Tetrigidae

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Tetrigidae
Tetrix.spec.2159.jpg
Tetrix species
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Suborder: Caelifera
Superfamily: Tetrigoidea
Family: Tetrigidae
Rambur, 1838
Subfamilies

Tetrigidae [1] is an ancient family in the order Orthoptera, [2] which also includes similar families such as crickets, grasshoppers, and their allies. Species within the Tetrigidae are variously called groundhoppers, [3] pygmy grasshoppers, [4] pygmy devils [5] or (mostly historical) "grouse locusts". [6]

Contents

Diagnostic characteristics

A typical Tetrigid species that commonly inhabits arid banks of water bodies in Southern Africa. Lateral aspect, showing how the pronotum covers the hind-wings. The vestigial tegmen is visible just above the anterior coxa. Tetrigidae Lateral aspect 2012 01 28 1429.JPG
A typical Tetrigid species that commonly inhabits arid banks of water bodies in Southern Africa. Lateral aspect, showing how the pronotum covers the hind-wings. The vestigial tegmen is visible just above the anterior coxa.
Tetrigidae Dorsal aspect. The same specimen from above. In both pictures note the unusually heavy structure of the posterior femur, and the correspondingly massive pulley-like femoro-tibial joint, similar to the anatomy of the Tridactylidae. Tetrigidae Dorsal aspect 2012 01 28 1427.jpg
Tetrigidae Dorsal aspect. The same specimen from above. In both pictures note the unusually heavy structure of the posterior femur, and the correspondingly massive pulley-like femoro-tibial joint, similar to the anatomy of the Tridactylidae.

Tetrigidae are typically less than 20 mm in length and are recognizable by a long pronotum. This pronotum extends over the length of the abdomen, sometimes to the tip of the wings, and ends in a point. [4] In other Orthoptera, the pronotum is short and covers neither the abdomen nor the wings. Tetrigidae are generally cryptic in coloration. [7] Some species have enlarged pronota that mimic leaves, stones or twigs. [8] [9] Other characteristics pygmy grasshoppers exhibit in comparison to other Orthoptera families are the lack of an arolium between the claws, the first thoracic sternite being modified into collar-like structure called sternomentum, a tarsal formula of 2-2-3, scaly fore -wings, and developed hindwings. [10]

General biology

In temperate regions, Tetrigidae are generally found along streams and ponds, where they feed on algae and diatoms. [11] The North American species Paratettix aztecus and Paratettix mexicanus, for example, depend on aquatic primary production for between 80% and 100% of their diet. [12] Riparian species are capable of swimming on the surface of the water, and readily leap into the water when alarmed [9] Some species in the tribe Scelimenini are fully aquatic and capable of swimming underwater. [10] [11]

The highest biodiversity of Tetrigidae is found in tropical forests. [10] Some tropical species are arboreal and live among mosses and lichens in tree buttresses or in the canopy, [11] while others live on the forest floor. [7]

Like other Orthoptera, Tetrigidae have a hemimetabolous development, in which eggs hatch into nymphs. Unlike other temperate Orthoptera, however, temperate Tetrigidae generally overwinter as adults. [4]

Some subfamilies within the Tetrigidae, such as the Batrachideinae, are sometimes elevated to family rank besides the Tetrigidae.

Arulenus miae is a pygmy grasshopper species from the tropical mountainous rainforests of the Philippines. The species was firstly discovered in Facebook post. [5]

Paratettix aztecus eating algae TetrigidAlgaeS.jpg
Paratettix aztecus eating algae

Etymology

Origin of the name of the family is not completely clear as there are different sources on its etymology. The name may be derived from Latin tetricus or taetricus, meaning harsh, sour, severe. [13] The name may also originate from the earlier name 'Tettigidae', based on Tettix (synonym of Tetrix), which was preoccupied by Tettigidae (synonym of Cicadidae). [14] Because of the preoccupation by the cicadas' family name, the second 't' in 'tt' was changed into 'r', resulting in the word Tetrigidae.

Subfamilies and Genera

Approximately 2,000 species have been described; according to the Orthoptera Species File [15] the following genera are included:

Subfamily Batrachideinae

Saussurella cornuta Pygmy grasshopper at a future construction site in BSD (W-Java) (5103566083).jpg
Saussurella cornuta

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Subfamily Cladonotinae

Potua morbillosa (Borneo) Grouse Locust (Potua sp.) (23289516379).jpg
Potua morbillosa (Borneo)

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Tribe Cladonotini Bolívar, 1887 [16]

Tribe Choriphyllini Cadena-Castañeda & Silva, 2019 [17]

  1. Choriphyllum Serville, 1838
  2. Phyllotettix Hancock, 1902

Tribe Valalyllini Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022 [18]

  1. Lepocranus Devriese, 1991
  2. Valalyllum Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022

Tribe Xerophyllini Günther, 1979 SE Asia - selected genera:

Tribe Unassigned

Subfamily Lophotettiginae

Auth.: Hancock, 1909

Subfamily Metrodorinae

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Holocerus taurus (with red mites, Madagascar) Green Grouse locust (Holocerus taurus) with red mites, Vohimana reserve, Madagascar (12092757745).jpg
Holocerus taurus (with red mites, Madagascar)

Tribe Amorphopini Günther, 1939

Tribe Cleostratini Hancock, 1907

Rostella phyllocera (Borneo) Grouse Locust (Rostella phyllocera processus) (23449164835).jpg
Rostella phyllocera (Borneo)

Tribe Clinophaestini Storozhenko, 2013

Tribe Miriatrini Cadena-Castañeda & Cardona, 2015 (monotypic)

Tribe Ophiotettigini Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2017

Tribe Unassigned

Subfamily Scelimeninae

Discotettix belzebuth (Scelimeninae) Spiky Grouse Locust (Discotettix belzebuth) (6747966773).jpg
Discotettix belzebuth (Scelimeninae)

Auth.: Hancock, 1907 Tribe Scelimenini Hancock, 1907; selected genera:

incertae sedis

Subfamily Tetriginae

Paratettix sp. Paratettix sp 6925.jpg
Paratettix sp.

Auth.: Serville, 1838

Tribe Dinotettigini Günther, 1979

Tribe Tetrigini Serville, 1838

Tribe unassigned:

Subfamily Tripetalocerinae

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887

Tripetalocera ferruginea Grouse Locusts (Tripetalocera ferruginea) mating (22524858843).jpg
Tripetalocera ferruginea

Tripetalocerinae was originally described by Bolívar in 1887 [19] to gather all the Tetrigidae genera of the old world with widened antennae (e.g. Arulenus, Discotettix, Hirrius, Ophiotettix, Tripetalocera). This subfamily today includes only two species in two genera - Tripetalocera (with one species) from India and Borneo and Tripetaloceroides (with one species) from Vietnam and PR China. Members of the subfamily are characteristic within Tetrigidae by massive antennae built up of only eight segments (other Tetrigidae have usually 11-16, Batrachideinae 18-22). [20] Until recently, [20] the subfamily included two tribes - Tripetalocerini and Clinophaestini (including Clinophaestus and Birmana ), but the later was moved to the subfamily Metrodorinae due to similarity to Ophiotettigini. [21]

Subfamily unassigned

Criotettigini

Auth. Kevan, 1966

Thoradontini

Auth. Kevan, 1966

Subfamily and tribe unassigned

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acridinae</span> Subfamily of grasshoppers

The grasshopper subfamily Acridinae, sometimes called silent slant-faced grasshoppers, belong of the large family Acrididae in the Orthoptera: Caelifera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phaneropterinae</span> Subfamily of cricket-like animals

The Phaneropterinae, the sickle-bearing bush crickets or leaf katydids, are a subfamily of insects within the family Tettigoniidae. Nearly 2,060 species in 85 genera throughout the world are known. They are also known as false katydids or round-headed katydids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gomphocerinae</span> Subfamily of grasshoppers

Gomphocerinae, sometimes called "slant-faced grasshoppers", are a subfamily of grasshoppers found on every continent but Antarctica and Australia.

<i>Discotettix</i> Genus of Caelifera

Discotettix is a genus of groundhoppers found in Malesia, Brunei, Indonesia and the Philippines; they may be known as "spiky pygmy devils". After revision, it is the type genus of the tribe Discotettigini and now placed in the subfamily Scelimeninae.

<i>Scelimena</i> Genus of grasshoppers

Scelimena is a genus of ground hoppers in the family Tetrigidae, with records from India, Indo-China, Malesia and Papua New Guinea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conocephalinae</span> Subfamily of cricket-like animals

Conocephalinae, meaning "conical head", is an Orthopteran subfamily in the family Tettigoniidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oxyinae</span> Subfamily of grasshoppers

Oxyinae is subfamily of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. Species are distributed throughout Africa and Australasia.

Arulenus is a genus of pygmy grasshopper. As of 2016, it consists of two species:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romaleinae</span> Subfamily of grasshoppers

Romaleinae is a subfamily of lubber grasshoppers in the family Romaleidae, found in North and South America. More than 60 genera and 260 described species are placed in the Romaleinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Batrachideinae</span> Subfamily of grasshoppers

Batrachideinae is a subfamily of groundhoppers or pygmy grasshoppers. There are thought to be 20 genera in Batrachideinae, with genera found in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetriginae</span> Subfamily of grasshoppers

Tetriginae is a large subfamily of groundhoppers or pygmy grasshoppers. Members of Tetriginae occur on every continent except Antarctica.

<i>Tettigidea lateralis</i> Species of grasshopper

Tettigidea lateralis, known generally as black-sided pygmy grasshopper, is a species of pygmy grasshopper in the family Tetrigidae. Other common names include the black-sided grouse locust and sedge grouse locust. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, North America, and parts of Central America.

<i>Scaria</i> (grasshopper) Genus of grasshoppers

Scaria is a genus of groundhoppers or pygmy grasshoppers in the tribe Batrachideini from South America. There are about eight described species in Scaria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scelimeninae</span> Subfamily of Caelifera

Scelimeninae is a subfamily of Asian ground hoppers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cladonotinae</span> Subfamily of grasshoppers

Cladonotinae is a subfamily of groundhoppers containing more than 70 genera and 260 described species. These insects are found in tropical areas world-wide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metrodorinae</span> Subfamily of grasshoppers

Metrodorinae is a subfamily of groundhoppers or pygmy grasshoppers. There are at least 90 genera and more than 590 described species, found in South America, Africa and Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tripetalocerinae</span> Subfamily of pygmy grasshoppers

Tripetalocerinae is a subfamily of groundhoppers or pygmy grasshoppers. There are at least two genera and two described species, found in India, China, Indo-China and Malesia.

Coptotettix is an Asian genus of ground-hoppers in the subfamily Tetriginae.

Bolivaritettix is an Asian genus of ground-hoppers in the subfamily Metrodorinae and not assigned to any tribe.

References

  1. ↑ Rambur (1838) Faune entomologique de l'Andalousie 2:64
  2. ↑ Song, Hojun; Amédégnato, Christiane; Cigliano, Maria Marta; Desutter-Grandcolas, Laure; Heads, Sam W.; Huang, Yuan; Otte, Daniel; Whiting, Michael F. (2015-03-09). "300 million years of diversification: elucidating the patterns of orthopteran evolution based on comprehensive taxon and gene sampling". Cladistics. 31 (6): 621–651. doi: 10.1111/cla.12116 . hdl: 11336/10677 . ISSN   0748-3007. PMID   34753270. S2CID   53702892.
  3. ↑ Ragge DR (1965). Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles. F Warne & Co, London. p. 299.
  4. 1 2 3 Borror DJ, Tripplehorn CA, Johnson NF (1989) An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 6th edition. Harcourt Brace College Publishers. New York. pg 213
  5. 1 2 Skejo, Josip; Caballero, Joy Honezza S. (2016-01-21). "A hidden pygmy devil from the Philippines: Arulenus miae sp. nov. — a new species serendipitously discovered in an amateur Facebook post (Tetrigidae: Discotettiginae)". Zootaxa. 4067 (3): 393. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4067.3.7. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   27395882.
  6. ↑ Imms AD, rev. Richards OW & Davies RG (1970) A General Textbook of Entomology 9th Ed. Methuen 886 pp.
  7. 1 2 Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pg 211
  8. ↑ Skejo, Josip (2017). Taxonomic revision of the pygmy devils (Tetrigidae: Discotettiginae) with online social media as a new tool for discovering hidden diversity. Zagreb: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology. pp. 1–246.
  9. 1 2 Preston-Mafham K (1990) Grasshoppers and Mantids of the World. Facts of File, New York. pg 32
  10. 1 2 3 Muhammad, Amira Aqilah; Tan, Ming Kai; Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin; Azirun, Mohammad Sofian; Bhaskar, Dhaneesh; Skejo, Josip (2018-09-25). "An annotated catalogue of the pygmy grasshoppers of the tribe Scelimenini Bolívar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) with two new Scelimena species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra". Zootaxa. 4485 (1): 1–70. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4485.1.1. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   30313773. S2CID   52975589.
  11. 1 2 3 Resh VH, Cardé RT (2003) Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pg 839
  12. ↑ Bastow, J. L.; Sabo, J. L.; Finlay, J. C.; Power, M. E. (2002). "A basal aquatic-terrestrial trophic link in rivers: algal subsidies via shore-dwelling grasshoppers". Oecologia . 131 (2): 261–268. Bibcode:2002Oecol.131..261B. doi:10.1007/s00442-002-0879-7. PMID   28547694.
  13. ↑ "Family Tetrigidae - Pygmy Grasshoppers".
  14. ↑ Buckton, George Bowdler (1890). Monograph of the British Cicadae or Tettigidae. London: Macmillan & Co.
  15. ↑ Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0, retrieved 26 November 2018: checking incomplete)
  16. ↑ Bhaskar, Dhaneesh; Stermšek, Sara; Easa, P. S.; Franjević, Damjan; Skejo, Josip (2020-12-10). "Wide-nosed pygmy grasshoppers (Cladonotinae: Cladonotini, Xerophyllini) of India and Sri Lanka: catalogue with an identification key and description of a new species of the genus Tettilobus". Zootaxa. 4894 (3): 474–500. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4894.3.12. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   33311079. S2CID   229173782.
  17. ↑ Silva, Daniela Santos Martins; Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.; Pereira, Marcelo Ribeiro; De Domenico, Fernando Campos; Sperber, Carlos Frankl (2019-10-16). "Review of Lophotettix, the sole member of the subfamily Lophotettiginae Hancock, 1909 (Insecta: Orthoptera: Caelifera: Tetrigidae)". Zootaxa. 4686 (3): 346–360. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4686.3.2. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   31719477. S2CID   207937067.
  18. ↑ Deranja, Maks; Kasalo, Niko; Adžić, Karmela; Franjević, Damjan; Skejo, Josip (2022-07-01). "Lepocranus and Valalyllum gen. nov. (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae, Cladonotinae), endangered Malagasy dead-leaf-like grasshoppers". ZooKeys (1109): 1–15. Bibcode:2022ZooK.1109....1D. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1109.85565 . ISSN   1313-2970. PMC   9848646 . PMID   36762343.
  19. ↑ Bolívar & Urrutia, Ignacio (1887). Essai sur les acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Imprimerie C. Annoot-Braeckman. OCLC   42198873.
  20. 1 2 Storozhenko, Sergey Yu. (2013-10-03). "Review of the subfamily Tripetalocerinae Bolívar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)". Zootaxa. 3718 (2): 158–170. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3718.2.4. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   26258216.
  21. ↑ Tumbrinck, Josef; Skejo, Josip (2017). "Taxonomic and biogeographic revision of the New Guinean genus Ophiotettix Walker, 1871 (Tetrigidae: Metrodorinae: Ophiotettigini trib. nov.), with the descriptions of 33 new species" (PDF). Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Riga: Entomological Society of Latvia. pp. 525–580, figures 104–124.
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