Short-haul flight ban

Last updated

The Belgian region of Wallonia banned Jet4you from flying between Charleroi and Liege in 2006 for environmental reasons. DSC 5557-CN-RPE (10715614123).jpg
The Belgian region of Wallonia banned Jet4you from flying between Charleroi and Liège in 2006 for environmental reasons.

A short-haul flight ban is a prohibition imposed by governments on airlines to establish and maintain a flight connection over a certain distance, or by organisations or companies on their employees for business travel using existing flight connections over a certain distance, in order to mitigate the environmental impact of aviation (most notably to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions which is the leading cause of climate change). In the 21st century, several governments, organisations and companies have imposed restrictions and even prohibitions on short-haul flights, stimulating or pressuring travellers to opt for more environmentally friendly means of transportation, especially trains. [2]

Contents

A portion of air travelers in short-haul routes connect to other flights at their destination. A blanket ban would have a significant impact on these travelers, [3] as inadequate rail connectivity between airports and main railway hubs of cities generally result in longer overall travel times and disruption to travellers overall. [4]

Definition

There is no consensus on what constitutes a 'short-haul flight'. In public discourse such as debates and surveys, the term is often not explicitly defined. [5] [6] The International Air Transport Association (IATA) defines a short-haul flight as "a flight with duration of 6 hours or fewer", and a long-haul flight takes longer than 6 hours. [7] In practice, governments and organisations have set different standards, either according to the absolute distance between cities as the crow flies in hundreds of kilometres, or in terms of how many hours it would take a train to cover the same distance. As one example, the University of Groningen set limits according to both standards, namely prohibiting its personnel from flying distances shorter than 500 kilometres, or shorter than can be travelled by train in 6 hours. There was some confusion on how to calculate and reconcile both limits: as the crow flies, the distance between Groningen and Berlin is 465 km, but the road connection 577 km; moreover, the train travel time varies from 5.40 hours to 6.30 hours. [8]

Overview

Governments

Overview of short-haul flight bans
  •      For everyone
  •      For employees
Enacted byDistance
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 3 hours train travel [9]
Flag of France.svg  France 2.5 hours train travel [2]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 150 kilometres [10]
(proposed)
Flag of Wallonia.svg  Wallonia (Belgium)100 kilometres [1]
Greater London Authority 6 hours train travel [11]
BBC Worldwide 3 hours train travel [12]
Environment Agency ≈7 hours train travel [13]
CP University Linz 8 hours train travel [14]
Klarna Bank AB All within Europe [15]
Tilburg University 500 kilometres [16]
Ghent University 6 hours train travel [17]
University of Groningen 6 hours train travel
OR 500 kilometres [8]
University of Geneva 4 hours train travel [18]
Eberswalde University for
Sustainable Development
10 hours train travel
OR 1000 kilometres [19]
HTW Berlin 6 hours train travel [20]
Flemish Government 6 hours land travel
OR 500 kilometres [21]
SFB 1287 department of
University of Potsdam
12 hours train travel
OR 1000 kilometres [14]
Institut für Energietechnik of
Rapperswil University
12 hours alt. travel
OR 1000 kilometres [22]
Wageningen University 6 hours train travel [23]
Radboud University Nijmegen 7 hours train travel [24]
Canton of Basel-Stadt 1000 kilometres [25]

Governments generally impose short-haul flight bans on all citizens and businesses operating within their territory. Some exceptions for emergency situations are granted.

Organisations and businesses

Organisations, including government organisations and NGOs, as well as commercial companies, sometimes impose short-haul restrictions on their own employees for work-related travelling, usually recommending or ordering personnel to take the train instead. Some exceptions may be granted for emergencies or destinations that are difficult to reach by train. If an employee's flight does not comply to the rules set by their employer, the travel costs will not be reimbursed. [14]

Public debate

European Union

Frans Timmermans during the 2019 debate, when asked if short-haul flights should be banned, said: "Yes! But then we also need proper railways." Debate of lead candidates for the European Commission presidency (32917075687).jpg
Frans Timmermans during the 2019 debate, when asked if short-haul flights should be banned, said: "Yes! But then we also need proper railways."

During a televised debate ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election in May 2019, European Commission presidential candidate Frans Timmermans proposed banning all short-haul flights in the European Union, with his opponent Manfred Weber partially agreeing that they should be reduced. Analysts pointed out that there was no agreed definition of the term 'short-haul flights', and that it could pose far-reaching implications for smaller regional airports that primarily serve domestic flights. [5] In a September–October 2019 poll conducted by the European Investment Bank (EIB) amongst 28,088 EU citizens from the then 28 member states, 62% said they were in favour of banning 'short-haul flights'; the survey did not define the term. [6]

Flanders

In August 2010, activist group Wiloo (Werkgroep rondom de Impact van de Luchthaven van Oostende op de Omgeving) demanded a short-haul flight ban and a domestic kerosene tax in Flanders, similar to the ones imposed in Wallonia in 2006 and the Netherlands in 2005 respectively, due to the rapid increase of pollutive domestic flights. A spokesperson said 700 flights (20%) in or out of Ostend were only 300 kilometres or less, adding that it was 12 times more expensive to transport passengers from Ostend to Brussels by airplane than by bus. [38]

On 9 June 2020, during a lull in the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium, Flemish Transport Minister Lydia Peeters  [ nl ] participated in a short-haul flight of ASL Group from Brussels via Knokke to Antwerp, claiming she wanted to promote regional airports such as Antwerp, Ostend, Kortrijk during the aviation crisis, because she was "convinced that regional airports have a future in Flanders because of their economic importance." For several days, her action was fiercely criticised by citizens and environmental organisations, who argued regional airports were "not economically essential at all, but a source of damaging and perfectly avoidable CO2 emissions". Groen politician Imade Annouri remarked: "This is utterly sending the wrong signal. Several countries around us are abolishing short-haul flights and investing in high-speed rail instead. (...) Businessmen can perfectly take the train to European destinations." In light of the climate crisis, the Minister's decision was alleged to be "irresponsible to society". Peeters felt the need to apologise on three different occasions, first explaining she had accepted the proposal "to take part in a press flight because business flights are an essential pillar of our regional airports", eventually expressing regret and declaring she should not have embarked on the flight. [39] [40]

Germany

Timmermans' proposal triggered a fierce debate in Germany about banning short-haul flights (meaning shorter than 1,500 kilometres), with some politicians agreeing with him, others saying it went too far, and others supporting measures they deemed more appropriate. [37] In mid-October 2019, the German Finance Ministry announced that it would not restrict short-distance flights, but would almost double the short-haul air passenger taxes instead, from 7.50 to 13.03 euros; medium-haul taxes would increase from 23.43 to 33.01 and long-haul taxes from 42.18 to 59.43 euros. Meanwhile, train tickets would become 10% cheaper. [41]

By July 2019, most political parties in Germany, including the Left Party, the Social Democrats, the Green Party and the Christian Democrats, started to agree to move all governmental institutions remaining in Bonn (the former capital of West Germany) to Berlin (the official capital since German Reunification in 1990), because ministers and civil servants were flying between the two cities about 230,000 times a year, which was considered too impractical, expensive and environmentally damaging. The distance of 500 kilometres between Bonn and Berlin could only be travelled by train in 5.5 hours, so either the train connections required upgrading, or Bonn had to be abolished as the secondary capital. [42] [43]

Netherlands

Although in March 2019 almost all Dutch parliamentary parties agreed that train travel should replace short-distance aviation, [33] there were also some practical problems to be solved before trains could become a viable alternative, such buying a combined train/plane ticket, [33] the lack of a direct Thalys connection from Amsterdam Central and Paris-North to Brussels Airport (forcing passengers to switch trains in Brussels-South), [10] and the fact that the Benelux train (which does directly connect Schiphol and Zaventem) takes over 2 hours (mostly due to the lack of a high-speed rail between Antwerp and Brussels). [10] In November 2019, a Qatar Airways Boeing 777 cargo flight line from Doha to Mexico City with stopovers in Maastricht and Liège sparked controversy over "the most bizarre flight ever", as the distance between the latter two is only 38 kilometres and takes just 9 minutes, merely because a single Dutch customer requested their weekly package to be delivered in Maastricht rather than Liège. In response, two of the four Dutch government parties suggested prohibiting all flights shorter than 100 kilometres. [44]

Dutch government aircraft PH-GOV at Munich Airport in 2020 Government of the Netherlands, PH-GOV, Boeing 737-700 (49580457533).jpg
Dutch government aircraft PH-GOV at Munich Airport in 2020

In September-October 2022, research by RTL Nieuws revealed that Dutch ministers, state secretaries and the royal couple Willem-Alexander and Máxima were increasingly making short business flights on the Dutch government aircraft PH-GOV (a Boeing 737-700), private aircraft or commercial airliners (a 38% increase compared to 2019), even though this was contrary to the January 2022 coalition agreement to discourage short flights. Moreover, many aircraft flew empty back and forth in inefficient and environmentally polluting ways, and most distances could in principle have been covered perfectly well by train, or, if necessary, scheduled flights. This was evident in part because some ministers such as Dijkgraaf (education) and Harbers (infrastructure) travelled by official car or train from The Hague to Luxembourg or Paris in the first eight months of 2022, but Prime Minister Rutte and Minister Hoekstra (foreign affairs) together made 8 out of 12 flights to Luxembourg or Paris, mostly by government aircraft PH-GOV. Aviation experts were critical of the needlessly polluting and expensive travel behaviour of the ministers who were supposed to set a good example, and private aviation was also unhappy with the many short flights because of the high costs. In response to RTL's findings, coalition parties D66 and ChristenUnie reacted critically to the cabinet. and coalition party CDA also raised parliamentary questions about short and environmentally polluting empty flights, for instance between Amsterdam and Rotterdam, for a limited gain of time for a minister. Opposition party GroenLinks wanted to field a motion to force the cabinet and the king to travel by train for trips shorter than 700 kilometres. The Ministry of Infrastructure confirmed that the climate impact of aviation needed to be reduced, although ministers also needed to be able to do their jobs efficiently. The Interior Ministry also said that short flights were often unnecessary: "The time savings with flying are very limited, flying has more logistical challenges and is less flexible in terms of time than a train connection." However, according to the State Information Service and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, alternative transport was not possible for all trips by commercial private jets, "because the government plane was not available and other means of transport did not fit agendas." [45] [46]

Universities

Movements

Scientists for Future campaign slogan: "#Under1000 I won't do it!" Unter1000 logo.png
Scientists for Future campaign slogan: "#Under1000 I won't do it!"

In response to the 8 October 2018 IPCC report, more than 650 Danish academics from various disciplines published an open letter on 19 November 2018, calling on the managements of (Danish) universities to lead by example in combating climate change. Item number one on their five-point priority list was "drastically reducing flights and supporting climate-friendly alternatives". [47] [48] On 4 February 2019, 55 Dutch scientists, referring to the Danish initiative, published a similar "Climate Letter", including item no. #2: "Drastically reducing flights, with insightful targets, including through exercising critical consideration before travelling, using alternative modes of transport, and investing in climate-friendly alternatives and behavioural change to enable remote participation at academic consultations, conferences and exchanges." [49] [48] By 7 March 2019, all 14 Dutch universities (united in the VSNU) had expressed their support for the Climate Letter, which had been signed by almost 1,300 members of staff at that point. VSNU President Pieter Duisenberg stated: "The academic community can and must play a leading role in addressing climate change. This not only involves knowledge, but also whatever we as universities can do ourselves." [50] Many Dutch universities were inspired by Ghent University's sustainable travel policy. [51] [52] In July 2019, Technische Universität Berlin professor Martina Schäfer similarly initiated a "Commitment to renounce short-haul (business) flights' (described as "travelable without flying in below 12 hours", or 1,000 kilometres), which was signed by over 1,700 German academics by 20 September 2019. [53] [54] The day before, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development became the first Germany university to make the voluntary commitment to avoid flying distances shorter than 1000 kilometres or 10 hours train travel mandatory for all employees. [53] [19]

Discussions

Casper Albers: "Some trips are necessary. But we should think: can we do conferences differently?" 2014 Albers Casper.png
Casper Albers: "Some trips are necessary. But we should think: can we do conferences differently?"

Aside from advocating for more sustainable short-distance travel and arguing that the scientific community should lead by example, some academics have questioned the necessity and thereby justifications for many international flights in order to attend scientific conferences or researchers' meetings. Liesbeth Enneking (Erasmus University Rotterdam) stated that congresses have little added value, as researchers can already access their colleagues around the world through the online publication of their papers, and meeting peers in real life and speaking to them face to face is rarely important for their work. "Attending congresses is sometimes mostly just stimulating your ego, and a nice trip, (...) but for the planet's sake, this is a privilege that we can no longer afford on this scale", Enneking stated; she stopped flying in 2017. [51] Cody Hochstenbach (University of Amsterdam) narrated how many short (for example, two days) international research meetings are: [55]

great to catch up with each other and to discover a new city, but seldom they are actually productive. I was therefore enormously surprised that a Japanese professor had flown all the way to attend this meeting [in Le Havre]. Moreover, he had a heavy jet lag and regularly fell asleep during the sessions. It's obviously an expensive affair to have someone flown in across half the planet for just two days. I find it even more insane that universities facilitate and even encourage this behaviour.

Referring to arguments made by other academics, he added that this behaviour was a form of socioeconomic injustice towards many people with lower education and income who could never even afford such long flights. Individual scientists should take their responsibility and fulfil the burden of proof to demonstrate that their flights to such conferences are really useful, and cannot be replaced by trains. [55] Climate lawyer Laura Burgers said: "Some scientific conferences abroad are no doubt useful, but we should be honest: often it's just fun to make a trip. Such advantages do not outweigh the environmental damage, however," recounting her experience of a conference where scientists discussed research that had already been published and thus "a waste of time and flight CO2 emissions". [56]

While acknowledging that the current intensity should be reduced, other academics partially disagree, saying that, especially for young researchers, getting and staying in touch with their international colleagues in real life can really help to establish their network and advance their career, and make interactions easier and more complete than via video. [52] Astrophysicist Ralph Wijers pointed out that his research projects, including trips he needed to make for them, were funded by several different organisations who required him to travel with the fewest expenses possible, often forcing him to take generally cheap plane tickets rather than relatively costly train tickets: 'We should address this on a larger scale: the more pollutive for the environment, the more expensive I think it should be.' [56]

Alternate approaches

Some universities have consciously decided not to impose a formal ban on short-haul business flights, but instead encourage their employees to consider alternative modes of transportation, or to fully offset their carbon emissions, or to consider videoconferencing instead of flying to conferences and meetings, judging that such an alternate approach would still be sufficient to meet set environmental goals. For example, the University of Copenhagen's prorector stated in February 2020: "We're very keen to limit climate changes and we intend to reduce our total CO2 footprint even more. (...) The University's new travel policy does not impose a ban on air travelling, but sets out recommendations and suggestions for how to change travel habits. It is a matter of choice of transportation and providing alternatives to air travel. For example meetings and video conferences via digital platforms like Skype." [57]

Leiden University has not introduced short-distance restrictions on flights, but set train travel as the norm for personnel journeys shorter than 6 hours or 500 kilometres since 2017. The university aimed to restrict thus-defined short-haul flights below 10% of all flights; since this was 5.7% in 2017 and further decreased to 4.5% in 2019, the policy was hailed as a success. In 2018, 90% of flight CO2 emissions were compensated by payments to, for example, the Fair Climate Fund. [58]

In November 2019, Utrecht University chose not to impose a flight ban, but use various other measures, such as providing employees with information about alternatives, investing in better video conferencing facilities, a train zone map that calculates travel times, and compensation for train ticket purchases, to halve its number of flight kilometres by 2030. A flight carbon offset requirement was already imposed in 2018. [59]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport in the Netherlands</span>

The Netherlands is both a very densely populated and a highly developed country in which transport is a key factor of the economy. Correspondingly it has a very dense and modern infrastructure, facilitating transport with road, rail, air and water networks. In its Global Competitiveness Report for 2014-2015, the World Economic Forum ranked the Dutch transport infrastructure fourth in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air travel</span> Form of travel using aircraft to fly above ground for long distances

Air travel is a form of travel in vehicles such as airplanes, jet aircraft, helicopters, hot air balloons, blimps, gliders, hang gliders, parachutes, or anything else that can sustain flight. Use of air travel began vastly increasing in the 1930s: the number of Americans flying went from about 6,000 in 1930 to 450,000 by 1934 and to 1.2 million by 1938. It has continued to greatly increase in recent decades, doubling worldwide between the mid-1980s and the year 2000. Modern air travel is much safer than road travel.

A mode of transport is a method or way of travelling, or of transporting people or cargo. The different modes of transport include air, water, and land transport, which includes rails or railways, road and off-road transport. Other modes of transport also exist, including pipelines, cable transport, and space transport. Human-powered transport and animal-powered transport are sometimes regarded as distinct modes, but they may lie in other categories such as land or water transport.

Jet4you was a low-cost airline based in Casablanca, Morocco. It operated services between Moroccan cities and destinations in France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Ireland and Italy. Its main base was Casablanca Mohammed V International Airport, with focus cities at Agadir, Nador, Paris and Tangier.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental effects of aviation</span> Effect of emissions from aircraft engines

Aircraft engines produce gases, noise, and particulates from fossil fuel combustion, raising environmental concerns over their global effects and their effects on local air quality. Jet airliners contribute to climate change by emitting carbon dioxide, the best understood greenhouse gas, and, with less scientific understanding, nitrogen oxides, contrails and particulates. Their radiative forcing is estimated at 1.3–1.4 that of CO2 alone, excluding induced cirrus cloud with a very low level of scientific understanding. In 2018, global commercial operations generated 2.4% of all CO2 emissions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air Passenger Duty</span> A tax on flights originating or terminating in the UK

Air Passenger Duty (APD) is an excise duty which is charged on the carriage of passengers flying from a United Kingdom or Isle of Man airport on an aircraft that has an authorised take-off weight of more than 5.7 tonnes or more than twenty seats for passengers. The duty is not payable by inbound international passengers who are booked to continue their journey within 24 hours of their scheduled time of arrival in the UK. If a passenger "stops-over" for more than 24 hours, duty is payable in full.

In aviation, the flight length or flight distance refers to the distance of a flight. Aircraft do not necessarily follow the great-circle distance, but may opt for a longer route due to weather, traffic, to utilise a jet stream, or to refuel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air transport in the United Kingdom</span>

Air transport in the United Kingdom is the commercial carriage of passengers, freight and mail by aircraft, both within the United Kingdom (UK) and between the UK and the rest of the world. In the past 25 years the industry has seen continuous growth, and the demand for passenger air travel in particular is forecast to increase from the current level of 236 million passengers to 465 million in 2030. One airport, Heathrow Airport, is amongst the top ten busiest airports in the world. More than half of all passengers travelling by air in the UK currently travel via the six London area airports. Outside London, Manchester Airport is by far the largest and busiest of the remaining airports, acting as a hub for the 20 million or so people who live within a two-hour drive. Regional airports have experienced the most growth in recent years, due to the success of low-cost carrier airlines over the last decade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport</span> Movement of goods or people between locations

Transport or transportation is the intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, land, water, cable, pipelines, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transport enables human trade, which is essential for the development of civilizations.

The expansion of Heathrow Airport is a series of proposals to add to the runways at London's busiest airport beyond its two long runways which are intensively used to serve four terminals and a large cargo operation. The plans are those presented by Heathrow Airport Holdings and an independent proposal by Heathrow Hub with the main object of increasing capacity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental effects of transport</span>

The environmental effects of transport are significant because transport is a major user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide. Within the transport sector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fuel economy in aircraft</span> Aircraft fuel efficiency

The fuel economy in aircraft is the measure of the transport energy efficiency of aircraft. Fuel efficiency is increased with better aerodynamics and by reducing weight, and with improved engine brake-specific fuel consumption and propulsive efficiency or thrust-specific fuel consumption. Endurance and range can be maximized with the optimum airspeed, and economy is better at optimum altitudes, usually higher. An airline efficiency depends on its fleet fuel burn, seating density, air cargo and passenger load factor, while operational procedures like maintenance and routing can save fuel.

Over time, commercial airlines have established a number of scheduled ultra long-haul non-stop flights. These exceptionally long routes reduce the travel time between distant city pairs as well as the number of stops needed for passengers' travels, thereby increasing passenger convenience. For an airline, choosing to operate long flights can also build brand image as well as loyalty among a set of flyers. Therefore, competition among airlines to establish the longest flight occurs.

Ultra-long-haul refers to the duration of a flight being "ultra long." IATA, ICAO, and IFALPA jointly define any flight scheduled to last over 16 hours as "Ultra Long".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aviation in Indonesia</span>

Aviation in Indonesia serves as a critical means of connecting the thousands of islands throughout the archipelago. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south, comprising 13,466 islands, with 922 of those permanently inhabited. With an estimated population of over 255 million people — making it the world's fourth-most-populous country — and also due to the growth of the middle-class, the boom of low-cost carriers in the recent decade, and overall economic growth, many domestic travellers shifted from land and sea transport to faster and more comfortable air travel. Indonesia is widely regarded as an emerging market for air travel in the region. Between 2009 and 2014, the number of Indonesian air passengers increased from 27,421,235 to 94,504,086, an increase of over threefold.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aviation taxation and subsidies</span> Taxes and subsidies related to aviation

Types of aviation taxation and subsidies, and implementations, are listed below. Taxation is one of several methods to mitigate the environmental impact of aviation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flight shame</span> Social movement that discourages airline flying

Flight shame or flygskam (Swedish) is a social movement that discourages air travel due to its environmental impact, including outsized carbon emissions linked to anthropogenic climate change. Originating in Sweden, the term was popularized by climate activist Greta Thunberg, with the movement alternatively known as an anti-flying or anti-flight movement.

Taxation of aviation fuel in the European Union is regulated by the Energy Taxation Directive (2003/96/EG) of 27 October 2003. This prohibits the taxation of commercial aviation fuel, except for commercial domestic flights or by bilateral agreement between member states. As of 2023, commercial aviation fuel is currently tax exempt under the legislation of all member states of the European Union. This tax exemption has been criticised on environmental grounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobility transition</span>

Mobility transition is a set of social, technological and political processes of converting traffic and mobility to sustainable transport with renewable energy resources, and an integration of several different modes of private transport and local public transport. It also includes social change, a redistribution of public spaces, and different ways of financing and spending money in urban planning. The main motivation for mobility transition is the reduction of the harm and damage that traffic causes to people and the environment in order to make (urban) society more livable, as well as solving various interconnected logistical, social, economic and energy issues and inefficiencies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air travel demand reduction</span> Climate change mitigation method

Air travel demand mitigation or aviation demand reduction or air travel demand reduction is a part of transportation demand management and climate change mitigation.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Jet4You mag niet van Charleroi naar Luik vliegen". De Morgen (in Dutch). 28 November 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Wabl, Matthias; Jasper, Christopher (9 June 2020). "Airline bailouts point to greener travel—and higher fares". BNN Bloomberg . Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  3. Jon Sindreu (27 September 2022). "Why Trains Will Struggle to Replace Short Flights". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 14 October 2022. About a quarter of passengers aren't traveling point to point, but rather going to a hub airport and then hopping on a long-haul plane [...] no alternative but to more than double their travel time
  4. Reiter, Vreni; Voltes-Dorta, Augusto; Suau-Sanchez, Pere (1 December 2022). "The substitution of short-haul flights with rail services in German air travel markets: A quantitative analysis". Case Studies on Transport Policy. 10 (4): 2025–2043. doi: 10.1016/j.cstp.2022.09.001 . hdl: 20.500.11820/6a06f50b-2fad-42dc-ae49-e0cc5c73e170 . S2CID   252135210. At the current rail speeds, carbon savings do not offset travel time losses
  5. 1 2 Rick Noack (17 May 2019). "Should short-haul flights be banned? Climate change is a major issue in elections in Europe and Australia". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  6. 1 2 Kate Abnett (10 March 2020). "Ban short-haul flights for climate? In EU poll 62% say yes". Reuters. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  7. "IATA Cabin Waste Handbook" (PDF). IATA. August 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  8. 1 2 3 Gerhard Hegmann (9 June 2020). "Österreich verbietet die 9,99-Euro-Billigstflüge". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Belga (19 August 2019). "Reizigers blijven vliegen tussen Brussel en Amsterdam". De Standaard (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  10. 1 2 Pippa Crerar (12 March 2008). "Mayor bans GLA staff from taking short-haul workflights". Evening Standard. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  11. 1 2 "BBC Worldwide bans short-haul executive flights". The Guardian. 5 October 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  12. 1 2 Louise Gray (7 June 2010). "Environment Agency bans staff from taking flights in England". The Daily Telegraphy. Retrieved 21 October 2020.[ dead link ]
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Exemplary measures taken by universities and public administrations". Unter 1000. Scientists 4 Future. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  14. 1 2 William Wilkes (26 September 2019). "Flight Shaming Puts a Dent in European Travel". Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
    Elena Berton (2 October 2019). "Flight shaming hits air travel as 'Greta effect' takes off". Reuters. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  15. 1 2 Doetie Talsma (7 February 2019). "Wetenschappers willen minder vliegen om klimaat te redden". Univers (in Dutch). Tilburg University. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  16. 1 2 "Sustainable travel policy". Ghent University. June 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  17. 1 2 "Geneva university to slash flight emissions by half". Swissinfo. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  18. 1 2 3 "Es geht auch ohne!" (in German). Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  19. 1 2 Tilmann Warnecke (25 September 2019). "Kampf gegen Klimawandel: Berliner Hochschule streicht kurze Flugreisen". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  20. 1 2 "Vlaamse ambtenaren mogen binnenkort niet meer vliegen voor korte dienstreizen". De Standaard (in Dutch). 6 September 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  21. 1 2 ""Unter 1'000 mach' ich's nicht". Verzicht auf dienstliche Kurzstreckenflüge" (in German). Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  22. 1 2 Coretta Jongeling (13 February 2020). "Short-haul flights a thing of the past". Resource (in Dutch). Wageningen University and Research. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  23. 1 2 Mathijs Noij & Ken Lambeets (12 March 2020). "Nieuw vliegbeleid gaat dit jaar in, universiteit doet korte vluchten in de ban". VoxWeb.nl (in Dutch). Radboud University. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  24. 1 2 "Basler Beamte erhalten Flugverbot". Basler Zeitung (in German). 2 June 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  25. "Gewessler verteidigt AUA-Rettung". DER STANDARD (in Austrian German). Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  26. Alex McWhirter (5 November 2020). "Analysis: Is Austrian's new Graz-Vienna Airail service 'green'?". Business Traveller. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  27. "Strategische Studie über die Auswirkungen des Endes von innerösterreichischen Flugstrecken: Studienergebnisse + Anhang mit Langfassung" (PDF). Austrian Economic Chamber. October 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  28. "MPs propose ban on internal French flights". Connexion France. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  29. ""Pas de raison de prendre l'avion" pour les trajets inférieurs à 2h30, estime Bruno Le Maire". Le Figaro (in French). 25 May 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  30. "Verbod binnenlandse vluchten onmogelijk". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 12 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  31. L. Tijdink (1 August 2013). "Verslag van een algemeen overleg, gehouden op 12 juni 2013, over Luchtvaart". Regular Commission on Infrastructure and Environment (in Dutch). House of Representatives of the Netherlands. Retrieved 14 June 2020. A ban on domestic flights, which Ms Van Tongeren asked about, is outside [our] legal possibilities. Under European law, a European airline is free to perform air services within the EU if it complies with all national and international requirements to operate. (...) Discussing a ban on domestic flights on a European level is unwise and impossible. The internal market has been liberalised based on the EU Regulation for European airlines. Member States are not allowed to make the exploitation of air services within the EU depedent upon any permit or permission.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Judith Harmsen (6 March 2019). "Van Amsterdam naar Brussel vliegen blijft mogelijk". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  33. "Europese Commissie akkoord met vliegverbod Luik-charleroi". Luchtvaartnieuws.nl (in Dutch). 21 December 2006. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  34. "Sustainable business travel" (PDF). Transport for London. 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  35. "Universiteit Gent schrapt vliegreizen naar 60 bestemmingen". Het Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). 5 June 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  36. 1 2 Tim Braune and Karsten Kammholz (17 May 2019). "Verbot für Kurzsteckenflüge? Kritik am Timmermans-Vorstoß". Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  37. "Actiegroep verzet zich tegen vluchten voor korte afstanden". Het Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). 12 August 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  38. "Minister Lydia Peeters stuit op onbegrip met vlucht van Brussel naar Antwerpen". Het Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). 11 June 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  39. Luc Moons (12 June 2020). "Lydia Peeters betuigt spijt na kritiek voor korte vliegreis van Brussel naar Antwerpen". TV Limburg (Belgium) (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  40. "Germany plans to nearly double taxes on short-haul flights". Reuters. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  41. Jorg Luyken (23 July 2019). "Calls to end Bonn's status as Germany's second city as Greens seek to ban all domestic flights". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  42. "German government employees increased air travel in 2019". Deutsche Welle. 2 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  43. Natasja de Groot (7 November 2019). "Qatar Airways voert vluchten van 9 minuten uit, Kamerleden willen verbod". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  44. Bunskoek, Jasper; Koops, Ruben; de Regt, Koen (24 September 2022). "Korte privévluchten voor een tijdwinst van 20 minuten: ook regering doet er aan mee". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  45. Kempes, Maaike; de Regt, Koen; Bunskoek, Jasper (11 October 2022). "Hoezo minder vliegen? Ministers pakken vaker het regeringsvliegtuig". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  46. "An open letter to Danish universities: Let us show the way towards a more ambitious climate agenda". ScienceNordic.com. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  47. 1 2 Welmoed Visser (4 February 2019). "Wetenschappers roepen universiteiten op tot strenger klimaatbeleid". Ad Valvas (in Dutch). Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam . Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  48. "Climate letter – Open letter to our universities". klimaatbriefuniversiteiten.nl. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  49. "Universities unanimous in support of climate letter". VSNU. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  50. 1 2 Marko de Haan (4 March 2019). "Hoe universiteiten vliegen in (proberen te) dammen". Erasmus Magazine (in Dutch). Erasmus University Rotterdam. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  51. 1 2 3 Clara van de Wiel (1 August 2019). "Vliegen naar een congres gaat wringen". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  52. 1 2 Gisbert Fanselow (28 July 2019). "Selbstverpflichtung zum Verzicht auf (dienstliche) Kurzstreckenflüge" (in German). ClimateWednesday. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  53. Joana Nietfeld (20 September 2019). "1700 Wissenschaftler verzichten auf kürzere Flugreisen". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  54. 1 2 Cody Hochstenbach (23 December 2019). "Laat 2020 het jaar van de niet-vliegende academicus zijn (niet-academici ook welkom!)". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  55. 1 2 Raounak Khaddari (28 September 2018). "Waarom moeten wetenschappers altijd vliegen naar een congres?". Het Parool (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  56. "Less air travel is to ensure a greener university". University of Copenhagen. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  57. "Duurzaamheidsverslag 2019 Universiteit Leiden" (in Dutch). Leiden University. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  58. Gwenda Knobel (18 November 2019). "Utrecht University: less planes, more trains". DUB. Utrecht University. Retrieved 25 October 2020.