Sikorsky S-92

Last updated

S-92 / H-92 Superhawk
S92 G-IACF IMG 7005 (cropped).jpg
An S-92 of Bristow Helicopters
RoleMedium-lift transport/utility helicopter
National originUnited States
Manufacturer Sikorsky Aircraft
First flightDecember 23, 1998
Introduction 2004
StatusIn service
Primary users CHC Helicopter
Petroleum Helicopters International
Bristow Helicopters
Cougar Helicopters
Produced1998–present
Number builtat least 300 [1]
Developed from Sikorsky S-70
Variants Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone
Sikorsky VH-92

The Sikorsky S-92 is an American twin-engine medium-lift helicopter built by Sikorsky Aircraft for the civil and military helicopter markets. The S-92 was developed from the Sikorsky S-70 helicopter and has similar parts such as flight control and rotor systems.

Contents

The H-92 Superhawk is a military version of the S-92 in the utility transport role, capable of carrying 22 troops. The H-92 can also be configured for specific missions, including search and rescue and executive transportation. The CH-148 Cyclone is a shipboard maritime helicopter variant developed for the Royal Canadian Air Force to support naval operations of the Royal Canadian Navy. The Sikorsky VH-92 is a variant under development to replace the United States Marine Corps' Marine One U.S. Presidential transport fleet.

Development

After the 1973 oil crisis, major oil and gas companies began exploration further offshore, thus creating a need for aircraft such as the S-92 with sufficient capability. [2]

Sikorsky Aircraft first displayed a S-92 mockup of the planned helicopter in 1992. The S-92 was to be offered for sale beginning in 1993, but due to a decline in the international market for helicopters, this was delayed. In 1995 Sikorsky formed Team S-92 with international partners and launched the helicopter program at the Paris Airshow that year. [3] Sikorsky developed the S-92 to compete with civil aircraft such as the Aerospatiale/Eurocopter Super Puma. [4] The helicopter uses a new airframe with dynamic components based on the S-70/H-60 components. The S-92 took its maiden flight on December 23, 1998 at the Sikorsky Development Flight Center, West Palm Beach, Florida. [4] [5]

In July 2000, Sikorsky announced design changes to the S-92. The fuselage of prototype #3 was lengthened by 16 in (40 cm) aft of the cockpit, the tail pylon was shortened by 41 in (1.04 m), and the horizontal stabilizer was repositioned from the left side opposite the tail rotor to the right side at the base of the tail pylon. The modifications to the tail solved a pitch stability issue discovered during flight testing, and were reported to allow the aircraft to meet a key requirement of the Nordic Standard Helicopter Program (NSHP) for shipboard stowage. The lengthening of the fuselage and shortening of the tail pylon shifted the aircraft center of gravity (CG) forward, permitting a more level attitude in flight. The longer fuselage allowed for an additional row of three seats, as well as a larger passenger door option for Search and Rescue (SAR) customers. Sikorsky incorporated the changes into the following two prototypes as the production standard configuration. [6] Some reports suggested that the modifications were actually to resolve damage from structural design flaws. [7]

The S-92 is built and customized in Sikorsky's Coatesville, Pennsylvania facility. The S-92 received Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) part 29 type certification on December 19, 2002, [8] and received International European Aviation Safety Agency/Joint Aviation Authorities (EASA/JAA) certification on June 8, 2004. [9] In June 2009, Sikorsky Aircraft entered into a joint-venture with Tata Advanced Systems for S-92 manufacturing in India for export and domestic markets. A US$200 million manufacturing plant will be operational in Hyderabad by 2010. Initially, TASL will supply the complete cabins for the S-92 to Sikorsky. [10] [11] The first cabin was delivered in November 2010. [12]

Design

An S-92 at Sola Airport, Norway in July 2003 Sikorsky s92(Jarvin).jpg
An S-92 at Sola Airport, Norway in July 2003

The S-92 is multi-purpose helicopter powered by twin GE CT7-8A turboshaft engines and has an aluminum airframe and some composite components. The four-bladed fully articulated composite main rotor blade is wider and has a longer radius than the Sikorsky S-70. The tapered blade tip sweeps back and angles downward to reduce noise and increase lift. Most of the rotor system components aside from the blades are titanium.[ citation needed ]

The S-92 features an active vibration control system, using vibration sensors and structurally mounted force generators to increase flight comfort and lower acoustic levels to below certification requirements. [13] A 2008 study by Norway's Flymedisinsk Institute found that the S-92's vibration levels were 42 percent above that of the Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma; Sikorsky disputed this finding, saying that the study hadn't used their latest anti-vibration technology. [14] In February 2011, as published on a Norwegian newspaper's website, the noise and vibration levels were reportedly subject to health concerns, allegedly causing tinnitus and heart problems. [15] [16]

A number of safety features such as flaw tolerance, bird strike capability, and engine burst containment have been incorporated into the design. Adherence to FAA FAR part 29 has led the FAA certification board to call the S-92 the "safest helicopter in the world". [17] The S-92 was not able to meet the Federal Aviation Regulation "run dry" specification for loss of oil pressure in the main gearbox, but was certified with an exemption due to the unlikelihood of such a situation occurring; this was a factor in the fatal crash of Cougar Helicopters Flight 91 in 2009. [18]

Operational history

The S-92 received FAA certification in 2002, [8] and International certification in June 2004. [9] The first S-92 was delivered in late 2004 to launch customer PHI, Inc. [19] [20]

Competitions

Sikorsky entered a Search and rescue variant of the H-92 in U.S. Air Force's CSAR-X combat search and rescue competition beginning in 2006. Its competitors were the AgustaWestland EH101 and HH-47, but by December 2012 all other manufacturers had withdrawn. [21] Flight International magazine expects Sikorsky to bid a version of its MH-60 special operations helicopter. [22]

After Sikorsky successfully challenged in court the preferred supplier status of NHIndustries NH90 for the Nordic Standard Helicopter Programme an open competition was held. [23] Sikorsky entered the S-92 as a candidate for the Norwegian All Weather Search and Rescue Helicopter (NAWSARH) that is planned to replace the Royal Norwegian Air Force Westland Sea King Mk.43B in 2015. [24] The other candidates for the NAWSARH contract of 10 to 12 helicopters were AgustaWestland AW101, Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey, Eurocopter EC225, and NHIndustries NH90. [25] The V-22 was eliminated from the competition in 2012. [26] The S-92 was removed from the competition in July 2013 and was subsequently won by AgustaWestland with an order for 16 AW101s. [23]

The S-92 competed with the Eurocopter EC225 for the UK Search and Rescue – Helicopter (SAR-H) program. [27] In February 2010, the S-92 was selected by the UK in a £6bn deal to replace 40 Sea King search and rescue helicopters with 25 to 30 S-92s; [28] it subsequently announced that Soteria, the preferred supplier, will not be used due to irregularities with its bid. [29] The UK government subsequently opted for a smaller £2.5bn contract with the Bristow Group to operate 11 S-92s (and 11 AW189s) from 10 bases. [30]

The Irish Coast Guard replaced its Sikorsky S-61N fleet with the S-92, beginning in 2012. The aircraft are operated by CHC Helicopter. [31]

In the wake of the deadly 2016 crash of a Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma contracted by Statoil, that company announced that it would not use that type again and instead use the Sikorsky S-92 to meet its needs, stipulating that operators it contracts with, such as CHC Helikopter Service, will be required to use such equipment. [32]

Variants

S-92A

S-92A at Wagga Wagga Airport in 2015 Bond Helicopters Australia (VH-NYZ) Sikorsky S-92A taxiing at Wagga Wagga Airport (1).jpg
S-92A at Wagga Wagga Airport in 2015

The S-92A is the civilian variant and is available in a number of versions. The civil transport version has an airliner-type interior that seats 19 passengers. The utility transport version has 22 side-facing seats with a full cabin width rear ramp. The 733 sq ft (68.1 m2) interior cabin area can also be configured to accommodate up to three airline-style LD3 cargo containers. Additional stowage space is available in the 140 sq ft (13 m2) area located in the aft ramp compartment. During development it was referred to as the S-92C Helibus.

H-92 Superhawk

The H-92 Superhawk is the military variant of the S-92. It has been demonstrated to the U.S. Air Force, Marine Corps and Coast Guard. The H-92 has more powerful GE CT7-8C engines, rated at 3,070  shp (2,290 kW) and, unlike the S-92, has fly-by-wire flight controls. The search and rescue variant provides space for seats, litters, auxiliary fuel cell and SAR emergency equipment.

In July 2004, the H-92 Superhawk was selected by Canada for its Maritime Helicopter Programme (MHP) as the CH-148 Cyclone. Canada ordered 28 helicopters in November 2004. [33] The program has been delayed multiple times. [34] As of November 2019, nineteen CH-148 Cyclones have been built, delivered, and accepted by the government of Canada. The Canadian military declared initial operational capacity in June 2018, and expects full operational capacity by 2022. [35]

VH-92

The S-92A variant, designated VH-92 will be used as the next Marine One to fly the U.S. President. [36]

Operators

A Sikorsky S-92 from Bristow Helicopters Bristow S92A G-CHYG IMG 9246 (14224662365).jpg
A Sikorsky S-92 from Bristow Helicopters

Civilian

Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
A S-92 in service with Brunei Shell Petroleum at Anduki Airfield Anduki Airfield 15 October 2022 08.jpg
A S-92 in service with Brunei Shell Petroleum at Anduki Airfield
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway
An S-92 of CHC Helicopter operates in the search and rescue role on behalf of His Majesty's Coastguard RRobertson CG Rescue G-MCGB IMG 6038 (15878341380).jpg
An S-92 of CHC Helicopter operates in the search and rescue role on behalf of His Majesty's Coastguard
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States

Military and government

Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
An S-92 from China Southern Airlines China Southern Airlines - Sikorsky S-92A.jpg
An S-92 from China Southern Airlines
S-92 VVIP used by the South Korean air force for presidential transport duties. South Korean VVIP S-92 presidential transport helicopter.jpg
S-92 VVIP used by the South Korean air force for presidential transport duties.
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand
Gulf Helicopters S-92 Sikorsky S-92 Helibus, Gulf Helicopters JP6485481.jpg
Gulf Helicopters S-92
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan

Notable accidents and incidents

Specifications (S-92)

S-92 diagram Sikorsky S-92 Helicopter Airframe.png
S-92 diagram

Data from Sikorsky S-92 specifications, [89] International Directory of Civil Aircraft [3]

General characteristics

Performance

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Related Research Articles

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References

Notes

  1. ↑ "SIKORSKY DELIVERS PRODUCTION NUMBER 300 S-92 HELICOPTER TO ERA GROUP INC". news.lockheedmartin.com. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  2. ↑ Kay, Marcia Hillary. "40 Years Retrospective: It's Been a Wild Ride" Rotor & Wing, August 1, 2007. Accessed: 8 June 2014. Archived on 8 June 2014.
  3. 1 2 Frawley, Gerald. "Sikorsky S-92 Helibus". The International Directory of Civil Aircraft, 2003/2004. Aerospace Publications, 2003. ISBN   1-875671-58-7.
  4. 1 2 Donald, David, ed. "Sikorsky S-92". The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Barnes & Nobel Books, 1997. ISBN   0-7607-0592-5.
  5. ↑ Frawley, Gerald. "Sikorsky S-92". The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003. Aerospace Publications, 2002. ISBN   1-875671-55-2.
  6. ↑ Lewis, Jeff. "All aboard the S-92" Archived December 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Flight International. 25–31 July 2000. Accessed on 7 November 2008.
  7. ↑ Lake, Jon, editor. "Type Focus: Sikorsky S-92" Archived December 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . RotorHub. Shepard Publishing. October–November 2007. p. 19. Accessed: 8 November 2008. The article suggests that reasons for the design modifications on the S-92 were the result of cracking on the tail pylon and stabilator based on reports from unnamed industry sources.
  8. 1 2 Searles, Robert A. "A Truly New-Generation Helicopter" Archived May 9, 2004, at the Wayback Machine . Aviation Week's Sporlight, June 2003.
  9. 1 2 "Sikorsky S-92 Achieves International Type Certification" Archived June 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . Sikorsky, June 8, 2004.
  10. ↑ "Tata-Sikorsky Deal Ends HAL Aerospace Monopoly" [ dead link ]. Defense News, June 3, 2009.
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  14. ↑ Cheny, Peter. "Newfoundland company orders S-92 pilots to remain below 7,000 feet." Globe and Mail, 14 May 2009.
  15. ↑ "This helicopter makes pilots ill" Archived February 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . Dagbladet, February 7, 2011.
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  23. 1 2 "AW101 Flies off With Norways SAR Helicopter Competition". Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
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  32. 1 2 "Statoil drops Airbus Super Puma helicopters for good". Reuters. December 6, 2016. Archived from the original on July 18, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
  33. ↑ "Government of Canada Awards Contracts to Sikorsky for New Canadian Forces Maritime Helicopter". Canadian Forces news, November 23, 2004.
  34. ↑ "Canada's CH-148 Cyclones: Better Late Than Never?" Archived February 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . Defense Industry Daily, July 21, 2013.
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  36. ↑ Mizokami, Kyle (June 11, 2019). "Sikorsky Will Build the President's New Marine One Helicopter". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
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  56. ↑ "Irish and Korean Coast Guards State their Case for the S-92 Helicopter". lockheedmartin.com. December 21, 2011. Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
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  72. ↑ "Rev. Moon Hurt in Copter Crash" Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . Newser, 19 July 2008.
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  91. ↑ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved April 16, 2019.

Bibliography

  • Leoni, Ray D. (2007). Black Hawk: The Story of a World Class Helicopter. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ISBN   978-1-56347-918-2.
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