 1774, citing the author of Ginat Weradim, who wrote: "The world has it as a practice in all the Diaspora communities of Israel [to follow the opinion of] the Geonim " (i.e. with respect to the time of bayn ha-shemashot (twilight; nightfall), so that immediately following sunset begins the time known as bayn ha-shemashot, which is the time it takes to walk three quarters of a biblical mile). The opinion of Rabbi Chaim Azulai comes to counter a variant opinion that is also found in the Talmud (Pesahim 94a), where it states that a man is able to walk four mil between sunset and nightfall, an opinion rejected by most exponents of Jewish law.
  14. ↑ Yosef Karo, Shulhan Arukh ( Orah Hayyim § 459:2)
  15. ↑ Shulhan Arukh (Orah Hayyim § 261:2)
  16. ↑ Mishnah - with a Commentary of Rabbi Moses ben Maimon (ed. Yosef Qafih), vol. 1, Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1963, s.v. Berakhot 1:5 (p. 33)
  17. ↑ Yosef Karo, Shulhan Arukh ( Orah Hayyim § 89:1)
  18. ↑ Mishnah, Berakhot 4:1 (Maimonides, Mishne Torah, Hil. Tefillah 3:1)
  19. ↑ Mishnah (Pesahim 1:4)
  20. ↑ Rabbeinu Hananel's Commentary on Tractate Berakhot (ed. David Metzger),Jerusalem 1990, s.v. Berakhot 26a (p. 51)
  21. ↑ Josephus, Antiquities (xiv.iv.§ 3)
  22. ↑ Mishnah, Eduyot 6:1
  23. 1 2 The Mishnah (ed. Herbert Danby), Oxford University Press: Oxford 1977, s.v. Pesahim 5:1, p. 141
  24. ↑ Josephus, Wars (vi.ix.§ 3)
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