 | This article possibly contains original research .(August 2020) |
Judaism and environmentalism intersect on many levels. The natural world plays a central role in Jewish law, literature, liturgy, and other practices. Within the arena of Jewish thought, beliefs vary widely about the human relationship to the environment. [1] [2] [3]
In Jewish law ( halakhah ), ecological concerns are reflected in several instances. These include, the Biblical protection for fruit trees, rules in the Mishnah against harming the public domain, Talmudic debate over noise and smoke damages, and contemporary responsa on agricultural pollution. [4] The rule of tza'ar ba'alei hayyim is a restriction on cruelty to animals.
In Conservative Judaism, a new initiative has adopted Eco-Kashrut ideas since the 1970s. Jewish activists have also recruited principles of halakhah for environmental purposes, such as the injunction against unnecessary destruction, known as bal tashkhit . [5] Some prophetic traditions speak of societal moral decadence causing an environmental disaster. [6] [7]
In Genesis, God instructs humanity to hold dominion over nature, but this may be interpreted in terms of stewardship.
Although the Bible and rabbinic tradition have put Judaism on an anthropocentric path, creation-centered or eco-centric interpretations of Judaism can also be found throughout Jewish history. Many theologians regard the land as a primary partner of Jewish covenant, and Judaism, especially the practices described in the Torah, may be regarded as the expression of a fully indigenous, earth-centered tradition. [8] [9]
Eco-centric discussions of Judaism can be found in the work of modern scholars and rabbis, including Arthur Green, [10] Arthur Waskow, [11] Eilon Schwartz, Lynn Gottlieb, Mike Comins, Ellen Bernstein, and David Mevorach Seidenberg. [12]
In contemporary Jewish liturgy, ecological concerns have especially been promoted by adapting the kabbalistic ritual of conducting a seder for the New Year of the trees Tu Bishvat. [13] Biblical and rabbinic texts have also been enlisted for prayers about the environment in all the liberal movements, especially in Reform Judaism and Jewish Renewal movements.
One primary Jewish environmental event is the Tu BiSh'vat seder, often labeled as 'Jewish Earth Day' and sometimes humorously called 'Tree B'Earthday.' [14] Falling in early spring, two full moons before Passover, Tu BiSh'vat ("the 15th of the month of Sh'vat") generally coincides with the first sap rising in the fruit trees in Israel. Since this day was labeled the "New Year for the Tree" in rabbinic Judaism, 17th-century mystics created a ritual meal or seder of fruit and nuts for the day that celebrated the "Tree of Life" that sustains the universe. The Jewish National Fund (JNF) applied these motifs in the 1950s to champion Tu BiSh'vat as a day for planting trees in Israel.
The history of the seder also sheds light on the development of the Jewish environmental movement. One of the early moments of awakening to environmental issues in the Jewish community was when rabbis and Jewish activists drew on the symbolism of the Jewish National Fund campaigns to create the "Trees for Vietnam" reforestation campaign in 1971 in response to the use of Agent Orange by the US. In 1976, Jonathan Wolf in New York City created and led one of the first modern environmental seders, incorporating liturgy from the Kabbalists with information from Israeli environmental groups like Neot Kedumim ("Ancient Fields," a conservancy group devoted to Biblical species), and Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel.
By the late 1970s, Jewish groups were innovating rituals for Tu BiSh'vat that connected Biblical and rabbinic teachings with material from the Kibbutz movement or JNF and with current environmental concerns. [15] In the 1980s, dozens of homemade Tu BiSh'vat liturgical books or haggadot, modeled after the Passover seder, were being used around the country to celebrate trees and to talk about local and national environmental issues, the earth, and ecology.
In North America, the movement was in many ways motivated by the revival of back-to-the-land values in the 1960s and 70s, together with the influence of Zionist idealism, which also emphasized returning to the land. After the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, which generated a huge outpouring of sympathy and identification with Israel among unaffiliated Jews, the motif of return to the land became a bridge that connected progressive Jewish activists with the Jewish community from which they were often estranged. In Israel, various initiatives, movements, and thinkers, like the JNF, the kibbutz movement, and Ahad Ha'am, were forerunners of Jewish environmentalism. These trends, however, were not always in line with an explicitly Jewish environmentalist understanding. The pioneers of environmentalism in the North American Jewish community were often deeply committed to vegetarianism. (This ideal can still be found in newer organizations like the Shamayim Va'aretz Institute and Farm Forward.) Notable among the early innovators of Jewish vegetarianism is Richard Schwartz, publisher of Judaism and Vegetarianism in 1982, followed by Judaism and Global Survival in 1984.
A large part of Jewish environmental work has also consisted of investing Jewish practice with ecological meaning through sermons, teachings, and books. Early writers, Eric Freudenstein [17] and Rabbi Everett Gendler, [18] influenced many activists and teachers through their teachings and farming. Rabbi Arthur Waskow is also one of the leaders in this area of exploration, starting with his 1982 work, The Seasons of Our Joy: A Modern Guide to the Jewish Holidays, [19] which follows the liturgical calendar through the changes in the earth. (Waskow's work was part of a trend now called Jewish Renewal, which involved uniting values associated with 1960s or New Age spiritual countercultures with Jewish practice.) In the same year, David Ehrenfeld and Rabbi Gerry Serotta at Rutgers University organized the first-ever Jewish Environmental Conference. In 1983, Waskow founded the Shalom Center, which over time turned its energy from nuclear weapons to the environment. The Shalom Center is now one of the primary organizations in North America and the world that promulgates an activist ecological understanding of Judaism.
In 1988, Shomrei Adamah ("Guardians of the Earth") was formed as the first national Jewish organization devoted to environmental issues. Founded by Ellen Bernstein in Philadelphia, the group produced guides to Judaism and the environment, such as Let the Earth Teach You Torah (1992), which was one of the works that initiated the field of Jewish environmental education. Shomrei Adamah captured the imaginations of environmentally concerned Jews around North America and quickly supplanted groups such as L'OLAM in New York City on the national level. Even as regional groups like Shomrei Adamah of Greater Washington, DC (founded in 1990) sprung up to do grassroots organizing, however, the national organization pulled away from involvement with regional groups.
Later, other regional groups like the Northwest Jewish Environmental Project in Seattle (NWJEP or NJEP), founded in 1997, took a different approach. While Jewish identification with the earth and Jewish environmental activism had gone hand-in-hand up until then, these new groups focused on making nature a source of Jewish identity and explicitly de-emphasized political activism. The roots of this approach can be traced back to Jewish hiking groups and to the national network of groups, such as Mosaic Outdoor Clubs of America (founded in 1988).
In 1993, The Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life (COEJL) was formed to bring the Jewish environmental movement into the mainstream. COEJL filled the vacuum left by Shomrei Adamah, working with other religion-based groups, under the umbrella of the National Religious Partnership for the Environment (NRPE). COEJL was founded by three institutions: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America , the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, and the Jewish Council for Public Affairs (previously the National Jewish Relations Advisory Council). Jewish environmentalists are drawn from all branches of religious life, ranging from Rabbi Waskow's organization and The Shalom Center to the Orthodox educational group Canfei Nesharim.
The new generation of Jewish environmental organizations, including the farming and food movement, can be traced to the Teva Learning Alliance (formerly the Teva Learning Center), founded in 1994 by Amy Meltzer and Adam Berman at Camp Isabella Freedman in Connecticut to offer outdoor education experiences to Jewish day schools. Teva's initial curriculum drew on resources developed by Camp Tawonga, located in the California redwoods.
Hazon was founded by Nigel Savage in 2000 with an inaugural bike ride across North America to raise money for Jewish environmental causes in North America and Israel. Since then, Hazon has expanded greatly. It has nurtured the Jewish food movement and the campaign to bring awareness of the Sabbatical year to the Jewish community throughout the world.
The Adamah Farming Fellowship was also founded in 2003 at IF (now called the Isabella Freedman Retreat Center) by Shamu Sadeh, an alumnus educator of the Teva program. In the past few years, Jewish environmental consciousness has poured itself into the farming movement, sparked by Adamah and the food movement, and focalized by Hazon.
Other efforts include Neohasid, founded by Rabbi David Seidenberg in 2005, Wilderness Torah, founded by Zelig Golden in 2009, and Eden Village Camp, first envisioned by Yoni and Vivian Stadlin in 2006 and opened in 2010. The Kayam Farm at Pearlstone, founded in 2006, also organized an annual conference on Jewish agricultural law.
In 2013, Hazon, already the largest Jewish environmental organization in North America, merged with Isabella Freedman. Along with the proliferation of farming programs in North America, and a network of Jewish-community-based CSAs organized by Hazon, a movement has emerged to bring shechitah, kosher slaughter, back to the small farm, using humanely and sustainably-raised animals. Grow and Behold Foods (founded 2010) is the largest commercial purveyor of such meat. There is also wide interest in a kosher certification that would guarantee food is produced in an ethical manner.
In Israel the Heschel Center for Environmental Learning and Leadership, and the Reform movement's Kibbutz Lotan, both founded in 1983, have had a long and lasting impact. [21]
In 2001, the Green Zionist Alliance, now called Aytzim, was founded as the first environmental organization to ever participate the World Zionist Organization and its constituent agencies. Aytzim works from North America to educate and mobilize Jews around the world for Israel's environment and to support Israel's environmental movement. [22]
From 2003 through 2008, Rabbi Carmi Wisemon, together with the Ramat Shlomo Community Council, the Israeli Ministry of the Environment, and the Municipality of Jerusalem, produced four journals named the Environment in Jewish Thought and Law, on the intersection between Halacha (Jewish law) and environmentalism written by Orthodox rabbinic scholars. Notable recent developments include Teva Ivri, founded in 2009 by Einat Kramer, which led the Shmita Yisraelit movement and project, the Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development, founded in Jerusalem in 2010 by Rabbi Yonatan Neril, and Shorashim/Roots, a peace group founded in 2014 in the West Bank by both settlers and Palestinians that focuses on land issues.
Jewish environmentalism was active in the UK by the early 2000s, when the Noah Project was in operation. [23] The project partnered with the Board of Deputies of British Jews in 2002.
The Sadeh Farm in Kent is inspired by the work of Adamah. [24]
The EcoSynagogue initiative advises synagogues throughout the UK on environmental audits and surveys in places of worship. [25]
There are several organizations promoting environmental work in Australia, including the non-profit Jewish Ecological Coalition (JECO) organization in Melbourne, founded in July 2003. The Jewish Sustainability Initiative in Sydney that aims to promote the sustainable use of Earth’s natural resources. Others include Mazon and Together for Humanity in New South Wales. [26] [27] [28] [29]
Agudath Israel of America is an American organization that represents Haredi Orthodox Jews. It is loosely affiliated with the international World Agudath Israel. Agudah seeks to meet the needs of the Haredi community, advocates for its religious and civil rights, and services its constituents through charitable, educational, and social service projects across North America.
Jewish Renewal is a Jewish religious movement originating in the 20th century that endeavors to reinvigorate modern Judaism with Kabbalistic, Hasidic, and musical practices. Specifically, it seeks to reintroduce the "ancient Judaic traditions of mysticism and meditation, gender equality and ecstatic prayer" to synagogue services. It is distinct from the baal teshuva movement of return to Orthodox Judaism.
Neo-Hasidism, Neochassidut, or Neo-Chassidus, is an approach to Judaism in which people learn beliefs and practices of Hasidic Judaism, and incorporate it into their own lives or prayer communities, yet without formally joining a Hasidic group. Over the 20th century neo-Hasidism was popularized by the works of writers such as Hillel Zeitlin, Martin Buber, Abraham Joshua Heschel, Lawrence Kushner, Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, and Arthur Green.
Arthur Ocean Waskow is an American author, political activist, and rabbi associated with the Jewish Renewal movement.
Jewish feminism is a movement that seeks to make the religious, legal, and social status of Jewish women equal to that of Jewish men in Judaism. Feminist movements, with varying approaches and successes, have opened up within all major branches of the Jewish religion.
Isabella Freedman Jewish Retreat Center is a project of Hazon that sits on 400 acres of forest and meadows in the foothills of the southern Berkshires in Litchfield County, Connecticut. Isabella Freedman hosts organizational retreats, Jewish spiritual and environmental events, and private Jewish celebrations including weddings and B'nai Mitzvah. More than 30 Jewish organizations hold events at Isabella Freedman and Isabella Freedman hosts families across Jewish denominations for their popular Jewish holiday vacation programs, such as their yearly Passover, Shavuot, and "Sukkahfest" (Sukkot) retreats. The Center's kitchen is kosher under the supervision of the Hartford Kashrut Commission.
Gordon Tucker is a prominent rabbi, with a reputation as both a political and a theological liberal in Conservative Judaism. He is the former senior rabbi of Temple Israel Center in White Plains, New York. Since September 2020, he has served as the Vice Chancellor for Religious Life and Engagement at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.
Ecotheology is a form of constructive theology that focuses on the interrelationships of religion and nature, particularly in the light of environmental concerns. Ecotheology generally starts from the premise that a relationship exists between human religious/spiritual worldviews and the degradation or restoration and preservation of nature. It explores the interaction between ecological values, such as sustainability, and the human domination of nature. The movement has produced numerous religious-environmental projects around the world.
Orthodox Jewish outreach, often referred to as Kiruv or Qiruv, is the collective work or movement of Orthodox Judaism that reaches out to non-observant Jews to encourage belief in God and life according to Jewish law. The process of a Jew becoming more observant of Orthodox Judaism is called teshuva making the "returnee" a baal teshuva. Orthodox Jewish outreach has worked to enhance the rise of the baal teshuva movement.
Bal tashchit is a basic ethical principle in Jewish law.
Reuven Hammer was an American-Israeli Conservative rabbi, scholar of Jewish liturgy, author and lecturer who was born in New York. He was a founder of the "Masorti" (Conservative) movement in Israel and a president of the International Rabbinical Assembly. He served many years as head of the Masorti Beth Din in Israel. A prolific writer in both the Israeli and international press, he was a regular columnist for The Jerusalem Post's "Tradition Today" column. He lived in Jerusalem.
The Teva Learning Alliance is a Jewish-based environmental education 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that teaches about Judaism and the environment at Jewish day schools, summer camps and Hebrew schools. It is the only full-time year-round program providing innovative, experiential Jewish and nature-based education.
Tza'ar ba'alei chayim, literally "suffering of living creatures", is a Jewish commandment which bans causing animals unnecessary suffering. This concept is not clearly enunciated in the written Torah, but was accepted by the Talmud as being a biblical mandate. It is linked in the Talmud from the biblical law requiring people to assist in unloading burdens from animals.
Tu BiShvat is a Jewish holiday occurring on the 15th day of the Hebrew month of Shevat. It is also called Rosh HaShanah La'Ilanot, literally "New Year of the Trees". In contemporary Israel, the day is celebrated as an ecological awareness day, and trees are planted in celebration.
Eco-Kashrut, also called the Eco-Kosher movement, is a movement to extend the Kashrut system, or Jewish dietary laws, to address modern environmental, social, and ethical issues, and promote sustainability.
Rosh Hashanah L'Ma'sar Behemah or Rosh Hashanah LaBehemah is one of the four New Year's day festivals in the Jewish calendar as indicated in the Mishnah. During the time of the Temple, this was a day on which shepherds determined which of their mature animals were to be tithed. The day coincides with Rosh Chodesh Elul, the New Moon for the month of Elul, exactly one month before Rosh Hashanah.
Aytzim, formerly the Green Zionist Alliance (GZA), is a New York–based Jewish environmental organization that is a U.S.-registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity. A grassroots all-volunteer organization, Aytzim is active in the United States, Canada and Israel. The organization is a former member of the American Zionist Movement and has worked in partnership with Ameinu, the Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life (COEJL), Hazon, Interfaith Moral Action on Climate, Interfaith Oceans, GreenFaith, Mercaz/Masorti, the National Religious Coalition on Creation Care, and the Jewish National Fund (JNF)—although Aytzim has long criticized JNF for not prioritizing sustainability and environmental justice in its actions. Aytzim's work at the nexus of Judaism, environmentalism and Zionism has courted controversy from both Jewish and non-Jewish groups.
Phyllis Ocean Berman is the founder of the Riverside Language Program in New York City for adult immigrants and refugees. Opening in 1979, she traveled from her home in West Mount Airy, Philadelphia via Amtrak to the school in New York City so that newly arrived immigrants could receive an intensive English-language education. She was its director until her retirement in 2016. She is a teacher and prayer leader in the Jewish Renewal movement as well as a political activist who writes about and has been arrested for non-violently protesting for immigrant rights.
Nigel Savage is a British environmental activist and founder of Jewish environmental nonprofit organisation Hazon. Beginning his career working in finance, in 2000 he founded Hazon and was CEO until its merger with the Pearlstone Retreat Center in 2021. He has been named twice as one of the Forward 50, and was a founder of Limmud NY. One of Savage's initiatives to help Jews live more sustainably include the Seal of Sustainability for Jewish institutions. He also named and catalysed the JOFEE movement, including the JOFEE Fellows program.
Ellen Sue Bernstein was an American rabbi, author, and educator. She has been called the "birthmother of Jewish environmentalism" and a prominent figure in the world of religion and ecology. Bernstein's work focused on how the Bible and Judaism provide a guide for connecting with and healing the Earth.
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