Space Park

Space Park

View of historic quad-plaza where Robert F. Kennedy and Apollo 13 astronauts gave speeches, and William Shatner appeared in TV episodes of The Outer Limits and Star Trek.
Address	1 Space Park Drive, Redondo Beach, California, 90278
Coordinates	33°53′29″N118°22′28″W / 33.89139°N 118.37444°W / 33.89139; -118.37444
Opening date	November 1, 1961;62 years ago (1961-11-01)
Owner	Northrop Grumman
No. of workers	>10,000 [1] [2]

Space Park is an aerospace engineering campus occupying over 100 acres in Redondo Beach, California, since 1961, expanding in 1968 to a nearly adjacent 90 acres in Manhattan Beach ^[3] (15 of which were developed as public sports facilities between 1987 and 2001; ^[4] 22 of which were sold in 1996 and became the Manhattan Beach Studios Media Campus ^[5] ).

Radome atop M1 near NW corner of Space Park Dr & Redondo Bch Ave.

Founded as Space Technology Center by Space Technology Laboratories (STL), ^[6] the site is now owned and operated by Northrop Grumman Corp. (NGC) since its 2002 acquisition of TRW Inc. ^[7] This group of buildings became the first in the USA constructed solely for the entire process of designing, building, and testing spacecraft. ^[8] The architects designed them so every engineer could have a desk with a window view of tree-scaped courtyards. ^[9] During the 1960 groundbreaking ceremony, STL leaders joined in an ecumenical prayer for the space age: "We dedicate this building then to the protection of our land, to the discovery of our universe, but most of all to the spearheading of Peace on Earth and Good Will to Men." ^[10]

Prominent buildings

Sign in front of M7 at SW corner of Space Park Dr & Redondo Bch Ave.

This list includes buildings with prefixes to readily identify activities therein, shown in maps published for visitors: ^{[11] [12] [13] [14]}

D = Development: D1

E = E1 (Engineering), E2 (Executive; originally Administration ^[15] )

M = Manufacturing: M1, (M1A defunct), M1E (east annex), M2, M2N (north annex), M3, (M3B defunct), M4, M5, M6, M7, M8

O = Operations: O1, O2, O3, O4, (O5 defunct ^[16] )

R = Research: R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R7A (annex), (R8 defunct), R9, R10, R11, (R12 defunct)

S = Services ^[15] (badging, calibration, catering, financial, lock+key, merchandising, reprography, security)

TF = Test Facility: TF1, TF2, (TF3 renamed to M8) ^[17]

E1 in 1967 with TRW sign.

Names on the original building signs were hyphenated (e.g., "R-1" instead of "R1"); though some remain, most have been replaced by non-hyphenated ones. ^[18]

Bldg. E2 houses a 3,500 sq. ft. museum that is open to the public during business hours. The exhibit includes a scale model of the Spirit of St. Louis , an original Pioneer 1 satellite, and an Apollo mission engine. ^[19]

Shortly after acquiring TRW, NGC built the Space Technology Presentation Center north of E2 (shown on early maps as STPC or TPC), ^[20] sometimes calling it Northrop Grumman Presentation Center ^[21] before officially renaming it Aerospace Presentation Center (APC). ^[22]

As business needs have fluctuated, other buildings (mostly identified by numbers without letters from 50 to 924 on maps) have been acquired or leased ^[23] near Space Park in Redondo Beach, ^[24] Manhattan Beach, ^[25] El Segundo, ^[26] and Torrance. ^[27]

Public milestones

STL, TRW, and NGC have made technological achievements at their other locations; but this section only chronicles publicized activities at, or closely related to, Space Park. A significant amount of the work on the campus involves spy satellites ^[28] that cannot be listed because of national security secrets, ^[29] and sometimes the delivery of these systems from Space Park can require closure of public facilities. ^[30]

1960s

• October 6, 1960 STL announced holding an option on land for a 10-building complex. ^[31]

• 1960 STL purchased 110 acres ^[1] from Santa Fe Railroad in Redondo Beach. ^[32]

• December 7, 1960 Ground broken for first three buildings: R1 and R2 for research, and E for engineering ^[15] (later renamed "E1" to distinguish it from an executive bldg. named "E2"). ^[33]

AIAA plaque commemorating Space Park's historic site designation in 2011 for work that began in 1961.

• January 6, 1961 STL awarded contract to build Orbiting Geophysical Observatories (OGO) to conduct experiments within Earth's atmosphere, magnetosphere, and in cis-lunar space to better understand Earth-Sun relationships and Earth itself as a planet. ^[34]

• November 1, 1961 Ribbon-cutting ceremony held as R1 opened for business. ^[35]

• November 24, 1961 STL awarded contract to build Vela satellites for detecting nuclear explosions. ^[36]

• June 29, 1962 Senator Robert S. Kerr (Chairman of the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences) gave keynote speech for site's formal dedication after completing E1, M1, R1, R2, and R3. ^{[1] [37]}

• May 1963 NASA selected STL to competitively develop a Lunar Excursion Module Descent Engine (LEMDE) for its Apollo program. ^{[38] [39]}

• October 16, 1963 Successful launch of the first pair of STL-built Vela satellites, which began enforcing the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. ^[36]
• May 1964 Ronald Reagan gave a speech for conservatism outside the Bldg. S cafeteria. ^[40]

• July 16, 1964 Successful launch of the second pair of STL-built Vela satellites. ^[36]
• July 1964 Lawrence Dobkin directed on-site filming of scenes for the Boy Meets Girl episode of My Living Doll starring Julie Newmar and Robert Cummings (aired September 27). ^[41]
  • View of R1, E1, and R2 looking southwest during opening credits pans down to prop sign: SRC, Space Research Center Inc. ^[42] This same scene was replayed at the beginning of The Love Machine episode. ^[43]
  • 3 minutes in, Newmar walks northeast from E1 past the pool and R2 toward R1.
  • Still photos published in the Sentinel newspaper for TRW employees show Newmar continuing north from R2 with E1 in the background. In this scene that never aired, gardeners stare at her mesmerized, one of them humorously spraying the other with a water hose. ^[44]
  • 4 minutes in, Cummings exits R1 to discuss Newmar's whereabouts with Henry Beckman.
  • 6 minutes in, Newmar walks southwest about 500 meters from Space Park with R2, E1, S, and M1 in the background, causing a traffic collision after crossing Aviation Boulevard at 12th Street in Manhattan Beach.
• 1964 Charles F. Haas directed on-site filming of scenes for the Cold Hands, Warm Heart episode of The Outer Limits starring William Shatner (aired September 26).
  • Initial two minutes feature Shatner parking his car in the lot north of bldg. S, then entering bldg. E1 for a press conference.
  • The press conference appears to be in bldg. R2 with E1 in the background; however, such double-doors did not exist, so it was apparently filmed in a studio against a film still of E1.
• September 5, 1964 Successful launch of the STL-built OGO-1, the first operational three-axis-stable spacecraft. ^[34]
• January 18, 1965 NASA chose STL's LEMDE for its Apollo program. ^[38]
• May 1965 STL became TRW Systems Group. ^[45]

• July 17, 1965 Successful launch of the third pair of TRW-built Vela satellites. ^[36]
• October 14, 1965 Successful launch of the TRW-built OGO-2. ^[34]
• 1965 Dick Pick and Don Nelson began developing the Generalized Information Retrieval Language System at TRW ^[46] to control the inventory of Cheyenne helicopter parts, ^[47] which became a forerunner of the first multi-platform, general-purpose computing environments. ^[48]

• 1966 United States Air Force awarded contract to TRW for Defense Support Program (DSP), a Satellite Early-Warning System to monitor ballistic-missile launches and nuclear explosions. ^[49]

• June 7, 1966 Successful launch of the TRW-built OGO-3. ^[34]
• November 1, 1966 TRW was granted a patent for James Buie's coupling-transistor logic (later known as transistor–transistor logic (TTL), which he had filed on September 8, 1961, during Space Park's construction). ^[50]

North side of Bldg. S where scenes from Countdown & Star Trek were filmed.

• November 1966 Robert Altman directed five short scenes on site for Countdown (1967 film). ^[51]
  • 4 minutes in, Joanna Moore arrives in the parking lot north of R1 as the wife of an astronaut played by James Caan, who converses with his commander played by Robert Duvall, and their manager played by Steve Ihnat.
  • 19 minutes in, Duvall exits a staircase from the lower level of bldg. S, shunning the medical doctor played by Charles Aidman exiting the ground-level bridge.
  • 36 minutes in, a journalist confronts Aidman as he walks alongside the pool with R1 and R3 in the background.
  • 72 minutes in, extras pass by R2's east entry at night with the caption, "Space Control Center, Houston, Texas".
  • 95 minutes in, Moore sits on the pool's rim at night, then is joined by Duvall to discuss her husband's fate with E1 and R2 in the background.
• February 15, 1967 Herschel Daugherty directed on-site filming of scenes for the Operation -- Annihilate! episode of Star Trek (aired April 13). ^[52]
  • Viewed from R3, Kirk, Spock, Bones, Scotty, and two other crew members beam down from their starship Enterprise to the east side of the pool between E1, R1, R2, and R3; then walk toward R3.
  • Viewed from R2's roof, the crew proceeds southward along the west side of the pool walking toward the northwest corner of E1.
  • Viewed from bldg. S, the crew proceeds eastward from the southeast corner of E1 toward the west side of S.
  • Viewed from E2, the crew pauses at the northwest corner of S to discuss their observations, then backtracks toward E2.
  • On the lower-level patio of S, they observe four hostile men approaching from E2, who run down the northeast staircase toward them. They stun all four, then hear a woman scream from inside S, and run to her aid.
  • Sometime later after Kirk had returned to the Enterprise, he beams back down to the northwest staircase of S to rejoin the crew on the patio.
  • Indoor scenes where flying creatures attack the crew (paralyzing Spock) were not filmed in S, but in a studio decorated with hexagonal wall patterns resembling those on the exterior walls of S along with a small imitation of Space Park's two outdoor pools.
  • After recovering from the attack, Spock returns to the S patio alone, but is again attacked by a man whom he subdues.
• April 28, 1967 Successful launch of the fourth pair of TRW-built Vela satellites. ^[36]
• July 28, 1967 Successful launch of the TRW-built OGO-4. ^[34]
• 1967 TRW began designing, constructing, and testing a powertrain for a hybrid car using an electromechanical transmission built in M1, and a dynamometer in Bldg. 67. ^{[53] [54]}

• January 8, 1968 TRW filed a patent on the coaxial injector used in the LEMDE to provide combustion stability over a wide range of thrust. ^[55]

• March 4, 1968 Successful launch of the TRW-built OGO-5. ^[34]
• May 16, 1968 Robert F. Kennedy gave a presidential-campaign speech in the E1/R1/R2/R3 plaza three weeks before he was assassinated. ^{[56] [57]}

• March 17, 1969 TRW filed a patent for the powertrain of a hybrid car. ^[58]

LM with TRW's descent engine.

• May 22, 1969 Apollo 10 successfully used TRW's LEMDE for a controlled descent toward the Moon, bringing humans to 8.4 nautical miles (15.6 km) from its surface. ^{[39] [59]}

• May 23, 1969 Successful launch of the fifth pair of TRW-built Vela satellites. ^[36]
• June 5, 1969 Successful launch of the TRW-built OGO-6. ^[34]
• July 20, 1969 Apollo 11 successfully landed the first humans on the Moon using TRW's LEMDE. ^[39]
• November 19, 1969 Apollo 12 successfully landed on the Moon using TRW's LEMDE. ^[39]

1970s

• April 8, 1970 Successful launch of the final (sixth) pair of TRW-built Vela satellites, completing the system that provided scientific data on natural sources of space radiation. ^[36]
• April 17, 1970 Apollo 13 used TRW's LEMDE to safely return its crew to Earth after aborting its lunar-landing mission. ^[39]
• May 6, 1970 Apollo 13's crew (Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise) visited Space Park, telling an assembly of TRW employees that they should change the company's LEMDE advertising slogan from "The last 10 miles are on us" to "The last 300,000 miles are on us". ^[60]

• November 6, 1970 Successful launch of the first DSP spacecraft built by TRW. ^[61]

• February 5, 1971 Apollo 14 successfully landed on the moon using TRW's LEMDE. ^[39]
• March 2, 1971 TRW was granted a patent for the powertrain of a hybrid car. ^[58]
• June 1971 OGO data acquisition period concluded, resulting in a record-breaking volume of scientific data. ^[34]
• July 30, 1971 Apollo 15 successfully landed on the moon using TRW's LEMDE. ^[39]
• November 1, 1971 TRW filed a patent on a coaxial-pintle reactant injector to provide combustion stability in burners over a wide range of flow conditions. ^[62]

• November 2, 1971 Successful launch of the first pair of DSCS II satellites built by TRW, the first operational military communications system to occupy a geosynchronous orbit. ^[63]

1st of 3 HEAO at Space Park.

• 1971 TRW won contract to build three High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO) spacecraft for X-ray, Gamma-Ray astronomy, and Cosmic-Ray investigations. ^[64]

• February 1972 TRW demonstrated its hybrid car would meet emission goals for 1975/76 set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. ^[53]
• March 2, 1972 Successful launch of the TRW-built Pioneer 10, the world’s first nuclear-powered deep-space probe. ^[65]

• April 21, 1972 Apollo 16 successfully landed on the moon using TRW's LEMDE. ^[39]
• October 24, 1972 TRW was granted a patent for Gerard Elverum's rocket-engine injector. ^{[39] [55]}
• December 11, 1972 Apollo 17 successfully landed on the moon using TRW's LEMDE. ^[39]
• February 1973 TRW's Pioneer 10 became the first spacecraft to successfully traverse the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. ^[65]
• May 15, 1973 TRW was granted a continuation-in-part to their patent for the powertrain of a hybrid car. ^[66]

• November 27, 1973 President Richard Nixon sent congratulatory letter to TRW VP/GM (Dr. G.E. Solomon) after Pioneer 10 successfully completed Jupiter mission. ^[67]

• July 1976 TRW's biological testing devices landed on Mars and began seeking life. ^[68]

• August 12, 1977 Successful launch of the TRW-built HEAO-1 to record images of astronomical objects that emit high-energy particles. ^[69]

• November 1977 TRW published R.J. Lano's N² chart, "an implementation tool and methodology for the tabulation, definition, analysis and description of functional interactions and interfaces."
• November 13, 1978 Successful launch of the TRW-built Einstein Observatory (HEAO-2), the first with a fully imaging focusing X-ray telescope with a sensitivity several hundred times greater than previously achieved. ^[70]

• July 24, 1979 Ray Bradbury gave a lecture in bldg. S titled "1984 will Never Arrive". ^[71]

• September 20, 1979 Successful launch of the TRW-built HEAO-3 to complete the program’s mission of probing the electromagnetic spectrum. ^[72]

1980s

• June 10, 1980 TRW was granted a patent for Gerard Elverum's coaxial-pintle reactant injector for burners (i.e., combustion apparatus). ^[62]
• February 1983 TRW won contract to build Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) with four astrophysics experiments. ^{[73] [74] [75]}

• April 4, 1983 STS-6, the maiden flight of Space Shuttle Challenger, successfully launched the first of seven TRW-built Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS) spacecraft. ^[76]

• June 14, 1983 TRW's Pioneer 10 became the first spacecraft to leave our solar system. ^[77]

Plaque west of E2 honoring Challenger crew.

• January 28, 1986 Along with the lives of all seven astronauts, STS-51-L lost the second TRW-built TDRS spacecraft. ^[76]
• May 29, 1986 NASA announced plans to buy a backup TDRS to replace the one lost in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. ^[78]

• May 5, 1987 Dedication of memorial at flagpole west of E2, "The men and women of TRW honor the Space Shuttle Challenger crew members who died in service to their nation."
• March 26, 1988 Vice President George H. W. Bush campaigned at Space Park for an election he won later that year, subsequently becoming 41st President of the United States. ^[79]

• April 12, 1988 R7A was dedicated as terrestrial headquarters for assembly, test, and integration of the 17-ton CGRO satellite. ^{[75] [80]}

• November 21, 1988 Mettler Drive was dedicated upon his retirement after 33 years of company service.

1990s

• 1990 TRW opened a Center for Automotive Technology to manage projects such as airbag inflators, automotive radar and electronic crash sensors. ^[81]

• April 5, 1991 Successful launch of the TRW-built CGRO spacecraft by the Space Shuttle Atlantis. ^[82]

• June 22, 1993 Vice President Al Gore toured Space Park to learn about its defense conversion activities. ^[83]

• February 7, 1994 Successful launch of the first TRW-built Milstar payload with autonomous processing, routing and network management capabilities, assuring communications under any level of military conflict. ^[84]

• June 1994 TRW began jointly developing Formosat-1 with Taiwan's National Space Organization. ^[85]

• July 13, 1995 STS-70 successfully launched the final (seventh) TRW-built TDRS spacecraft. ^[76]
• May 1997 TRW delivered Formosat-1, Taiwan's first spacecraft, a satellite built for space experiments in physics, oceanography and communications. ^[86]

• 1998 Completion of the final (23rd) DSP spacecraft built by TRW (not launched till 2007). ^[49]
• January 14, 1999 TRW held ceremony after completing tests of Chandra Observatory (world's most powerful X-ray telescope ) prior to shipping it for launch aboard Space Shuttle Columbia. ^[87]

• December 1999 TRW set a new integrated circuit speed record (69 GHz) to increase volumes of Internet traffic. ^[88]

2000s

• May 4, 2002 Successful launch of the TRW-built Aqua (satellite) (based on TRW's modular, standardized AB1200 common spacecraft bus) as part of the Earth Observing System (EOS) to study Earth's water cycle using instruments such as the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (also built at Space Park). ^[89]

JWST model outside bldg. O1.

• September 11, 2002 NASA selected TRW as the prime contractor for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) (estimating it would launch in 2010). ^[90]

• November 4, 2002 NGC filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to acquire TRW. ^[91]

• November 25, 2003 Grand opening of STPC (later renamed to APC) attended by U.S. Representative for Space Park's district, Jane Harman. ^[92]

• July 15, 2004 Successful launch of the NGC-built Aura (satellite) as part of EOS to study how Earth's atmosphere supports diversified life, becoming the first satellite to gauge the concentration and movement of gases in the troposphere. ^[93]

• February 22, 2005 Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger toured Space Park ^[94] and gave a speech in the STPC. ^[95]

• March 18, 2009 NGC produced the strongest laser powered by an electric current (105 kW for the Joint High Power Solid State Laser program). ^[96]

2010s

• December 18, 2011 The AIAA designated Space Park a historic aerospace site, where many technically challenging satellites, rocket engines, and astronomical observatories have been designed and built. ^{[29] [97]}

• February 2, 2018 The optical telescope and integrated science instrument module of JWST arrived at Space Park. ^[98]

• July 11, 2019 Final thermal-vacuum test completed in bldg. M4 for JWST to ensure its electronic functionality in space. ^[99]

2020s

• October 6, 2020 Acoustic and sine vibration environmental tests completed for JWST to simulate its launch conditions. ^[100]

• September 2021 Final testing in bldg. M8 completed successfully for JWST. ^{[101] [102]}

• December 25, 2021 Successful launch of JWST. ^[103]

• January 24, 2022 JWST successfully arrived at Lagrange point L2 about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. ^[103]
• February 2022 JWST began transmitting images from L2. ^[103]

Famous employees

Street named after Jimmy Doolittle.

• Christopher John Boyce : TRW clerk from July 29, 1974, to December 17, 1976 ^[104] given access to classified documents in bldg. M4 beginning in March 1975; ^[105] subsequently convicted of selling United States secrets to the Soviet Union, dramatized in a 1985 film based on the 1979 book, The Falcon and the Snowman

• Chuck Missler : Ramo-Wooldridge systems engineer and STL senior analyst, ^[106] subsequently Bible teacher and co-founder of Koinonia House ^[107]

• Daniel Goldin : TRW vice president and general manager from 1967 to 1992, subsequently serving as NASA’s longest-tenured Administrator from 1992 to 2001 reporting to three U.S. Presidents ^[108]

• Edward Gibson : Astronaut on Skylab 4 for a record time in space of 84 days, subsequently project manager of TRW's studies for Space Station Freedom. ^{[109] [110]}

• Garrett Reisman : TRW spacecraft guidance navigation and control engineer from 1996 to 1998 who designed the thruster-based attitude control system for the Aqua satellite (launched May 4, 2002), subsequently astronaut on STS-123, spending 3 months on the International Space Station ^[111] (returning on STS-124)

• Henry Nicholas : TRW engineer, subsequently co-founder of Broadcom Corporation ^[112]

• Henry Samueli : TRW engineer and manager, subsequently co-founder of Broadcom Corporation and co-owner of Anaheim Ducks ^[113]

• James L. Buie: TRW engineer who invented TTL circuitry in the early 1960s (patented November 1, 1966), ^[50] established TRW's Microelectronics Center in 1963, and its LSI (large-scale integration) Products Division in 1977 before retiring in 1983 ^[114]

• Jerry Buss : TRW chemist, subsequently majority owner of Los Angeles Lakers ^[115]

• Jimmy Doolittle : STL's board chairman, first to fly across the United States in less than a day (22 hours in 1922), first to fly blind (completely by instruments), and leader of the 1942 Tokyo air raid; ^[116] commemorated by Doolittle Drive (connecting Space Park Drive to Manhattan Beach Boulevard)

Plaque honoring Ruben Mettler between R4 & M1.

• Ruben F. Mettler : TRW's president and chief executive officer from 1969 to 1977; chairman and chief executive officer from 1977 to 1988; commemorated by Mettler Drive (connecting Space Park Drive to Marine Avenue) ^[117]

• Simon Ramo : TRW's co-founder, popularly known as the father of the intercontinental ballistic missile; commemorated by Simon Ramo Drive (central Space Park entrance from Marine Avenue) ^[118]

• Tom Mueller : TRW propulsion engineer, subsequently founding employee of SpaceX ^[119]

Note: Dean Wooldridge, TRW's co-founder and first president, announced his resignation around the time STL employees began moving to Space Park; so it is unlikely that he ever worked at this location. ^[120]

Despite this list consisting exclusively of men, actress Elaine Joyce chose Space Park as the place to find a woman engineer while researching a bit part for Hart to Hart in 1980. ^{[121] [122]}

See also

• Aviation High School (California)  –describes the history of 40 acres adjacent to Space Park's southwest boundary

References

1. Ruben F. Mettler (June 29, 1962). "Center Reflects Confidence in Future". Daily Breeze . We dedicate our new home with five buildings completed, and soon we will break ground for a sixth. Our expectations for the future are indicated by the fact that the 110-acre site of Space Technology Center can accommodate 14 buildings and more than 10,000 employees.
2. Terri Vermeulen (June 22, 1993). "Gore seeks defense workers' input about plant conversion". United Press International . Retrieved 23 October 2023. The Redondo Beach electronics plant and other Southern California TRW facilities have gone from a peak of 19,000 employees in 1988 to a current force of 9,000.
3. "Construction Starts on Systems Group's New Facility". TRW Systems Group Sentinel (monthly newspaper for employees). Vol. X, no. 2. December 1, 1967. Construction is underway on TRW's new facility in Manhattan Beach. The 90-acre development is adjacent to Systems Group's 110-acre Space Park site in Redondo Beach. ... Completion of the first building is scheduled for October 1968. ... will house 7,000 employees upon completion.
4. "Parks and Facilities". City of Manhattan Beach. Retrieved 19 November 2023. Marine Avenue Park, Skate Spot, Athletic Fields: Located at 1625 Marine Avenue, Developed in 1987: One of the newest parks in the City, this property is owned by TRW, which is located adjacent to the property, and is leased to the City. Encompassing just over 7.5 acres, this park is a favorite spot for young children's birthday parties and family gatherings. Marine Sport Complex: Located at 1801 Marine Avenue, Developed in 2001: ... It was purchased from TRW by the City and then sold to the Beach Cities Health District with a lease-back agreement to the City.
5. James Bates (November 26, 1996). "Manhattan Beach to Get 14 Sound Stages". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 November 2023. The $77-million project, to be built on 22 largely undeveloped acres formerly owned by defense giant TRW, comes at a time when producers have been scrambling to find available sound stages. ... The Manhattan Beach Studios would be the first large-scale Hollywood production facility built in the South Bay, an area traditionally known for its aerospace work.
6. Louis G. Dunn (June 29, 1962). "STL Lives in an Atmosphere of Urgency". Daily Breeze . Space Technology Center is designed to augment the capability of our company, and of our parent company, Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc.
7. "TRW Inc. - Home". Archived from the original on 1 February 2003. On December 12, 2002, Northrop Grumman completed its acquisition of TRW Inc.
8. "Northrop Grumman". The Los Angeles Conservancy. Retrieved 13 October 2023. It was the country's first group of space science laboratories and manufacturing facilities designed solely for the entire process of designing, building, and testing spacecraft—described in the jargon of space technologists as "blueprint to black sky capability."
9. Peter Pae and W.J. Hennigan (June 28, 2016). "Simon Ramo dies at 103; TRW co-founder shaped California aerospace". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 13 October 2023. The campus-like buildings, which won architectural awards, were designed so every engineer could have a desk with a window view of tree-scaped courtyards.
10. "Ground Breaking Invocation, Prayer For The Space Age". SenTineL (monthly newspaper for employees). Vol. 3, no. 3. January 9, 1961. Oh God, as we venture out more and more into the unknown of space, may we never forget that Thou are known; that You are the creator of this world and the universe that surrounds it. In a time such as this when new horizons are being opened up beyond our wildest imaginations, keep us ever mindful that the heart of man must be one of peace as we prepare to move into space. Too long we have centered our eyes on our scientific advances and too little on the spiritual renewal needed within. We pray for a return of that simple faith, that old-fashioned trust in God, that made strong and great our pioneer forefathers as they ventured out into the unknown. May we ever be ready to turn our missiles into ministers of mercy. Guide those who ensure our safety, but most of all guide us each in the quest for the things of the spirit. We dedicate this building then to the protection of our land, to the discovery of our universe, but most of all to the spearheading of "Peace on Earth and Good Will to Men."
11. "Space Park Map 12-07-05" (PDF). Robotics, Computational Intelligence and Cybernetics Chapter. December 7, 2005. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
12. "Redondo Beach Site Map" (PDF). Northrop Grumman (redirects to cloud server). October 7, 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
13. "Building E2 Arrival Map" (PDF). The Aerospace & Defense Forum. July 9, 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
14. "Space Park Map – W6TRW Banquet" (PDF). The W6TRW Amateur Radio Club. October 25, 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
15. "Construction Of STL 'R&E Center' Progressing Swiftly". SenTineL (monthly newspaper for employees). Vol. 3, no. 4. February 6, 1961. Three of the 10 buildings planned are already begun: Research 1, Research 2, and Engineering. The first phase of the Complex will include seven more buildings: three two-story research buildings of the same type as R1 and R2, one single-story fabrication, assembly, and test building, a three-story service building, an auditorium-library, and an eight-story administration building.
16. "Fire Guts Building Due for Demolition". Los Angeles Times . April 2, 1997. Retrieved 27 October 2023. The building, a two-story structure off the 1600 block of Rosecrans Avenue owned by defense giant TRW, went up in flames about 3 p.m., sending a huge black cloud of smoke billowing into a brilliant blue sky.
17. A sign still on display as of this note (Nov. 4, 2023) at "Entrance 4" listing bldgs. on the east end of Space Park Drive near M8 includes TF3, not M8.
18. Carl Wittenberg (June 29, 1962). "Building Space Technology Center". Daily Breeze . Included are three research facilities labeled R-1, R-2 and R-3, which introduce a theme of shadow-tint glass spandrels embracing each floor at ceiling height. ... Housed in the spacecraft manufacturing unit, designated M-1, is 12,000 square feet of "clean-room" space, built to meet the most exacting standards developed by the United States Air Force.
19. Adam Ugolnik (November 13, 2015). "Aerospace in Motion: A sector headquarters museum and experience". Behance. Retrieved 18 October 2023. Open to the public during business hours, Aerospace in Motion tells the story of Northrop Grumman via a ~3,500 sq. ft. interactive adventure through three distinct wings — past, present, and future. ... Using chronological timelines, models, videos, actual space hardware, video games and interactive media walls, the museum effectively places Northrop Grumman's technology in context before guests are whisked off to tour any of the various aircraft or spacecraft assemblies within Northrop Grumman's Southern California plants. ... We also suspended a quarter-scale model of the Spirit of St. Louis above the entrance — a plane compiled of parts from three of our founding companies and famously piloted by Charles Lindbergh in 1927 as the first solo flight from New York to Paris. ... Above them, guests find actual space hardware including an original Pioneer I satellite and Apollo mission engine.
20. Ronald D. Sugar (March 31, 2004). "2003 Annual Report" (PDF). Microsoft Windows Server. Northrop Grumman Corporation. Retrieved 10 November 2023. Annual Shareholders' Meeting; Tuesday, May 18, 2004; 10 a.m. PDT; Space Technology Presentation Center; One Space Park Redondo Beach, California 90278
21. "Nobel winners to discuss impact of climate change". Daily Breeze . April 30, 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2023. Presentations will begin at 8 a.m. at the Northrop Grumman Presentation Center at One Space Park in Redondo Beach.
22. "Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus Form 424B3". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. April 17, 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2023. This year's meeting will be held Wednesday, May 20, 2009 at the Aerospace Presentation Center, located in Redondo Beach, California.
23. "Miramar Capital Completes Acquisition of 3701 Doolittle Drive in Redondo Beach, California". Miramar Capital. November 20, 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2023. The building is 100% leased to Northrop Grumman as an extension of their Space Park Campus.
24. Kristin Agostoni (April 15, 2010). "Agency determines that contaminants at Northrop campus don't pose risks". Daily Breeze . Retrieved 4 November 2023. The California Department of Toxics Substances Control has been managing a multistep environmental review at Space Park for more than a decade – starting when the campus was owned by TRW. In the affected areas east of Redondo Beach Avenue and north of Manhattan Beach Boulevard, ...
25. "SOUTH BAY—Vacancies Continue Climb as Tech-Bust Hangover Lingers". Los Angeles Business Journal . October 28, 2001. Retrieved 4 November 2023. TRW Space & Defense Group recently signed leases to rent two offices near the company's main campus in Redondo Beach known as Space Park. TRW also recently renewed its lease for 155,000 square feet of space at Manhattan Towers located at 1230 and 1240 Rosecrans Ave.
26. "Northrop Grumman (ES-4)". Foursquare City Guide . April 10, 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2023. 101 Continental Blvd (at El Segundo Blvd), El Segundo, CA 90245
27. "TRW Leases in Torrance". Los Angeles Times . December 20, 1987. Retrieved 16 December 2023. TRW has signed a five-year, $2.7-million lease with Watt Investment Properties Inc., Santa Monica, for 45,400 square in a building at 19951 Mariner Ave. in Torrance Business Park.
28. Ralph Vartabedian (April 10, 1985). "Trend Criticized: Secret Arms Programs Proliferate". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 November 2023. Across town, TRW Inc. has 17,000 workers in the Redondo Beach region, largely building secret spy satellites such as the Magnum eavesdropping satellite that was sent up in the space shuttle earlier this year, according to industry sources.
29. W.J. Hennigan (December 14, 2011). "Space Park in Redondo Beach will get the star treatment". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 November 2023. On Wednesday, the campus will be designated a historic aerospace site in a ceremony by the American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics, the nation's largest society of aerospace engineers and scientists. ... Loren Thompson, defense policy analyst for the Lexington Institute in Arlington, Va., said that Space Park has had a concentration of skills that can't be trumpeted because of national security secrets.
30. McDade, Mary (October 18, 2019). "Northrop Grumman Shipping Secret Cargo Through Redondo Beach Marina". KTLA . Retrieved November 12, 2023.
31. "STL Planning New 10-Building Complex in Airport Vicinity". SenTineL (monthly newspaper for employees). Vol. 2, no. 12. October 6, 1960. The Company holds an option on more than 100 acres of land which provides space for this development as well as additional structures to satisfy the requirements of anticipated future expansion of its activities.
32. "Northrop Grumman". Los Angeles Conservancy . Retrieved 13 October 2023. Developed primarily between 1960 and 1967, the property started as the headquarters of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc. when founders Simon Ramo and Dean Wooldridge bought the land from the Santa Fe Railroad.
33. "New STL Center Begun As Dr. Dunn Breaks Ground". SenTineL (monthly newspaper for employees). Vol. 3, no. 3. January 9, 1961. A new era of growth for Space Technology Laboratories, Inc., was signaled 7 December by President Dr. Louis G. Dunn as he broke ground to start construction of the Company's new home in North Redondo Beach. ... A few minutes after the ceremony a huge earth moving machine was driven onto the site and began the work of grading for the first of the 10 buildings to be erected.
34. Jackson, John; Vette, James (1975). "The Orbiting Geophysical Observatories (NASA SP-7601)". NASA History Division. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory/NASA Astrophysics Data System . NASA. Retrieved 22 December 2023. The OGO data acquisition period, which extended from September 1964 to June 1971, ... The prime contractor for the OGO spacecraft, the TRW Systems Group, Redondo Beach, California, was directed to proceed on the OGO effort through a Letter Contract, dated 6 January 1961. ... The scientific objective of the OGO program was to conduct a large number of diversified and interrelated physical experiments within the Earth's atmosphere and magnetosphere and in cis-lunar space in order to gain better understanding of Earth-Sun relationships and of the Earth itself, as a planet. The technological objective of the program-- ... --was to develop and operate a three-axis-stable 'standard observatory' which could be used repeatedly to carry-large numbers of easily integrated scientific experiments into appropriate orbits. ... The OGO spacecraft were launched one each year over a period of six years beginning in 1964, as shown in Table III-1 ... 5 September 1964 ... 14 October 1965 ... 7 June 1966 ... 28 July 1967 ... 4 March 1968 ... 5 June 1969. ... The technological accomplishments of the OGO program include: ... a very high reliability of experiments and spacecraft systems, which, combined with the high data rate, resulted in a record breaking volume of scientific data...
35. "Space Technology Center R-1 Building Open For Business". SenTineL (monthly newspaper for employees). Vol. 4, no. 1. November 6, 1961. A housewarming and preview of STL's Space Technology Center at Number One Space Park, Redondo Beach, highlighted informal ribbon-cutting ceremonies last Wednesday marking the Company's official occupancy of the first building of the world's most modern facility for space research, engineering, and manufacturing.
36. "Military Satellite History Part III" (PDF). MilSatMagazine. Vol. 2, no. 4. Satnews Publishers. September 2008. p. 39. Retrieved 22 November 2023. SSD issued a contract for the spacecraft to Space Technology Laboratories (later part of TRW) on November 24, 1961. The first pair of satellites was launched using an Atlas Agena on October 16, 1963, a few days after the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty went into effect [sic] two more pairs were launched on July 16, 1964 and July 17, 1965. Six Advanced Vela satellites, containing additional, more sophisticated detectors, were launched in pairs on Titan IIIC vehicles on April 28, 1967, May 23, 1969, and April 8, 1970. The Vela satellites successfully monitored compliance with the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and provided scientific data on natural sources of space radiation for many years.
37. "Senator Kerr Keynote Speaker at Dedication". Daily Breeze . June 29, 1962. He is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, and a member of the Senate Committees on Finance, Democratic Policy, and Senate Office building.
38. Brooks, Courtney; Grimwood, James; Swenson, Loyd (1979). "Engines, Large and Small (Chapter 6 of Chariots for Apollo)". NASA History Division. NASA. Retrieved 13 November 2023. On 14 March 1963, Grumman held a bidders' conference, attended by representatives from ... Space Technology Laboratories, Inc. In May, STL was selected to develop the competitive motor. ... On 5 January 1965, Grumman decided to stick with Rocketdyne. ... On 18 January this review board, in a surprising move, reversed Grumman's action and named STL instead of Rocketdyne.
39. Dressler, Gordon; Bauer, J. (July 2000). "TRW pintle engine heritage and performance characteristics". 36th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Vol. AIAA-2000-3871. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 1–22. doi:10.2514/6.2000-3871 . Retrieved 22 December 2023. The pintle injector was reduced to practice and developed by TRW starting in 1960; however, it was not until 1972 that the pintle injector design patent was publicly released. ... US patent (#3,699,772) for invention of the pintle injector was granted to Gerry Elverum, assigned to TRW and made public in October 1972. ... The first flight application of a TRW pintle injector rocket engine was the throttling Lunar Excursion Module Descent Engine (LEMDE, sometimes shortened to LMDE). Engine development started in 1963, qualification was completed in 1967, and production ran through 1972. ... This engine performed flawlessly during 10 flights, landing 12 astronauts on the Moon and enabling the space rescue of the Apollo 13 crew.
40. "Ronald Reagan Speaks for Conservatism". TRW Space Technology Laboratories Sentinel (monthly newspaper for employees). Vol. VI, no. 8. June 1, 1964. More than 1,000 STLites listened to Reagan as he discussed the issues facing voters in the upcoming California Primary Election.
41. "My Living Doll, S1.E1, Boy Meets Girl". IMDb . Retrieved 30 March 2024. Episode aired Sep 27, 1964
42. "Aerospace Disclosure of Humans as Living Dolls". YouTube . Tom Owens UAP. December 10, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2024. (Sign for SRC, Space Research Center Inc. is in front of Space Park Bldgs. R1 and E1 while credits play during first 20 seconds.)
43. "My Living Doll, S1.E7, The Love Machine". IMDb . Retrieved 30 March 2024. Episode aired Nov 8, 1964
44. "Television Comes to Space Park". TRW Space Technology Laboratories Sentinel (monthly newspaper for employees). Vol. VI, no. 10. August 3, 1964. Desilu TV Studies [sic] visited STL recently to shoot a film segment starring Julie Newmar and Robert Cummings. ... Name of the series is "The Living Doll." It will begin 27 September immediately following "the Ed Sullivan Show," over CBS-TV.
45. Elverum, Gerard (2011). "George E. Solomon (chapter 55 in Memorial Tributes Volume 14)". National Academy of Sciences . The National Academies Press. Retrieved November 13, 2023. In May 1965, Space Technology Laboratories became TRW Systems Group, with Ruben Mettler as president.
46. "Richard A "Dick" Pick (d. 19 Oct 1994)". County Historian (Will Johnson). February 8, 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2023. In or around 1965, Dick Pick and Don Nelson worked out a computer database system for TRW to sell to the government.
47. "A Pick Handbook". Centre for Computing History . August 1985. Retrieved 12 November 2023. Pick was originally implemented as the Generalized Information Retrieval Language System (GIRLS) on an IBM System/360 in 1965 by Don Nelson and Dick Pick at TRW for use by the U.S. Army to control the inventory of Cheyenne helicopter parts.
48. "History Of Pick Reality". NEC Software Solutions . Retrieved 12 November 2023. The forerunner of Reality was called the General Information Management System – GIM and was designed by Don Nelson and Richard 'Dick' Pick for the TRW company. It was delivered to the US Army in the mid 1960's for logistics field support for the Cheyenne helicopter during the Vietnam War. ... This places GIM as one of the first multi-platform, general-purpose computing environment projects – indeed, one of the first databases and one of the first virtual machines.
49. Muhammed El-Hasan (November 10, 2007). "Satellite launch is end of an era". Daily Breeze . Retrieved 6 November 2023. Northrop Grumman Corp.'s 23rd and final Defense Support Program satellite will launch today, helping to maintain the U.S. military's early-warning monitoring of launches by ballistic missiles and spacecraft, and nuclear explosions. ... Flight 23 is scheduled to blast off from Cape Canaveral in Florida carrying a satellite that Northrop completed in 1998. ... In 1966, the Air Force awarded its first DSP research and development contract to TRW Inc., before Northrop bought the company.
50. USpatent 3283170,Buie, James L.,"Coupling transistor logic and other circuits",issued 1966-11-01, assigned to TRW Semiconductors Inc. 
51. "Countdown, Filming & production". IMDb . Retrieved 23 November 2023. Filming locations ... (TRW Space Park - now Northrop-Grumman) ... Filming dates, Nov 1966
52. Tom Bray (September 7, 2016). "'Star Trek's' final frontier looks a lot like Southern California". Daily Breeze . Retrieved 4 November 2023. In the 1967 episode "Operation — Annihilate!" giant melty gummi-slugs invade a planet that looks a whole lot like the TRW campus in Redondo Beach (now owned by Northrop Grumman).
53. Gelb, G.; Berman, B.; Koutsoukos, E. (April 1972). "Cost and Emission Studies of a Heat Engine/Battery Hybrid Family Car". United States Environmental Protection Agency . TRW Systems Group. Retrieved 16 December 2023. This report presents the results of analytical and experimental work performed during the period from July 1971 through February 1972 under contract number 68-04-0058 for the Environmental Protection Agency. ... SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: ... An emission control system using a fast relief choke schedule, hydrocarbon accumulator and three-component catalyst was able to bring the system emissions below the 1975-76 standards. ... 1.0 INTRODUCTION: Heat engine/battery hybrid automotive power systems have been under investigation by TRW Systems since 1967. As part of a company-funded effort a parallel hybrid configuration termed the Electromechanical Transmission (EMT) was conceived and a full-scale power dynamometer proof-of-principle breadboard system was constructed and demonstrated.
54. Duane Spencer (June 2010). "TRW's Hybrid Car Episode" (PDF). TRA's No Name Gazette. Vol. XXII, no. 4. The Retirees Association. pp. 4, 8. Retrieved 16 December 2023. Beginning in 1967, two of TRW's scientists, Dr. Neal Richardson and Dr. George Gelb studied various hybrid car drive systems. ... The transmission was built in the M1 machine shop. ... Several engineers drove it around the old parking lot on the northwest corner of Aviation and Manhattan Beach boulevards. Properly witnessed, the Pontiac was scrapped and the hybrid system was re-installed on the dynamometer in the old Bldg. 67.
55. USpatent 3699772,Elverum, Gerard W., Jr.,"Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Coaxial Injector",issued 1972-10-24, assigned to TRW Inc. 
56. "TRW Plant, Redondo Beach, 16 May 1968". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved 14 October 2023. Senator Robert F. Kennedy delivers a speech at the TRW Plant in Redondo Beach, California.
57. "10 Campaign Stops Since 1960, South Bay Stumping". The Los Angeles Daily News. October 3, 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2023. MAY 16, 1968: Democratic presidential candidate Kennedy, below, speaks to a crowd of 5,000 at TRW in Redondo Beach, weeks before his assassination at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles early on June 5.
58. USpatent 3566717,Berman, Baruch; Gelb, George& Richardson, Neilet al.,"Power Train Using Multiple Power Sources",issued 1971-03-02, assigned to TRW Inc., Redondo Beach, Calif. 
59. Seto, R. (August 8, 1969). "Project Technical Report, Apollo 10 LM-4 Descent Propulsion System Final Flight Evaluation" (PDF). NASA History Division. NASA. Retrieved 17 December 2023. The space vehicle was launched from the Kennedy Space Center at 12:49:00 P.M. on May 18, 1969. ... At approximately 100 hours, the first DPS maneuver, the Descent Orbit Insertion (DOI) burn was performed. ... This burn put the LM into a lunar orbit of 61.2 by 8.4 nautical miles.
60. Tony Chong (July 24, 2013). "The Last 300,000 Miles Are On Us". Blogger. Retrieved 15 October 2023. An impressed and thankful crew told an assembly of TRW employees after the mission that they should change the company's LEMDE advertising slogan from "the last 10 miles are on us" to "the last 300,000 miles are on us." ... When Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert and Fred Haise addressed that TRW audience on May 6, 1970, three weeks after their Pacific splash-down, employees and the media weren't the only people in attendance that day. ... In 2005 the circle became complete when I found a picture in the official TRW 100 year history book of the astronauts' visit to Space Park.
61. "SMC celebrates Defense Support Program's 45th anniversary". Air Force Space Command. United States government. November 6, 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2023. The launch of the maiden DSP spacecraft from Cape Canaveral, Fla., was successfully accomplished on Nov. 6, 1970.
62. USpatent 4206594,Elverum, Gerard W., Jr.,"Combustion apparatus having a coaxial-pintle reactant injector",issued 1980-06-10, assigned to TRW Inc. 
63. "Historical Overview of the Space and Missile Systems Center, 1954-2003" (PDF). Los Angeles Air Force Base. History Office, Space and Missile Systems Center, Los Angeles AFB, CA. 2004. p. 47. Retrieved 22 October 2023. SAMSO awarded a development contract for the DSCS II system to TRW on 3 March 1969, and the first pair of satellites was launched on 2 November 1971. It was the first operational military communications satellite system to occupy a geosynchronous orbit.
64. Neuman Ezell, Linda (1988). "SP-4012 NASA Historical Data Book: Volume III, Programs and Projects 1969-1978 (Chapter Three: Space Science)". NASA History Division. NASA. Retrieved 10 December 2023. With the initial design studies completed in-house, MSFC issued its first request for proposals for a preliminary design study of HEAO in February 1970 and held a briefing for scientists and instrument builders in April. ... In April 1971, TRW and Grumman had completed their studies and were preparing their bids for the final development and fabrication contract, which was won by TRW late in the year.
65. Evans, Ben (March 2, 2022). "Pioneer 10: It's been 50 years since NASA targeted Jupiter and beyond". Astronomy . Kalmbach Media . Retrieved 28 January 2024. The Pioneer 10 spacecraft sits in a facility in Redondo Beach, California, during its final construction. [end photo caption] Twice thwarted by a power cut and high winds, its Atlas Centaur rocket finally rose from Cape Canaveral's Launch Complex 36A at 8:49 P.M. EST on March 2, 1972. ... To provide power in a realm where sunlight grew progressively weaker, Pioneer 10 carried four plutonium generators as the world's first nuclear-powered deep-space probe. ... On July 15, 1972, after crossing Mars' orbit, it entered the asteroid belt and for seven months traversed its 270-million-mile radial extent. Such a trip had never before been attempted. Happily, noted the Baltimore Sun after the probe emerged from the belt in February 1973, it has registered contact only with the sort of fine-grained debris that litters space in general.
66. USpatent 3732751,Berman, Baruch; Gelb, George& Richardson, Neilet al.,"Power Train Using Multiple Power Sources",issued 1973-05-15, assigned to TRW Inc., Redondo Beach, Calif. 
67. "By Jupiter! Pioneer 10 Encounters". TRW Systems Group Sentinel (monthly newspaper for employees). Vol. XVI, no. 11. December 21, 1973. November 27, 1973, Dear Dr. [G.E.] Solomon [Vice President and General Manager, TRW Systems Group, One Space Park], As Pioneer 10 completes its mission to Jupiter and begins its endless journey beyond the solar system, this Nation shares your pride in so dramatic a scientific and technical achievement. ... I want to express my gratitude and the thanks of the American people to you and your employees for your contributions to the conquest of space these past eventful years ... Sincerely, Richard Nixon
68. Walter Sullivan (July 25, 1976). "Tests to Seek Life on Mars Begin". The New York Times . Retrieved 18 November 2023. The three testing devices are miniature laboratories crammed into a biological package assembled by the T.R.W. Corporation of Redondo Beach, Calif.
69. "High Energy Astronomy Observatory Assembly". NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. August 12, 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2023. The High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO)-1, launched on August 12, 1977, aboard an Atlas/Centaur launch vehicle. Here, the observatory is shown during final assembly at TRW Systems of Redondo Beach, Calif. The idea for an observatory that could record images of astronomical objects that emit high-energy particles was conceived at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., which managed the project.
70. Giacconi, R.; Branduardi, G.; Briel, U.; Epstein, A.; Fabricant, D.; Feigelson, E.; Forman, W. (June 1, 1979). "The Einstein (HEAO 2) X-ray Observatory". The Astrophysical Journal. 230. The American Astronomical Society: 540–550. doi: 10.1086/157110 . Retrieved 11 December 2023. The Einstein (HEAO 2) X-ray Observatory was successfully launched on 1978 November 13 ... provides X-ray astronomy for the first time with a fully imaging focusing X-ray telescope with an angular resolution of a few arc seconds, a field of view of tens of arc minutes, and a sensitivity several hundred times greater than previously achieved in any X-ray astronomy experiment. ... Also essential were the efforts of the industrial contractors: TRW for the spacecraft design and construction...
71. "Ray Bradbury to Speak". Sentinel (monthly newspaper for employees). Vol. XXII, no. 6. July 1979. Famous author and futurist Ray Bradbury will speak July 24 at the TRW Forum as part of this summer's Colloquia Series. Bradbury, whose talk is entitled "1984 will Never Arrive," will speak on the positive aspects of mankind's future. ... 3:30 p.m. S
72. "This Week in NASA History: HEAO-3 launches – Sept. 20, 1979". NASA History Division. NASA. September 18, 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2023. HEAO-C, known as HEAO-3 after insertion into orbit, continued the program's mission of probing the electromagnetic spectrum, performing a sky survey of gamma rays and cosmic rays in a manner similar to HEAO-1. ... Designed and developed by TRW Inc., the HEAO-3 project was managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.
73. Molgaard, D. (April 1, 1986). "Gamma Ray Observatory, On Orbit Servicing". The Space Congress Proceedings. Vol. 3. Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University. pp. 8–24. These initial maintenance EVA override, module replacement, and orbiter retrievability features were incorporated into the Phase D contract Statement of Work to TRW in February of 1983.
74. "1992 Discover Awards: Aviation and Aerospace". Discover . 1992. Retrieved 27 October 2023. Although the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory was launched as a single platform, it's actually four separate gamma-ray experiments. The detectors themselves were already being designed by 1983, when TRW won the contract.
75. Mallozzi, Robert; Horack, John (December 6, 2002). "History of CGRO". Gamma-Ray Astrophysics. NASA. Retrieved 27 October 2023. This is a picture of the four principal investigators of the four astrophysics experiments on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory. The photo was taken in Building R7A of TRW in Redondo Beach, California.
76. "Space Shuttle Mission STS-70 Press Kit" (PDF) (Press release). NASA. May 1995. Retrieved 5 November 2023. TDRS-1 was launched in April 1983, on board Space Shuttle Challenger, and the second TDRS was lost in the Challenger accident in January 1986. ... TDRS-G is the last of a generation of seven spacecraft, built by TRW of Redondo Beach, CA, that make up the initial series of communication satellites for NASA.
77. John Noble Wilford (June 14, 1983). "Spacecraft Leaves Realm of Planets". The New York Times . Retrieved 7 November 2023. Pioneer 10 crossed the orbit of Neptune yesterday to become the first spacecraft ever to depart the realm of the known planets ... Engineers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the prime contractor, TRW Inc., predict that Pioneer could remain in radio contact with Earth for another decade...
78. "Satellite Lost on Challenger to Be Replaced". Los Angeles Times . May 30, 1986. Retrieved 24 November 2023. A replacement was ordered by NASA on Thursday for the giant, part-secret $250-million satellite lost in the space shuttle Challenger explosion. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration announced plans to buy a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite and parts for a backup spacecraft from TRW in Redondo Beach, Calif.
79. "4 Top Backers Abandon Dole Team for Bush". Los Angeles Times . March 27, 1988. Retrieved 15 March 2024. Sen. Bob Dole's California campaign began unraveling Saturday... The four appeared briefly with Bush as the vice president campaigned at the TRW Inc. aerospace research facility in Redondo Beach.
80. "Room to GRO: TRW Dedicates a Facility for Shuttle Class Payloads". Sentinel (monthly newspaper for employees). Vol. XXXI, no. 4. June 1988. ...that structure happens to be Building R7A. ... The $6 million facility will serve as terrestrial headquarters for the 17-ton GRO satellite until its launch via the shuttle in 1990. Dedicated April 12, the building will be the site for assembly, test and integration of space shuttle-class payloads. ... Ground breaking began in July 1987 and construction was completed April 4 of this year.
81. Tim Keenan (March 1, 1995). "Aerospace comes down to earth". WardsAuto . Retrieved 1 November 2023. It opened the Center for Automotive Technology at its space and defense operations four years ago in Redondo Beach, CA. ... Since its inception in 1990, TRW's CAT has managed more than 100 projects for the parent company's automotive units. Included are air-bag inflators, automotive radar and electronic crash sensors.
82. Evans, Ben (June 4, 2020). "Remembering the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory 20 Years after its death". Astronomy . Kalmbach Media . Retrieved 15 March 2024. Built by TRW Inc., which was later acquired by Northrop Grumman in 2002 ... Launched aboard the space shuttle Atlantis on April 5, 1991...
83. "Vice President Al Gore waves to a crowd of TRW employees in Redondo Beach, California, Tuesday, June 22, 1993 during a tour of TRW's defense conversion plant". Alamy . Retrieved 8 March 2024.
84. Bishop, Bob (July 2, 2014). "20 Years Since Launch, Northrop Grumman-Built Milstar Payload Continues to Provide Protected Military Satellite Communications" (Press release). Redondo Beach, California: Northrop Grumman. Retrieved 22 October 2023. The first Milstar protected communications satellite, launched 20 years ago, Feb. 7, 1994, gave U.S. national and defense leaders a new capability: assured communications day or night, without detection or interception under any level of military conflict. ... The LDR payload is the operational heart of Milstar Flight 1, featuring autonomous processing, routing and network management capabilities.
85. "FormoSat-1 (Republic of China Satellite-1)". European Space Agency. May 31, 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2023. The ROCSat-1 spacecraft was developed/built by TRW (Space & Electronics Group) of Redondo Beach, CA, as a cooperative development project between TRW and NSPO, offering training capabilities and participation for NSPO engineers in S/C design, testing, and operation/control. The joint development effort started in June 1994. In May 1997, the S/C was returned to NSPO for integration and testing.
86. "TRW". Los Angeles Business Journal . July 6, 1997. Retrieved 28 October 2023. An increasing demand for satellites and space-related products has triggered a hiring surge at TRW Inc., which has added 2,900 workers at its Redondo Beach facility since 1994 and aims to hire another 1,200 by year's end. ... In May, TRW delivered the Republic of China's first spacecraft, a lightweight satellite built to accommodate space experiments in physics, oceanography and communications.
87. Drachlis, Dave (January 12, 1999). "Media Invited to View NASA's Newest Observatory" (Press release). Huntsville, Alabama: Marshall Space Flight Center. Retrieved 23 October 2023. NASA's newest space telescope, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, will be unveiled at a special ceremony Thursday, Jan. 14, at TRW Space and Electronics Group in Redondo Beach, Calif. The event will be held at TRW's Space Park Facility from 9 - 11 a.m. PST. It will be the only opportunity for media representatives to see and photograph the recently completed observatory before it is covered for shipment to the Kennedy Space Center, Fla., for launch aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia this spring. ... The Chandra X-ray Observatory, formerly called the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility, is the world's most powerful X-ray telescope.
88. Lineback, J. (December 7, 1999). "TRW claims 69-GHz frequency divider breaks IC speed record". EE Times . Retrieved 1 November 2023. REDONDO BEACH, Calif. – TRW Inc.'s Space & Electronics Group here today said it has created and demonstrated the world's fastest digital IC-a frequency divider that operates at 69 GHz, or 69 billion cycles per second. ... These new systems will carry far greater volumes of Internet traffic than today's systems.
89. Steitz, David (April 22, 2002). "Aqua Press Kit" (PDF) (Press release). Washington, DC: NASA . Retrieved 22 December 2023. The CERES instrument was built by TRW Space & Electronics Group in Redondo Beach, Calif. ... The spacecraft was designed and built by TRW in Redondo Beach, Calif. Aqua is based on TRW's modular, standardized AB1200 common spacecraft bus.
90. Warren E. Leary (September 11, 2002). "Next-Generation Space Telescope Chosen to Peer Into Past". The New York Times . Retrieved 22 October 2023. NASA chose a successor to the Hubble Space Telescope today, announcing that it would launch a next-generation space observatory in 2010 that would study light produced in the earliest days of the universe. The space agency selected TRW Inc., of Redondo Beach, Calif., to lead a team that will build the observatory, which will be called the James Webb Space Telescope in honor of a pioneering NASA administrator. The TRW design won out over a proposal by a group led by Lockheed Martin Space Systems.
91. "Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus Form 424B3". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. November 4, 2002. Retrieved 15 October 2023. Accompanying this letter are proxy materials concerning Northrop Grumman's proposed acquisition of TRW Inc. ... The board of directors of TRW Inc. (with one director absent) has unanimously agreed to merge with Northrop Grumman Corporation.
92. Bob Crowe (January 2004). "Technical Presentation Center Wins Praise as a Fine, Fine Vintage" (PDF). TRA's No Name Gazette. Vol. XVI, no. 1. The Retirees Association. p. 1. Retrieved 17 December 2023. Now, on 25 November 2003, hundreds of Northrop Grumman employees and invited guests from the local community and media turned out to "tap the vat" for the grand opening of the modernistic center. Joining Space Technology President Wes Bush for the long awaited dedication were Northrop Grumman Chairman, CEO and President Ron Sugar and the Honorable Jane Harman, Member US House of Representatives, 36th District, plus Kent Kresa, NG Chairman Emeritus, and Gregory C. Hill, Mayor of the City of Redondo Beach.
93. Koris, Sally (February 24, 2004). "Photo Release -- Development of Northrop Grumman-Built Aura Satellite Marked in Commemoration Ceremonies at Space Park" (Press release). Redondo Beach, California: Northrop Grumman. Retrieved 22 December 2023. It will help us understand why the atmosphere is unique and how it has supported diversified life ... As part of NASA's EOS program, Aura will take the most comprehensive measurements of atmospheric gases ever taken, including ozone. Aura will be the first satellite with the capability to gauge the concentration and movement of gases in the troposphere, the region of the Earth's atmosphere--some seven to 10 miles above its surface--that most affects daily human life. ... We expect great science from Aura and we're looking forward to its launch this summer.
94. Chan, Bryan (February 22, 2005). "Governor Schwarzenegger Tours Northrup Grumman Plant". Getty Images . Retrieved 19 November 2023. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger examines a Defense Support Program satellite with U.S. House Appropriations Chair Jerry Lewis at the Northrop Grumman plant February 22, 2005 in Redondo Beach, California.
95. Jim Ruymen (February 22, 2005). "Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger Speaks At Northrop Grumman Facility". United Press International . Retrieved 19 November 2023. California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger shakes hands following his comments to Northrop Grumman Corporation employees at the Space Technology Center in Redondo Beach, California February 22, 2005.
96. Muhammed El-Hasan (March 18, 2009). "Northrop Grumman's new weapon". Daily Breeze . Retrieved 1 November 2023. Engineers at Northrop Grumman Corp.'s Redondo Beach facility produced the strongest laser powered by an electric current, the company said Wednesday. Known as a solid-state laser, the device produced a light beam measured at more than 105 kilowatts. ... The government program that funded Northrop's achievement is known as the Joint High Power Solid State Laser, or JHPSSL.
97. "AIAA Annual Report 2011–2012" (PDF). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2023. The Ramo-Woodridge Corporation, at Space Park, in Redondo Beach, California, created more than 100 of the world's most technically challenging satellites, rocket engines, and astronomical observatories.
98. "NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Arrives at Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems in California". YouTube . James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). February 5, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2023. The optical telescope and integrated science instrument module (OTIS) of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope arrived at Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems in Redondo Beach, California, on Friday, Feb. 2.
99. "Social Media Short: The James Webb Space Telescope Passes Final Thermal Vacuum Test". YouTube . James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). July 11, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2023. After successfully clearing its final thermal vacuum test, which was designed to ensure Webb will function electronically in the vacuum of space, engineers meticulously sealed it in a special tent for transport between facilities within Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach, California (Note: Although the security shack outside the building is labeled M3 Gate, the number 28 atop the door from which the JWST is removed indicates bldg. M4 south of M3.).
100. "Social Media Shorts: The James Webb Space Telescope Completes its Final Environmental Tests". YouTube . James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). October 6, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2023. The fully assembled James Webb Space Telescope has completed its environmental tests at Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach, CA. The environmental tests are a combination of acoustic and sine vibration tests. These tests simulate the conditions the telescope will encounter during launch. ... Next up for Webb, engineers will conduct the final sunshield deployment tests.
101. Menzel, Michael (8 October 2020). "The James Webb Space Telescope Moved Into Airlock for Transport To Test Facility B-roll". NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 18 October 2023. B-Roll footage of engineers moving the James Webb Space Telescope from the M8 cleanroom to the M8 airlock area before moving the telescope to the testing area at Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach, CA.
102. Clark, Stephen (30 September 2021). "After two decades, the Webb telescope is finished and on the way to its launch site". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2023. Eric Smith, NASA's program scientist for the Webb telescope, confirmed Wednesday the observatory has departed the United States after completing final testing at a Northrop Grumman facility in Redondo Beach, California.
103. Bonderud, Doug (June 29, 2022). "NASA's James Webb Telescope: First Images and Initial Operations". Northrop Grumman Corporation. Retrieved 9 December 2023. December 25th, 2021, marked a scientific milestone with the successful launch of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (Webb). On January 24th, 2022, it arrived at its orbital home: Lagrange point 2, better known as L2. ... February to April: The Webb Telescope's First Images.
104. Robert Lindsey (May 22, 1977). "To Be Young, Rich and a Spy". The New York Times . Retrieved 24 December 2023. On July 29, 1974, Chris Boyce went to work for TRW in a very special job. ... When Boyce went to work at TRW, he was nominally hired as a communications clerk in Department l986 in Building M-4 of the TRW plant complex that sprawls over much of suburban Redondo Beach near here. ... He left TRW last Dec. 17, but there was to be one more delivery.
105. "Testimony of Christopher J. Boyce, Convicted Spy" (PDF). Polygraph. Vol. 14, no. 2. American Polygraph Association. June 1985. pp. 129–130. Retrieved 24 December 2023. Suffice it to say that from March 1975 through December 1976, I removed or photographed a sizeable number of classified documents from the highly secret "black vault" of TRW, a CIA contractor in Redondo Beach, California and sent them on with Daulton to the KGB in Mexico City. I was able to obtain those documents through my position as a specially cleared TRW employee, working in the black vault, located in building M4. ... After dropping out of college, I went to work at TRW in July 1974. ... I started at TRW as a general clerk making approximately $140 per week.
106. "Biography". The Official Website of Dr. Chuck Missler. Retrieved 12 November 2023. In 1960 Chuck made the transition from the military to the private sector when he became a systems engineer with TRW Inc, a large aerospace firm. ... After his time at Ramo-Wooldridge Chuck went on to serve as a senior analyst with a non-profit think tank, STL, where he conducted projects for the intelligence community and the Department of Defense.
107. "About the founders, Chuck and Nancy Missler". Koinonia House. Retrieved 12 November 2023. Chuck made the transition from the military to the private sector when he became a systems engineer with TRW, a large aerospace firm. He then went on to serve as a senior analyst with a non-profit think tank where he conducted projects for the intelligence community and the Department of Defense.
108. "Daniel S. Goldin". New Mexico Museum of Space History . Retrieved 18 November 2023. From 1967 to 1992, Goldin served as Vice President and General Manager of the TRW Space & Technology Group in Redondo Beach, California.
109. "Ed Gibson: From Skylab to Space Station". Sentinel (monthly newspaper for employees). Vol. XXVIII, no. 4. May 1985. In 1973, TRW's Ed Gibson lived aboard Skylab for 84 days, still the American record for time spent in space. Gibson, who joined TRW in 1980, is project manager of TRW's space station studies on free-flying platforms and the service, repair and maintenance of spacecraft.
110. "Ed Gibson: Experience". LinkedIn . Retrieved 17 February 2024. TRW, Inc; Jul 1980 - Aug 1987; Redondo Beach, California ... He won and led a support contract to NASA's GSFC for definition of Earth-observation satellites and servicing facilities on Space Station Freedom.
111. "Astronaut Garrett Reisman Comes to CCM". County College of Morris. March 24, 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2023. Reisman, who flew aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor last March, spoke about his mission and the importance of facilities such as the CCM Planetarium to America's science education. During his three months in space on the International Space Station, Reisman performed a seven-hour spacewalk and executed numerous tasks with the Space Station robotic arm and the new robotic manipulator, Dextre. ... From 1996 to 1998, Reisman was employed by TRW as a spacecraft guidance navigation and control engineer in the Space and Technology Division. While at TRW, he designed the thruster-based attitude control system for the NASA Aqua Spacecraft.
112. Nick Dunehew (December 6, 2019). "Henry Nicholas III Biography". Brooksy Society. Retrieved 18 November 2023. After graduating from UCLA, Nicholas got a job as an engineer at TRW in Redondo Beach.
113. "Henry Samueli, PhD". Samueli Foundation. Retrieved 18 November 2023. From 1980 to 1985 he was employed in various engineering and management positions in the Electronics and Technology Division of TRW, Inc., a military communications defense contractor now part of Northrop-Grumman.
114. J. A. N. Lee (1995). "James L. Buie - Computer Pioneers". IEEE Computer Society. IEEE . Retrieved 5 November 2023. Professional Experience: Ramo-Woolridge Corp. (later to become TRW, Inc.), 1954-1983. ... While working for TRW, Inc., Los Angeles, in the early 1960s, Buie developed and patented TTL circuitry, which became the dominant IC technology in the 1970s and early 1980s. ... In 1963 he helped establish the company's Microelectronics Center, and in 1977 the LSI Products Division.
115. Mark Junge (December 28, 1988). "Interview With Dr. Jerry Buss, Owner of The Los Angeles Lakers and L.A. Forum". The Wyoming State Archives. State of Wyoming. Retrieved 15 October 2023. I came back to Los Angeles because I missed it, I love Los Angeles. Went to work at Douglas Aircraft worked there for two years in their space division. Went from there to Thomas, Ramo, Woolridge (TRW) and worked 2-1/2 years until July of 62 at which time I quit and devoted myself full time to real estate.
116. "General James Harold Doolittle". United States Air Force. Defense Media Activity. Retrieved 29 November 2023. In September 1922 he made the first of many pioneering flights which earned him most of the major air trophies and international fame. He flew a DH-4, equipped with crude navigational instruments, in the first cross-country flight, from Pablo Beach, Fla., to San Diego, Calif., in 21 hours and 19 minutes. ... He helped develop the now almost universally used artificial horizontal and directional gyroscopes and made the first flight completely by instruments. ... He volunteered and received Gen. H.H. Arnold's approval to lead the attack of 16 B-25 medium bombers from the aircraft carrier Hornet, with targets in Tokyo, Kobe, Osaka, and Nagoya. The daring one-way mission April 18, 1942 electrified the world and gave America's war hopes a terrific lift. ... He retired from Air Force duty Feb. 28, 1959 but continued to serve his country as chairman of the board of Space Technology Laboratories.
117. James F. Peltz (February 21, 1994). "How TRW Came Down to Earth : Conglomerate: Satellites and credit reports are this little-understood firm's best-known products. But it is auto parts--especially air bags--that sustain it. Indeed, some analysts say the company should dump high-tech". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 October 2023. At 56, [TRW Chairman Joseph T.] Gorman is in his sixth year of what has been a down-and-up ride as chairman and chief executive. He assumed the job from the legendary Ruben F. Mettler, a Caltech-trained engineer for whom a street is named in Redondo Beach. Mettler retired in 1988 after 11 years as TRW's chief executive, leaving behind a firm with a unique blend of technological sophistication and financial savvy.
118. Nick Green (June 28, 2016). "Simon Ramo, 1913-2016: Aerospace pioneer and ICBM chief architect was the 'R' in TRW". Daily Breeze . Retrieved 4 November 2023. A private road on the company's campus in 2007 was renamed Simon Ramo Drive.
119. Belfiore, Michael (September 1, 2009). "Behind the Scenes With the World's Most Ambitious Rocket Makers". Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 25 October 2023. In late 2001, Tom Mueller was sacrificing his nights and weekends to build a liquid-fuel rocket engine in his garage. Mueller, a propulsion engineer at Redondo Beach, Calif.–based aerospace firm TRW, felt like an "unwanted necessity" at his day job. ... "Tom had an awesome track record of engine development at TRW," Musk says. "I also really liked the fact that he built and tested rocket hardware with his own hands."
120. Sam Gnerre (March 9, 2011). "Simon Ramo and TRW". Daily Breeze . Retrieved 12 November 2023. Dean Wooldridge retired from the company in January 1962 in order to become a professor at Caltech.
121. Madeline Sherman (December 1980). "A Star Visits the Stargazers". Sentinel (monthly newspaper for employees). Vol. XXIII, no. 11. Elaine Joyce, star of motion pictures, TV and the Broadway stage, will play the part of an electronics engineer in a segment of the TV series Hart to Hart. The program is scheduled to air sometime in December. ... For her Hart to Hart role, she needed to find a woman engineer. ... Her call put her in contact with Carol Schamp of TRW's Applied Technology Division. ... She has an MSEE degree and was the first woman to receive an advanced degree in any engineering field from California State University, Los Angeles.
122. "Hart to Hart: 'Tis the Season to Be Murdered". IMDb . Retrieved 9 February 2024. Episode aired Dec 16, 1980. ... Top cast ... Elaine Joyce: Roberta 'Bob' Haywood.

Further reading

T-shirt design given to NGC employees in September 2021.

• Space Data
  • Kendrick, J., ed. (1962). Space Data (1st ed.). Redondo Beach, California: TRW Space Technology Laboratories.
  • Kendrick, J., ed. (1965). Space Data (2nd ed.). Redondo Beach, California: TRW Systems. ASIN   B001J3UVDS.
  • Kendrick, J., ed. (1967). Space Data (3rd ed.). Redondo Beach, California: TRW Systems Group. ASIN   B004LX3QTO.
  • Barter, Neville, ed. (1992). TRW Space Data (4th ed.). Redondo Beach, California: TRW Space & Technology Group. ASIN   B004BK35MA.
  • Barter, Neville, ed. (1999). TRW Space Data (5th ed.). Redondo Beach, California: TRW Space & Electronics Group. ASIN   B000VD6H08.
  • Barter, Neville, ed. (2003). Space Data (5th ed.). Redondo Beach, California: Northrop Grumman Space Technology. ASIN   B001VGUA48.

• Lano, R. (November 1977). The N² Chart. TRW Software Series (TRW-SS-77-04). Redondo Beach, California: TRW Defense and Space Systems Group, Systems Engineering and Integration Division.

• Falconer, Barbie; Marter, Michael; Pickard, Robert, eds. (1986). On the Eating Edge: The Sentinel's collection of supreme cuisine from the employees of the Electronics and Defense Sector. Redondo Beach, California: TRW Sentinel. ASIN   B008PAL84O.

• Ramo, Simon (1988). The Business of Science: Winning and Losing in the High-Tech Age. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN   978-0809032556.

• Kennedy, W.; Kovacic, S.; Rea, E. (July 1992). "Solid Rocket History at TRW Ballistic Missiles Division". 28th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Vol. AIAA-92-3614. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

• Dyer, Davis (July 23, 1998). TRW: Pioneering Technology and Innovation since 1900. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Review Press. ISBN   978-0875846064.

• Brodsky, Robert (October 4, 2006). On the Cutting Edge: Tales of a Cold War Engineer at the Dawn of the Nuclear, Guided Missile, Computer, and Space Ages. Los Angeles, California: Gordian Knot Books. ISBN   978-1884092626.

• Jacobson, Timothy (June 27, 2016). TRW 1901–2001: A Tradition of Innovation. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. ISBN   978-1532600364.

External links

• AC Martin's Portfolio for TRW System's, Inc. Research, Development & Manufacturing Complex (California based architecture, planning, interior architecture and research firm)
• Aramark's cafeteria for Northrop Grumman at Space Park in Redondo Beach (This lower-level section of bldg. S is open for authorized visitors during breakfast and lunch hours.)
• K-12 School Tours of Space Park led by Northrop Grumman
• The Retirees Association: Connecting Retirees from TRW and Northrop Grumman (This organization maintains an archive of employee newsletters referenced in this article.)