Sitcom

Last updated
A shot from the American television sitcom I Love Lucy, often regarded as one of the most influential television programs in history Tennessee Ernie Ford Lucille Ball I Love Lucy.jpg
A shot from the American television sitcom I Love Lucy, often regarded as one of the most influential television programs in history

A sitcom (short for situation comedy, or situational comedy) is a genre of comedy that centers on a recurring cast of characters as they navigate humorous situations within a consistent setting, such as a home, workplace, or community. Unlike sketch comedy, which features different characters and settings in each skit, sitcoms typically maintain plot continuity across episodes. This continuity allows for the development of storylines and characters over time, fostering audience engagement and investment in the characters' lives and relationships.

Contents

History

The structure and concept of a sitcom have roots in earlier forms of comedic theater, such as farces and comedy of manners. These forms relied on running gags to generate humor, but the term "sitcom" emerged as radio and TV adapted these principles into a new medium. The word was not commonly used until the 1950s. [1]

Early television sitcoms were often filmed in front of a live studio audience using a multiple-camera setup, the latter of which continues in some modern productions such as The Big Bang Theory and Fuller House . [2] [3] Other formats make use of a laugh track or "canned laughter".

Since the 1990s, sitcoms have since expanded to animated sitcoms, with successful shows of the genre including The Simpsons, King of the Hill, and Family Guy.

Critics have debated the exact definition of a sitcom, mostly regarding productions created at the turn of the 21st century. Many contemporary American sitcoms use a single-camera setup and do not feature a laugh track, instead more resembling documentaries or the comedy-dramas of the 1980s and 1990s. [4]

By country

Australia

Although there have been few long-running Australian-made sitcoms, many US and UK sitcoms have been successful in Australia, since sitcoms are considered a staple of the government broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). In the 1970s and 1980s many UK sitcoms also screened on the Seven Network. By 1986, UK comedies Bless This House and Are You Being Served? had been re-screened several times by ABC Television; they were then acquired and screened by the Seven Network. [5]

In 1981, Daily at Dawn was the first Australian comedy series to feature a regular gay character (Terry Bader as journalist Leslie). [6]

In 1987, Mother and Son won the Television Drama Award for portraying a woman suffering from senile dementia and her interaction with her family, presented by the Australian Human Rights Commission. [7] [8]

In 2007, Kath & Kim 's first episode of series 4 attracted an Australian audience of 2.521 million nationally. [9] This was the highest rating for a first episode in the history of Australian television, [9] until the series premiere of Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities in 2009, which garnered 2.58 million viewers. [10]

In 2013, Please Like Me received an invitation to screen at the Series Mania Television Festival in Paris, [11] was praised by critics, [12] and earned numerous awards and nominations. [13]

Also in 2013, At Home With Julia was criticized by several social commentators as inappropriately disrespectful to the office of the Prime Minister. [14] The show nevertheless proved very popular with both television audiences and critics, becoming the most-watched Australian scripted comedy series of 2011. [15] [16] It was nominated at the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards for Best Television Comedy Series. [17]

Canada

Although there have been several notable exceptions, relatively few Canadian sitcoms attained notable success in Canada or internationally. [18] Canadian television has had much greater success with sketch comedy and dramedy series. [18]

The popular show King of Kensington aired from 1975 to 1980, at its peak garnering an average of 1.5 to 1.8 million viewers weekly. [19]

The 1999 movie Trailer Park Boys was followed up by a television series of the same name that ran from 2001 to 2018, airing in Canada, the U.S., and the U.K.

Corner Gas , which ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2009, became an instant hit, averaging one million viewers per episode. [20] It has been the recipient of six Gemini Awards and has been nominated almost 70 times for various awards. [21]

Other noteworthy recent sitcoms have included: Call Me Fitz , Schitt's Creek , [22] Letterkenny , and Kim's Convenience , [23] all of which have been winners of the Canadian Screen Award for Best Comedy Series.

In 2020, the sixth and final season of Schitt's Creek was nominated for 15 Primetime Emmy Awards. [24] [25] This broke the record for the most Emmy nominations given to a comedy series in its final season. [26] During the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards, the show became the first ever comedy or drama series to sweep the four acting categories (Outstanding Lead Actor, Outstanding Lead Actress, Outstanding Supporting Actor, Outstanding Supporting Actress for Eugene Levy, Catherine O'Hara, Dan Levy, and Annie Murphy respectively) and one of only four live action shows, along with All in the Family , The Golden Girls , and Will & Grace where all the principal actors have won at least one Emmy Award. [27]

India

Sitcoms started appearing on Indian television in the 1980s, with serials like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (1984), Nukkad (1986), and Wagle Ki Duniya (1988) on the state-run Doordarshan channel. Gradually, as private channels were permitted to operate, many more sitcoms followed. In the 1990s these included: Dekh Bhai Dekh (1993), Zabaan Sambhalke (1993), Shrimaan Shrimati (1995), Office Office (2001), Ramani Vs Ramani (Tamil 2001), Amrutham (Telugu 2001–2007), Khichdi (2002), Sarabhai vs Sarabhai (2005) F.I.R. (2006–2015), Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah (2008–present), Uppum Mulakum (Malayalam 2015–present), and Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain (2015–present). [28] SAB TV is one of the leading channels in India, dedicated entirely to Sitcoms.

Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah is the longest-running sitcom of Indian television and is also known as the flagship show of SAB TV. [29]

Iran

On Tiptoes and Shabhaye Barareh were among the first and most important sitcoms that led to the growth of this type of comedy in Iran, both receiving wide critical and audience acclaim.

Mexico

El Chavo del Ocho , which ran from 1971 to 1980, was the most-watched show on Mexican television and had a Latin-American audience of 350 million viewers per episode at its popularity peak during the mid-1970s. [30] The show continues to be popular in Central America as well as in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Spain, the United States, and other countries. Syndicated episodes average 91 million daily viewers in all its American markets. Since it ceased production in 1992, [31] [32] the show has earned an estimated $1 billion in syndication fees alone for Televisa. [32]

New Zealand

Gliding On , a popular sitcom in New Zealand in the early 1980s, won multiple awards during its run including Best Comedy, Best Drama and Best Direction at the Feltex Awards. [33]

Russia

The first Russian sitcom series was "Strawberry", which resembled "Duty Pharmacy" in a Spanish format. It was aired from 1996 to 1997 on the RTR channel. The "boom" of Russian sitcoms began only in the 2000s, when in 2004, the STS started the highly successful sitcom "My Fair Nanny" (an adaptation of the American sitcom "The Nanny"). Since that time, sitcoms in Russia have been produced by the two largest entertainment channels in the country — STS and TNT. In 2007, the STS released the first original domestic sitcom — "Daddy's Daughters" (there were only adaptations before), and in 2010, TNT released "Interns" — the first sitcom, filmed as a comedy (unlike dominated "conveyor" sitcoms).

South Korea

Sitcoms, or "시트콤" in Korean, gained significant popularity in South Korea during the 1990s. This popularity was fueled by the success of shows like Dr. Oh's People, LA Arirang, and Men and Women.

The use of computer graphics (CG) in sitcoms began to increase in the late 1990s as more broadcasters adopted CG technology. This led to more visually dynamic and creative sitcoms.

However, viewer preferences shifted towards dramas and thrillers in the 2010s, resulting in a decline in sitcom popularity. Nevertheless, there have been recent efforts to revive the sitcom genre. For instance, Netflix released So Not Worth It in 2021, featuring many creators from popular South Korean sitcoms.

Popular South Korean sitcoms include the High Kick series, which has spawned several spin-offs.

United Kingdom

British sitcoms, like their American counterparts, often revolve around a core group of characters who interact in a recurring setting, such as a family, workplace, or institution. However, British sitcoms typically consist of shorter series, often six episodes, and are frequently developed by a smaller writing team.

The majority of British sitcoms are half-hour comedies recorded in studio settings using a multiple-camera setup. While many adhere to traditional sitcom conventions, some have ventured into more unconventional territory. For example, Blackadder and Yes Minister/Yes Prime Minister shifted the focus from domestic or workplace settings to the world of politics.

A more recent development in British comedy is the mockumentary, a style that blends documentary and comedic elements. Shows like The Office, Come Fly With Me , W1A , People Just Do Nothing , and This Country have successfully employed this format to explore a variety of topics and characters.

United States

Sitcoms, or situation comedies, made their debut in the United States in 1926 with the radio show Sam 'n' Henry . The subsequent success of Amos 'n' Andy , also created by Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll, solidified the sitcom's place in American radio programming.

The transition to television brought about significant changes in the sitcom format. Mary Kay and Johnny , which premiered in 1947, became the first American television sitcom. Today, American sitcoms typically run for 22 minutes, allowing for approximately eight minutes of advertising within a 30-minute time slot.

Throughout their history, American sitcoms have often drawn inspiration from British counterparts. Popular shows like All in the Family , Three's Company , and Sanford and Son were adapted from successful British series. More recently, The Office achieved significant popularity in the United States, following the success of its British counterpart.

Numerous television networks in the United States feature sitcoms in their programming. CBS, TBS, Nickelodeon, and Disney Channel are just a few examples of networks that air sitcoms.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chris Elliott</span> American actor, writer, and comedian (born 1960)

Christopher Nash Elliott is an American actor, comedian and writer known for his surreal sense of humor. He appeared in comedic sketches on Late Night with David Letterman (1982–1988), created and starred in the comedy series Get a Life (1990–1992) on Fox, and wrote and starred in the film Cabin Boy (1994). His writing has won four consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards. His other television appearances include recurring roles on Everybody Loves Raymond (2003–2005) and How I Met Your Mother (2009–2014), and starring roles as Chris Monsanto in Adult Swim's Eagleheart (2011–2014) and Roland Schitt in Schitt's Creek (2015–2020). He also appeared in the films Manhunter (1986), Groundhog Day (1993) Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (2000), Osmosis Jones (2001), Scary Movie 2 (2001), and The Rewrite (2014).

<i>The Office</i> International series of mockumentary sitcoms

The Office is the title of several mockumentary sitcoms based on a British series originally created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant as The Office in 2001. The original series also starred Gervais as the boss and main character. The two series were broadcast on BBC Two in 2001 and 2002, totalling 12 episodes, with two special episodes concluding the series in 2003. A follow up movie starring Gervais and featuring his David Brent character was released in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eugene Levy</span> Canadian actor, comedian (born 1946)

Eugene Levy is a Canadian actor and comedian. Known for portraying flustered and unconventional figures, Levy has won multiple accolades throughout his career including four Primetime Emmy Awards, a Grammy Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. He was appointed to the Order of Canada in 2011, and was made Companion of the Order of Canada in 2022.

<i>The Bill Cosby Show</i> American sitcom television series, 1969-1971

The Bill Cosby Show is an American sitcom television series that aired for two seasons on NBC's Sunday night schedule from 1969 until 1971 under the sponsorship of Procter & Gamble. There were 52 episodes made in the series. It marked Bill Cosby's first solo foray in television after his co-starring role with Robert Culp in I Spy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black sitcom</span> Sitcom starring a predominant African American cast

A Black sitcom is a sitcom that principally features Black people in its cast. Prominent Black sitcoms to date typically come from the United States with African American casts, forming a branch of African American comedy. Although sitcoms with primarily Black characters have been present since the earliest days of network television, this genre rose to prominence in the 1990s, mostly then on upstart networks outside the Big Three.

The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series is an annual award given to the best television comedy series of the year. From 1960 to 1964, this category was combined with the Comedy Specials category so that both type of programs competed for the same award during those years. The award goes to the producers of the series.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dan Levy (Canadian actor)</span> Canadian actor and filmmaker (born 1983)

Daniel Joseph Levy is a Canadian actor and filmmaker. He began his career as a television host on MTV Canada. He received international prominence and critical acclaim for starring as David Rose in the CBC sitcom Schitt's Creek (2015–2020), which he co-created and co-starred in with his father, Eugene Levy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jennifer Robertson</span> Canadian actress, writer, and comedian (b. 1971)

Jennifer Robertson is a Canadian actress, writer, and comedian. She is known for her starring role as Jocelyn Schitt in the CBC sitcom Schitt's Creek (2015–2020), for which she won a Screen Actors Guild Award and received nominations for four Canadian Screen Awards.

<i>The Inbetweeners</i> British TV teen sitcom (2008–2010)

The Inbetweeners is a British coming-of-age television teen sitcom, which originally aired on E4 from 2008 to 2010 and was created and written by Damon Beesley and Iain Morris. The series follows the misadventures of suburban teenager William McKenzie and his friends Simon Cooper, Neil Sutherland and Jay Cartwright at the fictional Rudge Park Comprehensive. The programme involves situations of school life, uncaring school staff, friendship, male bonding, lad culture and adolescent sexuality. Despite receiving an initially lukewarm reception, it has been described as a classic and amongst the most successful British sitcoms of the 21st century.

<i>Schitts Creek</i> Canadian television sitcom (2015–2020)

Schitt's Creek is a Canadian television sitcom created by Dan Levy and his father, Eugene Levy, that aired on CBC Television from 2015 to 2020. It consists of 80 episodes spread over six seasons. Produced by Not a Real Company Productions and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, it follows the trials and tribulations of the formerly wealthy Rose family. After their business manager embezzles the family business, Rose Video, the family loses its fortune and relocates to Schitt's Creek, a town they once purchased as a joke. Now living in a motel, Johnny and Moira — along with their adult offspring, David and Alexis — must adjust to life without wealth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annie Murphy</span> Canadian actress (born 1986)

Anne Frances Murphy is a Canadian actress. She rose to international recognition for her starring role as Alexis Rose in the sitcom Schitt's Creek (2015–2020), for which she garnered acclaim and won a Primetime Emmy Award and a nomination for a Golden Globe Award.

David Rose (<i>Schitts Creek</i>) Fictional character in the Canadian sitcom Schitts Creek

David Rose is a fictional character in the Canadian sitcom Schitt's Creek, which aired on the CBC and Pop TV from 2015 to 2020. David, a member of the central Rose family, is introduced as the spoiled adult son of Johnny and Moira Rose, and the older brother of Alexis Rose. His initial stories revolve around his attempts to adjust to the family's sudden loss of wealth and subsequent banishment to Schitt's Creek, a small town his father purchased as a joke for his birthday years earlier. As the series progresses, David's story focuses on his small business, Rose Apothecary, and his romantic relationship with Patrick Brewer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moira Rose</span> Fictional character from Schitts Creek

Moira Rose is a fictional character in the Canadian sitcom Schitt's Creek, which aired on CBC and Pop from 2015 to 2020. Moira is introduced as the eccentric former soap opera star wife of Johnny Rose and mother of their adult children, David and Alexis. She is often portrayed as the family member most resistant to life in Schitt's Creek – viewing their loss of fortune as temporary. In later seasons, Moira's story becomes more community-oriented as she forms closer relationships with the townspeople.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexis Rose</span> Fictional character from Schitts Creek

Alexis Claire Rose is a fictional character in the Canadian sitcom Schitt's Creek, which aired on CBC and Pop TV from 2015 to 2020. Alexis, a member of the central Rose family, is introduced as the spoiled socialite daughter of Johnny and Moira Rose, and the younger sister of David Rose. Her early seasons storylines revolve around her efforts to adjust to life in Schitt's Creek after her family loses their fortune, as well as her romantic entanglements with locals Mutt Schitt and Ted Mullens. In later seasons, Alexis's story focuses on her educational pursuits and the establishment of her public relations business, Alexis Rose Communications, all while starting a new and serious relationship with Ted. For the fifth season episode "The Hospies", Alexis performs the song "A Little Bit Alexis", which was later released professionally by Annie Murphy on February 19, 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">72nd Primetime Emmy Awards</span> 2020 American television programming awards

The 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards honored the best in American prime time television programming from June 1, 2019, until May 31, 2020, as chosen by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. The ceremony was originally to be held at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles, California, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was instead hosted from the Staples Center, while winners gave speeches remotely from their homes or other locations. It aired live on September 20, 2020, following the 72nd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards on September 14–17 and 19. During the ceremony, Emmy Awards were handed out in 23 categories. The ceremony was produced by Done and Dusted, directed by Hamish Hamilton, and broadcast in the United States by ABC. Jimmy Kimmel served as host for the third time.

Happy Ending (<i>Schitts Creek</i>) Series finale of Schitts Creek

"Happy Ending" is the series finale of the Canadian television sitcom Schitt's Creek. It serves as the 14th episode of the sixth season and the 80th overall. The episode was written by series creator and executive producer Daniel Levy, who codirected it with Andrew Cividino. The episode originally aired in Canada on CBC Television and on Pop TV in the United States on April 7, 2020, where it was followed directly after by a one-hour documentary depicting the making of the final season.

<i>Schitts Creek</i> season 6 Season of television series

The sixth and final season of Schitt's Creek, a Canadian television sitcom created by Dan Levy and father Eugene Levy premiered on January 7, 2020, and concluded on April 7, 2020, on CBC Television, and was followed by a one-hour behind-the-scenes retrospective documentary titled Best Wishes, Warmest Regards: A Schitt's Creek Farewell. The season aired 14 episodes and saw the final appearances of the Rose Family, consisting of characters Johnny Rose, Moira Rose, David Rose, and Alexis Rose.

Television comedy is a category of broadcasting that has been present since the early days of entertainment media. While there are several genres of comedy, some of the first ones aired were variety shows. One of the first United States television programs was the comedy-variety show Texaco Star Theater, which was most prominent in the years that it featured Milton Berle - from 1948 to 1956. The range of television comedy has become broader, with the addition of sitcoms, improvisational comedy, and stand-up comedy, while also adding comedic aspects into other television genres, including drama and news. Television comedy provides opportunities for viewers to relate the content in these shows to society. Some audience members may have similar views about certain comedic aspects of shows, while others will take different perspectives. This also relates to developing new social norms, sometimes acting as the medium that introduces these transitions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sitcoms in the United States</span> Broadcast genre; recurring cast comedy

Situation comedies, or sitcoms, have long been a popular genre of comedy in the US, initially on radio in the 1920s, and then on television beginning in the 1940s. A sitcom is defined as a television series featuring a recurring cast of characters in various successive comedic situations.

References

  1. ↑ Dalton, Mary M.; Linder, Laura R., eds. (2012). Sitcom Reader, The: America Viewed and Skewed. SUNY Press. p. 15. ISBN   978-0-7914-8263-6.
  2. ↑ "The Big Bang Theory Tickets". archive.ph. 2013-02-16. Archived from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2024-09-16.
  3. ↑ "Free TV Studio Audience Tickets | tvtickets.com". 2017-06-06. Archived from the original on 2017-06-06. Retrieved 2024-09-16.
  4. ↑ "The Evolution Of The Sitcom: The Age of the Single Camera" Archived 2016-10-09 at the Wayback Machine . New York Film Academy, September 24, 2014.
  5. ↑ Collier, Shayne. Again and again and again. The Sydney Morning Herald – The Guide: 2 June 1986, p.1, 6. Archived 2015-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ Howes, Keith. (1998, February). "Gays of Our Lives". Outrage, Number 177, 38-49.
  7. ↑ "1987 Human Rights Medal and awards winners". Human Rights Medal and Awards. Australian Human Rights Commission. 1987. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
  8. ↑ Tynan, Jacinta (2008-09-13). "Weird how my rello won his fame". Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  9. 1 2 Seven Network (20 August 2007). "Seven – Daily Ratings Report". ebroadcast.com.au. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  10. ↑ Knox, David (2009-02-10). "2.58m: Underbelly sets new record". TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 2009-05-20. Retrieved 2015-10-02.
  11. ↑ Knox, David (22 February 2013). "Please Like Me, Puberty Blues selected for French TV festival". TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  12. ↑ "Please Like Me". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  13. ↑ "Please Like Me - Awards". IMDb. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  14. ↑ Craven, Peter (8 Sep 2011). "At Home With Julia: inane drivel of the most idiotic kind". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 2014-01-12. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  15. ↑ "Packed to the Rafters and Underbelly are 2011's top local dramas – Mumbrella". Mumbrella. 2011-11-28. Archived from the original on 2017-09-03. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
  16. ↑ Knox, David (Dec 1, 2011). "Critics' Choice: The Best of 2011". TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  17. ↑ "Inaugural Samsung AACTA Awards Nominees" (PDF). Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-31.
  18. 1 2 "Why do Canadian sitcoms suck?" Archived 2017-01-16 at the Wayback Machine . canada.com , March 21, 2014.
  19. ↑ "King to be bachelor". Ottawa Citizen. 1978-01-25. Archived from the original on 2022-03-19. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  20. ↑ "Strong numbers mean replay of Corner Gas debut" (Press release). CTV Inc. 2004-01-23. Archived from the original on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
  21. ↑ "'Corner Gas' gives thanks with premiere on Monday, Oct. 13". CTV Globemedia. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-09-30. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
  22. ↑ "The success of Schitt's Creek marks a turning point for the CBC" Archived 2017-04-07 at the Wayback Machine . The Globe and Mail , January 9, 2017.
  23. ↑ "CBC orders more Kim's Convenience" Archived 2017-01-13 at the Wayback Machine . Media in Canada, December 21, 2016.
  24. ↑ "'Schitt's Creek's' Final Season Takes Emmys Victory Lap". Variety. July 28, 2020. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  25. ↑ "Emmy Awards 2020: Schitt's Creek and Succession win big". BBC News. September 21, 2020. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  26. ↑ "'Schitt's Creek' Breaks Record for Most Emmy Nominations Given to a Comedy in Its Final Season". www.yahoo.com. July 28, 2020. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  27. ↑ Dellatto, Marisa (September 20, 2020). "Why the 'Schitt's Creek' Emmys 2020 wins are so historic". New York Post. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
  28. ↑ Patel, Nidhin (2011-10-13). "'Taarak Mehta' completes 700 episodes". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 2013-12-31.
  29. ↑ Panjari, Swagata (October 1, 2018). "TMKOC: The journey of India's longest running TV show". Television Post. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
  30. ↑ "Adiós al Chavo del 8: murió Roberto Gómez Bolaños". Forbes Mexico. 2014-11-29. Archived from the original on 2014-12-05. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  31. ↑ "El Chavo del 8 – Historia". Chespirito (in Spanish). Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
  32. 1 2 "Meet El Chavo, The World's Most Famous (And Richest) Orphan". Forbes . Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  33. ↑ "Roger Hall Piece about Gliding On". NZ On Screen. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.