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Indian television dramas, often called Indian series or Indian serials, are scripted television programs made in India, featuring Indian actors. These dramas are broadcast on Indian television networks.[1][2] India's first television drama, Hum Log (Hindi), aired from 1984 to 1985 and had 154 episodes.[3]Ekta Kapoor's Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi (2000–2008) became the first Indian TV drama to surpass 1,000 episodes, with a total of 1,833 episodes, entering the Limca Book of Records.[4] The Marathi series Char Divas Sasuche (2001–2013) reached 3,200 episodes, becoming the first Indian series to exceed 3,000 episodes, also entering the Limca Book of Records. The Telugu series Abhishekam (2008–2022) was the first Indian show to reach 4,000 episodes, ending on 1 February 2022. The Hindi series Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (2009–present), with over 4,700 episodes as of 2025, is India's longest-running Hindi TV drama and soap opera, airing for 16 years.[5]
By the late 2010s, the popularity of daytime and afternoon dramas had declined, and currently, no mainstream channels broadcast such programs.[8] Today, the major networks with nationwide prime-time television dramas are Colors TV, Star Plus, Sony Entertainment Television, Sun TV, and Zee TV. In 2017, networks attempted to regain viewership by reintroducing shows in the afternoon and daytime slots. Star Plus briefly revived the afternoon slot, but it ended by 30 September 2017.[9]
Evolution of Indian Television (1984-2020)
Hum Log was India's first television drama, airing from 1984 to 1985 with a total of 154 episodes.[10] At the time, it was the longest-running serial in Indian television history. The show attracted around 60 million viewers, with each episode lasting about 25 minutes, except for the final episode, which was about 55 minutes long.[11]
Veteran Hindi film actor Ashok Kumar appeared at the end of each episode, where he discussed the story and situations using Hindi couplets and limericks. In later episodes, he introduced the actors playing the characters and ended his monologues with variations of the phrase "Hum Log."
Evolution of Television Serials (1985–2017)
Television serials have undergone significant transformations over the years, reflecting changing audience preferences, societal shifts, and advancements in production quality.[12] The evolution can be broadly categorized into the following phases:
1985–1990: Socially Driven Narratives & Literary Adaptations – Focus on social issues, civic concerns, and moral dilemmas, often adapted from literature. Televised telefilms and anthologies were popular.
1990–1997: Emotionally Driven, Character-Centric Stories – Shift towards personal struggles, relationships, and self-discovery, with deeper emotional themes.
1998–2002: Rise of Family Dramas – Family-centric storytelling gained popularity, focusing on interpersonal relationships and generational conflicts in a limited episode format.
2003–2008: Modern Family Dramas & Youth-Centric Themes – Stories evolved to reflect career aspirations, changing values, and contemporary lifestyles, appealing to younger audiences.
2007–2017: Stylized, Multi-Season Family Dramas – Peak of high-budget, long-running serials with generation leaps, elaborate sets, and dramatic narratives, spanning multiple seasons.
2016:Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai which is Musical drama television series of two sisters who are musical singers which puts them in distance, rivalry and misunderstandings.
2017–2020
All mixed kinds of dramas created, Rural dramas were decreased
From 2017 Rural based dramas were decreased, Rural based dramas had strong content which ran for short period of time Laado 2 which was the sequel of the 2009–2012 series Na Aana Is Des Laado ran for 7 months ending 130 episodes, There was a change in viewers point of view
1980 and 1990s Notable Telefilms & Televised series & Mini television series
Re-airing of past web series, telefilms and mini series(1990-2024)
1992:The tele-film Idiot (1992 film)based on Fyodor Dostoevsky's 1869 novel The Idiot was first released as a four-part television mini-series on state-run Doordarshan channel in 1991.Main lead:Shahrukh Khan as Pawan Raguhajan,Ayub Khan Din as Prince Miskin
2000:Re-aired old 80's and 90's old popular telefilms of DD National and well known telefilm like Bangle Box were re-aired again during regular weekend {Sunday} in 2000.
2002:For first time Hindi Film was shown in episodic format In 2002, In 2002, StarPlus aired a period drama miniseries titled Asoka, based on the 2001 film of the same name. The series had a limited run of five episodes.[15][16]
During mid 2006's love story serials increased which attracted only the specific audience younger generation at that time and could not extend long run .so the content makers started to develop family dramas which included romance to cover the whole mass audience with all age groups (Middle aged and old).E.g.
Romantic trend of serials & Family Drama Serials with Young Couples(2002-2013)
In mid 2000, contents of romantic trend of serials & Family Drama Serials with Young Couples were made . It started from Kasautii Zindagii Kay, Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand and then followed as trend. one of the successful serials which started to add romantic themes and chemistry which were well received a mix of reactions from viewers especially from youths.
Prime-time shows are re-telecasted during the afternoon slot because too many shows from different channels are telecasted at prime time .Among that one of the shows Zee's 7pm serial Mamta a show about surrogate mother had reteleacast at Noon 12.00pm.STAR plus show Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat had re telecast at Morning-slot at 11.30am
In 2000-2002 times Ghar Ek Mandir the first popular noon slot show 3.30 PM and repeat telecast at night 9PM.Sony serials like Shaheen and Heena and other popular serials had retelecast at noon slots due to different serials clash at Prime time slots from 7PM-11.30PM
In 2011 Tere mere sapne the last show of after noon slot in STAR Plus which is famous & Known for Noon shows in mid 1990's and 2000s.
DD national maintains noon slot timing and week day shows
Weekday shows of 2000-2006
Weekdays shows were made during early 2000's as more different serials were launched.These shows were the most known shows of 2000s.
1993-1997 serials based on perspective and story content(1990s trend serials)
Mini series, Sitcoms, Individual series, comedy series, Family dramas as per female centric series, Relationship dynamics, Fantasy
Clear division between audiences as per age and places Urban, Semi-urban, Rural
From time span of 1994 to 2000 Shanti series of 1994 to Dushman (TV Series 2000–2001),Saaya &Kavita serials dealt with the content of Story based and Relationship dynamics
Simple version of family dramas in South 1998-2014
The following list are examples, South Tv dramas followed the story content format upto 2014, only slight changes were made related to background music.Tamil, Telugu Kannda, Malayalam had their own dramas & dramas were in simple story format deeply involved in emotions and relations
1998:Oru Pennin Kathai Tamil TV Serial - AVM Productions
From 2003 a type of trend start to begin to have a different joint combination of male antagonist and female antagonist to make the series more interesting, still this kind of trend is maintained
In 2005 Integration episode(Mahasangam), TV star Guest appearances, Film actor Guest appearances for Promotion of film started to begin in serials[19][20] and reboot, spin off of more seasons were made for serial popularity.
Cameo appearances in serial
The serial Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin which brought new idea of cameo appearance in serial to promote a film Saif Ali Khan as Karan Kapoor a role of cartoonist To promote his film Hum Tum (In May 2004)and that became trend
The episodic appearance of Actor Sunny Leone performed the role as actress layla superstar in Aahat (Indian TV series) Season 6 (2015) in Episode 19 that telecasted at 6 April 2015 had unique combination of mystery, revenge and horror that did well.
Supporting role equivalent to lead/substantial part in the development of the drama
From 2000, Indian TV serials introduced and maintained the strategy of bringing pivotal roles parallel to lead roles or to modify content in between the series.,The following are given examples
2001:Choti Maa - Ek Anokha Bandhan (TV Series 2001–2002)→ The role of Yogi by Samar Jai Singh
2007:Khwaish→ The supporting role of Kabir Khan made an impact as a parallel lead and a severe twist in the plot till the end of the series by Sumeet Sachdev
2005: The first south serial which brought negative shades as lead Balaji Telefilms Limited which launched a South Tamil serial Kanavaru kaha(Kanavarukaaga)'which had 2 leads The Main lead was Actor Sujitha & the serial had next lead negative character played by Ahalya fame Tinky Simar Kaur as Padmini with Strong headed personality as opposite lead negative character.
2013 & 2014:Deivam Thandha Veedu & Chandanamazha (Remake of Saath Nibhaana Saathiya)...Role of Rashi played in regional language version was depicted as negative role.(Malayalam :varsha);(Tamil :Role Priya by Nisha )
2014:Ek Hasina Thi.... Role by Actor Simone Singh as Sakshi Goenka (Pivotal role)
Ramola Sikand effect (The Role Queen of Antagonism)
The role of Ramola Sikand (played by Actor Sudha Chandran ) powerful and vengeful antagonist, created a strong trend for female antagonists as the role like Neelambari vamp in Hindi television, and the following series started to create vengeful antagonists. The vengeful antagonism had set a trend and that type of roles was incorporated in different languages of Tv serials
Firangi Bahu, Anandibaa Aur Emily: Son weds foreign girl and brings her as bahu in his home, culture clash arises between Indian mother in law and foreign daughter in law
Porus, a historical drama about the Indian king Porus, aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 27 November 2017 to 13 November 2018. It is known as one of the most expensive shows in Indian television history, with a budget of over ₹500 crore.[25]
Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain:2008 series of Imagine TV (NDTV Imagine) played by Shernaz Patel who played the role of an English Language Trainer in Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain
Legal Drama Series
In 1993, DD Metro aired Kanoon, a courtroom drama with 111 episodes produced by B. R. Chopra.[26] Another notable legal drama was Adaalat (2010–2016), which focused on a defense lawyer, Advocate K. D. Pathak, played by Ronit Roy.
Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii: The story about Parvati depicts how sometimes one must stand against her loved ones for certain situations. Aired on Star Plus
Kasautii Zindagi Kay: The poignant love story of Prerna and Anurag and how they reconcile and help each other which creates misunderstandings in new relationships. Aired on Star Plus
Kaahin Kissii Roz: The cold war of Shaina and Ramola. The battle of daughter-in-law Shaina digs out stepmother-in-law Ramola's past life which creates bitter enmity revenge. Aired on Star Plus
Kahiin to Hoga: Loosely inspired of the work Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen; story about Kashish and her four sisters. Aired on Star Plus
Behenein: The story of four united sisters who go through their life after they lose parents. Aired on Star Plus.
Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya: Young, strong-minded woman, Pratigya Saxena who faces more abusive humiliation due to her straightforward attitude. Aired on Star Plus
Nargis:Nargis is shattered to know that her mother is not her biological parent which sets her on a task to find her real mother. She is perturbed to know that her father had a brief relationship with a woman and she is their love child. Aired on DD National
Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?: 4 women in Jakhar mansion live with own dark secrets; yet pretend to be very fine happy and at certain moment they decide to fight it jointly. Aired on Star Plus.
Viraasat: The love story of Rahul Lamba and Priyanka Kharbanda. Their married life gets affected by her brother-in-law Rishabh Lamba having envy and rivalry with his younger brother Rahul and fuelling business rivalry against Priyanka's elder brother Kunal Kharbanda which makes worst impact on their own families. Aired on Star Plus& shifted to STAR One.
Poovilangu: The story of Thamarai who is educated and married to IT employee where she is made to put down and not given opportunity to work whereas husband who has extra marital relationship with colleague friend Ishwarya. Aired on Star Vijay
Roja Kootam: 5 women friends who stay in apartment having different experiences loosely inspired by desperate housewives. Aired on Star Vijay
Ganga Kii Dheej: The story revolves around an isolated ostracized young girl named Pakhi saved by Agantuk is bound to marry him forgetting her lover, Shivom. Aired on Sahara One
Maayka: Story about two surviving soni and mahi who lost their parents in accident. Aired on Zee TV
Kasamh Se: 3 sisters Bani, Piya, Rano taking care of each other gets affected by circumstances and their unity is affected. Aired on Zee TV
Banoo Main Teri Dulhann: The story of 3 people Vidya, Sagar, Sindoora. Sindoora, who has greedy attitude, prefers to control business and property, pushes her brother Sagar and sister-in-law Vidya to grave difficulty. This series was immensely popular and maintained a strong viewership. Aired on Zee TV
Koshish – Ek Aashaa: Series about Kajal married to mentally challenged person Neeraj. Aired on Zee TV
Waaris: Shankar Pratapsingh who works in criminal world with uncontrollable temper. His head Rudra Pratapsingh wishes to utilise his anger for his field. Aired on Zee TV
Dishayen: A tale of twin sisters Neha & Nikita deceived and trapped in own lie. Aired on DD National
Kolangal: Ambitious woman Abhi who is envied by her Ex-husband Baskar and shares bitter Rivalry towards her corporate malpractice half-brother Adhitya. Aired on Sun TV
Thendral: The story about Tulasi how she strives to pursue her education, and her life turns beautiful after she finds supportive husband Tamizh. Aired on Sun TV
Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani:Dr. Simran Mathur, a renowned gynecologist who marries a man Abhimanyu Saxena a.k.a. Abhi (Dr. Simran's husband) ten years younger than herself and how she is trapped in pungent criticism
Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii:Story of two childhood friends, Tanushree and Sonia and has misunderstanding friendship breaksafter they discover that they are both married to the same man, Harsh.Aired on Metro GoldlaterStarPlus
Doli Saja Ke:The story of Anupama who faces the society and relations unfair advantage using her father's hatred and misunderstanding.Aired on Sahara One channel
Aisa des hai mera:The story of a girl Rusti raised in England with her mother realizes her own father is in India and after coming to India life is not easy for rusti & the story unfolds how she faces different perceptions gets adjusted to desi environment after her marriage with Samay.Aired on Sony Entertainment Television
Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil:This serial launched from March 3, 2008, at 8.30 pm slot after the final completion of Kasuati Zindagi kay is the story is of two lovers, Prem and Heer and their true love made for each other, with other key roles Preet and meher. Aired on StarPlus
Teen Bahuraaniyaan:Story of daughters-in-law from different backgrounds and how they are united each other Aired on Zee TV
Devi:The story revolves around Gayatri and her injustices and how Gayatri's husband Vikram Sharma gets punished for his actions;Aired on Sony TV
Aakrosh(2004–2005),Kayaamat:Hindi-language thriller television series;Aired on DD national
Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka:The story deals with three lives of womenVedika, Niharika & Arpita;Aired on Zee TV
Parrivaar - Kartavya Ki Pariksha:Story of Radha who has no father where she has to care the family and earn. Aired on Zee TV
Retelecast (2006–2009)
It was also common for prime-time shows to be retelecast during the afternoon slot, further boosting their popularity.In 2007 Hindi general entertainment channels re aired old serials during Non prime time hours.
StarPlus made reteleacast of past hit shows like kyun hota hai pyaar, Shararat, Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand, Kehtha hai dil and other previous completed shows aired in morning(Non-Prime Time hours) from 7.00AM to 11.00 AM.
DD channel aired Meher serial at Non-Prime Time 4pm in 2009 during Sundays
Portrayal of strong female protagonists (2002-2010)
The series which gained popularity for their portrayal of strong female protagonists during that period.
Choti Maa: Ek Anokha Bandhan:The story of a woman who has painful past is balancing the emotional and professional and family life as well as dealing with step daughter who is completely distracted by her aunt's intermeddler and refused to interact.(Zee TV);
Sujata:The story is based on the life of a middle aged married woman name Sujata realize that her family has not respected her value and decides to find her own way to live life(Sony Entertainment Television);
Kolangal:The story of Business woman Abhi and her difficulties in her business journey and how her family gets step back and stop doing which is indeed needed for her.She gets help from her rare true close friendship tholkaapian.(SUN TV)
Hello Pratibha:The story of a house wife prathiba who sacrifices her passion and interests for the sake of family faces the identity crisis by the same family.(Zee TV)
Virrudh, Rishton Ke Bhanwar Mein Uljhi Niyati, Maharani, Parrivaar - Kartavya Ki Pariksha are based on how daughters role is important being a pillar support as well as with emotional bond and play a significant pivotal role to their families as well as society and how their significant decisions are best in worst situations.
Concept related serials
Parenting related shows
Though these serials had stipulated run but it had strong emotional theme related to parent hood.Few tele-series were created with a focus on parenthood and the complexities of parent-child relationships, such as
Themes:Father's longing to receive son's affection where his first wife ends in tragedy he puts himself in another trouble when tries to help a woman and his relationship with son gets more misunderstood worsened and devastated.
Themes:Father and son emotional bond, longing, unable to express their affection the story tells the relation is related only to blood and how tagged word/derogatory comment of relation has heavy impact on one's life
Themes:Practical story about the reality of Parents, Struggles of upbringing which explored the struggles of parents and their evolving dynamics with children
Kesari Nandan and Palampur Express are one of the Indian TV serials that dealt with the challenges of a sports player.
Musical drama related series
Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni is about the ambitions and passions of Musical singer Sudha Malik and her personal love raj and how she balanced her conflict of her personal and musical professional life.
Tu Aashiqui a theme about musical-romance television show with combination and chemistry between Singer Paaki & Musician Ahaan
Medical related shows
Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii, Sanjivani, Sanjivani 2 are one of the Indian medical drama television series that dealt with their social, professional-dedication & emotional life
Adventure related shows
Everest revolves around the mountaineer Anjali Singh Rawat who successfully climbs Mount Everest, created by Ashutosh Gowariker and produced by Ashutosh Gowariker Productions Private Limited (AGPPL). A. R. Rahman composed the music for this television show.
Shows Had Portrayed related to work place rivalry & toxicity
Kokila Enge Pogiraal which was a Tamil-language soap opera that aired on Sun TV from 1999 to 2000 and produced under the banner by Sivaji Productions revolves around the life of Kokila played by Actor Easwari Rao who works in office as employee where she develops rivalry through evil colleague who is a rich business man & client (played by Uppi Dada M.B.B.S.circuit fame Actor Chi. Guru Dutt) in her office and she gets framed for wrong reasons in fake case but actually was done by same colleague with the influence of a politician and help of a lawyer as they want to escape the case.
Karam Apnaa Apnaa season2 which had portrayed toxic work place cultures for few episodes as Gauri (Pallavi Subhash) as single mother who works in her deceased husband's Takeover partnership Firm which was acquired by distant brother in law Moksh(Arbaaz Ali Khan)
The season 3 ofKuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi 3 where Sanjana played by Actor Sana Amin Sheikh as Negative lead where she works in Dev's communication business company as a Self-proclaimed fake interior decorator & Plagiarist designer.
Deivamagal serial had Actor Rekha Krishnappa played the role of Gayathri anniyar as Autocratic authoritarian Hotel supervisor possessing Superiority complex attitude
Shows Had Portrayed related to Office humor
one of the best series related to workplace humor
Rishta.com series: A show about Partners who run matrimonial agency
office series :A show about friendships of four employees in their company.
Kolangal mainly revolves around the rivalry between Abinaya who is selfless person and Aditya is her Business rival and half brother.
Life related series
Aati Rahengi Baharein which revolves around the happy life of Dr. Amar Sanghani where his life takes an unfortunate turn when he finds out that he is suffering from a deadly disease which is incurable and has short span of life and how he deals the trauma .
Dil Ki Baatein Dil Hi Jaane, show also focused on the life of Cancer Patient Started on 23 March 2015 and ended on 28 August 2015
Popular TV serials affected from External Environment factors/External Business Environment factors
2008:Waaris serial ended on 4 December 2008 due to the Indian Television Strike that occurred for 3 weeks long.
2008:Ardhangini – Ek Khoobsurat Jeevan Saathi a serial that aired on Zee TV from 29 October 2007 to 20 March 2008 based on traditional Bengali family which was different story and did well but there was misinformation fake news and assumed opinion that it was remake version of Blockbuster Devdas (2002 Hindi film) film and negative review was made on the serial . That misconception affected the serial and soon ended on 20 March 2008.[32]
During COVID-19 pandemic phase all main Prime channels re aired old serials.
Remakes and variations
Majority Indian TV serials take themes and inspirations but they show their own skill of their imaginations, artistry photography and creativity For e.g.
Thirumathi Selvam 2007 Tamil television soap opera aired weekday afternoons on Sun TV which had a powerful story as main character Selvam, Archana's husband loving husband of Archana when he is in middle-class family though having so many problems/strife in family and stand by her;and care for his best friend Nandhini after Selvam becomes popular luxury how his arrogance manipulates the equations and bond of the family and puts him in the pathetic situation and gets separated from his wife archana forever and extra marital affair of a friend nandini leading to feud and death and crime as result selvam turns nothing
The same serial was inspired and remade as Pavitra Rishta under Balaji Telefilms, which aired on Zee TV which was focused on first part of story Love and understanding bond as Manav and Archana who stand by each other's in arranged marriage and shows their power of love till death
Shows based on Women protagonist centric or Female lead having Strong Role
Laut Aao Trisha(2014) tele soap was about mother's plight searching the lost daughter, which portrayed the mother's emotions dealing the stress of searching missed teenage daughter, who goes missing after a beach party with friends, and how her mother struggles to get her back.where the mother role were essayed by Bhagyashree Patwardhan as Amrita Prateek Swaika
Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai(2016) had emotional and strong female leads which showed three generations of two sisters whose lives revolve around musical career that lead to rivalry and sibling enmity.
In mid 2015 even these women centric soaps ran for short time or sometimes tracks had to be changed based on Views.
But after 2020 viewers started to prefer women centric soaps and accepted age based roles too
Tele serial impact in Films
2013 Tele series Ponnunjal from the episode 102 dated 10/01/14 had a scene in 2014 film Velaiilla Pattadhari where S. Raghuvaran (Dhanush) watches TV serial with Shalini's mother (Meera Krishnan) saying he does not prefer mother in law in that serial.
In 2002 film Humraaz film the antagonist Karan Malhotra (Akshaye Khanna) watches Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi title song in order to irritate Raj Singhania (Bobby Deol) & tells in sarcastic way that his tape recorded about the Raj's planned murder will get exposed in fact it will be great hit than Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi..
2008 film C Kkompany features many tele actors as cameo appearances and Balaji Telefilms Ekta Kapoor featured in special appearance and had humour conversation with Dattubhai (Mithun Chakraborty).
2008 film Saroja (2008 film) Ajay (Shiva) one of the leads played as television actor with Deepa Venkat as cameo role from starting of the film made the audience curious and wondering why this film looks like serial which was actually a shot in the film.
Bhaskar Bharti is an Indian fantasy comedy-drama television series loosely inspired by from the Hindi film Mr Ya Miss
There was speculation the negative role essayed as Maya dangerously obsessive lover from original first season of Beyhadh loosely based on that of role of Isha Diwan played by Actor Kajol in Gupt: The Hidden Truth.[43]
In Web platform esp in South language mainly Tamil web content makers create tele-based web series or make parody (slight humour) manner which creates million of views
Webseries
Kodumakkari chitthi by Tamil Village Stories web channel
Karma serial season 1 and season 2 by Bombay Chanakya's FastFlix later reaired in Sankara TV
Serial VS Reality Webisode by Araathi web channel enacted by Big boss fame actor-YouTuber Poornima Ravi.
Ramany vs Ramany tele serial from 90s had huge view in digital platform in Mid 2015.season 3 were streamed at Network aha 2022
Sentiment/Dramatization type of Short film
Few set of viewers prefer short period of time so they view dramatization type of short films or short films which has a Social or Sentimental emotional theme or mixed content or potentially mature content.
Varthai Thavari Vittai by LightNSound Studios Tamil performed by Divya Ganesh:A break up story of Guy who puts his vent out & advises his betrayed ex-girl friend to stay loyal to his husband.
Kaadhal Pagadai(காதல் பகடை)by Senthamizh Cinemas:The story of an own friend who plays double games and her insincere friendship of stealing the fiancé-lover of friend which results in heartbreak of her close friend but after her bad action her guilty conscience pricks her.
Vasanthi short film by VTM Movie Makers performed by Suganthi:A story that a husband undergoes mental trauma when someone says malicious things about his wife and in which he clarifies himself that he should not be diverted by gossip or doubt.
Angelina short film by Galatta Originals performed by Dushara and Srithika.:An orphan turns into Model and struggles of her modelling journey where she finds inspiration from her role model.
Thuppukettavan short film by Thiru TV (Thiru pictures(p)Ltd) Nadhaswaram show fame Actors Thirumurugan and Srithika:Difficulties of middle-class family and the story deals a person from poor family who gets rebuked sharply by his wife for unable to deal the things smartly
Miscellaneous short films From 2008 to 2010
After the YouTube's starting popularity in the mid 2006 and early 2010s, dramatized short films were made as teamwork and uploaded as individuals which were Non commercial with significant growth in user numbers and views which were emotional, humour and sentimental
TV dramas have had a Significant impact on Indian society, influencing issues related to national integration, identity, globalization,[45]women, ethics, and social issues in rural areas.[18] The first Indian television drama series, Hum Log, originally began as a family planning program but quickly shifted its focus to entertainment. Despite this, it continued to incorporate pro-development messages, serving as a model for utilizing television serials as an "edutainment" method—a practice that has been adopted by countries around the world.[46]
A 2007 study examining the introduction of cable television in rural India revealed that it led to "significant decreases in the reported acceptability of domestic violence towards women and son preference, as well as increases in women's autonomy and decreases in fertility." The study also provided "suggestive evidence that exposure to cable television increases school enrollment for younger children, possibly through the increased participation of women in household decision-making."[47][48]
Psychological impact
Normal approach
People get so hooked on TV shows get into the fiction story or depth of negative or positive character in which sometimes results in negative opinions or criticism or sympathy
More fan made pictures of particular loved performer are created by the die hard fan makers
Fantasy thinking of fan fictions stories are produced with their own thinking in their own platform
During 1998-2007 DD NationalTV serials after completion of each episode asks certain questions to assess the viewer response and lots of speculation ideas get collected by the channel for each serial, few private channels offer SMS code as offer to update the serial's next episode.
Criticism
Few viewers stress their opinion to modify or reconstruct tele serial in different way.
Few viewers critics has disappointment and criticism over the content of serials.
Television rating point and rankings
After 2000's Indian television serials are based on Target rating point as an indicator and benchmark that signifies a TV programme's success & measures people's interests/viewership .[49] Story line changes based on TRP and sometimes most of the serials have to wrap up soon with quick end due to decrease in the level of TRP's.[50]
TRPs are calculated using the denominator as the Total Number of People in the Target Audience, and the numerator as the Number of People Who Watched the Program in the Target Audience multiplied by 100.TRP's can also be calculated
TRP = (Number of viewers in the sample audience / Total target audience) * 100.[citation needed]
Psychological Studies on Indian serials
More Theories and journals are published based on Indian serials and its impact in people
Indian soap operas gained immense popularity in Afghanistan during the 2000s, building on the pre-existing popularity of Bollywood cinema in the region. In 2006, a Reuters article highlighted the airing of Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, dubbed into Dari, captivating a broad audience.[51]
Men, women, young, and old—anyone with access to television—became enthralled by the family drama.
According to reports, during the war in Afghanistan, armed militants may have even paused their fighting to watch Indian dramas.[52]
However, the strong popularity of Indian dramas faced opposition from conservative hardliners who viewed them as a threat to the country's religious and national values. In response to conservative pressure, the government of Hamid Karzai ordered broadcasters to cease airing Indian dramas in April 2008. Broadcasters, however, refused to comply, arguing that the order violated the country's media law.[53]
Afghanistan's first homemade television drama serial, Palwasha, produced by Aina Afghan Media, began airing on November 25, 2007. Though shot in Kabul and in Dari, the series was directed by an Indian director, with several key contributors hailing from India. Additionally, the main character was portrayed by Indian actress Sonal Udeshi.[54][55][56][57]
Rab Se Sohna Isshq from Zee TV a love triangle story aired in London.[62] This was the first ever cross continental show in Indian television.The show was dubbed into English as Eternal Love and broadcast on Zee World & its sister channel Zee TV UK.[63]
In the mid-2000s, Indian dramas such as Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii and Kasautii Zindagi Kay gained massive popularity in Nepal, attracting large audiences.[64] This surge in popularity led to the production of more Nepali serials, such as Sindur, Maiti, and Ghat Pratighat, which were created to cater to the growing viewership.[65]
Pakistan
Indian dramas have been widely popular in Pakistan, with Indian shows like Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi becoming number 1 against Pakistani Serials. Indians shows were extensively watched due to the mutual intelligibility between Urdu and Hindi.[66][67] However, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has banned the broadcasting of Indian films and TV shows.[68] Despite this, the BBC reported that many cable television operators in Pakistan continue to violate the ban, airing Indian television serials due to their high demand. Indian TV shows make up nearly 60% of all foreign programs broadcast in Pakistan.[69]
In June 2006, Pakistani comedian Rauf Lala won the Indian comedy show The Great Indian Laughter Challenge, but Pakistanis could not follow the show as it was not allowed to air in Pakistan.[70] An official remarked that "Bollywood and Indian TV drama have invaded our homes".[71]
Indian TV dramas have become so popular in Pakistan that mainstream newspapers, such as the Pakistan Tribune, often feature articles about the shows.[72] Many viewers have resorted to satellite connections to enjoy uninterrupted coverage of Indian programs.[73]
Despite the historical anti-Indian sentiment in Pakistan and the fact that the two countries have fought four wars over a span of about 50 years, Indian TV shows and Bollywood have led to a shift in perception, with many ordinary Pakistanis viewing India and Indians more favorably. Indian tourists visiting Pakistan have noted that people tend to be particularly friendly when they discover that the visitor is from India.[74]
On October 27, 2018, the Supreme Court of Pakistan reinstated the ban on Indian content on local channels. Channels such as Filmazia and Urdu1 subsequently shut down Indian content for a period.[75][76]
Russia
The Indian serial Dishayen was dubbed in Russian and gained popularity in Russia in 2005.
Sri Lanka
The Hindi serials Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi and Kasautii Zindagii Kay were dubbed in Sinhala and received a great response in Sri Lanka. Another popular show, Kindurangana, which was a remake of the Hindi serial Kasamh Se, also garnered a positive reception from Sri Lankan audiences.'Shanti'serial which was popular during 90's was dubbed in Sinhalese and aired in Sri Lanka .[77]
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