The Causeway is an arterial traffic crossing in Perth, Western Australia, linking the inner-city suburbs of East Perth and Victoria Park. It is carried over the Swan River at the eastern end of Perth Water by two bridges on either side of Heirisson Island. The current Causeway is the third structure to have been built across the river at this point.
Originally the site of mudflats which restricted river navigation, the Colony Government constructed a causeway and bridge across the site. The project was first planned in 1834 and opened in 1843. When floods in 1862 almost destroyed it, the structure was rebuilt using convict labour, and raised to better withstand future floods. GovernorJohn Hampton officially opened the new Causeway on 12 November 1867. Over the following decades, the three bridges making up this second Causeway were widened several times, and they were eventually replaced in 1952.
The current Causeway bridges were designed by EWC Godfrey, and built between 1947 and 1952. They were the first in Western Australia to use steel composite construction. Large roundabouts were also constructed at each end of the structure, to improve the flow of traffic. The opening of the Graham Farmer Freeway in 2000 reduced the traffic volume on the Causeway, allowing the two central lanes to be turned into bus lanes. By the early 2000s, the concrete structures had suffered significant damage. Cracks were repaired using carbon fibre reinforcement and localised patching, extending the bridge's life by decades. The Causeway bridges have been recognised for their heritage value by their entry on the Western Australian Register of Heritage Places.
History
Following the settlement of the Swan River Colony in 1829, the Swan River was the main transportation link between Perth and the port of Fremantle.[1] Land transportation was difficult as the only river crossing near Perth, a ford at the eastern end of the town, was often impassable for wagons and carts. The next crossing point was 20 miles (32km) upstream at Guildford, a major detour.[2] The only alternative to these river crossings were ferries, which operated from North Fremantle,[3]Preston Point,[4][5] and The Narrows.[2]
First Causeway
Soon after the colony was founded, settlers lobbied for the construction of a road across the mudflats in the Swan River at the eastern end of the town. A preliminary survey of the site was conducted in 1834 by the Commissioner for Roads and Bridges, George Fletcher Moore,[6] together with Surveyor GeneralJohn Septimus Roe.[7] A public meeting on 17 February 1837 passed a resolution urging the colony's government to construct the road at the site, and Roe showed the public plans for the proposed causeway.[8] A year later, in January 1838, the Perth Gazette noted that preliminary work had been carried out towards building the causeway,[9] which is thought to have been the upgrading of Adelaide Terrace from the "bush track" it was previously.[8]
Stereoscopic photograph of the original Perth Bridge taken c.1862
A committee was set up in October 1838 to investigate the viability of a causeway at the site.[8][10] On 16 February 1839 plans which had been prepared by Roe were submitted by the committee's chairman to Henry Trigg, the Superintendent of Public Works. Trigg called for other plans and prepared estimates.[8] At a meeting of the committee on 27 February 1839, Trigg submitted a plan designed by Major Frederick Irwin, which was estimated to cost £2,300.[6][8] The committee cut the estimated figure to £1,800, and waited for Governor Hutt to specify how much could be funded by the government.[11]
This original "causeway" consisted of a central bridge (for river navigation), with a raised rampart on either side. The first pile of the central bridge was driven home on 2 November 1840. The bridge was completed in 1841, costing £449.10s, although the approaches to the bridge took longer to complete.[11] The causeway was sufficiently completed in January 1842 to be used by horsemen, and the causeway was finally finished in May 1843 at a total cost of £1,814.10s.[6][11] It was officially opened on 24 May 1843 by J. W. Hardey, the chairman of the Road Trust, in the presence of only one other person, one of his friends.[11]
The causeway was originally a toll road, and costs for crossing ranged from one penny (1d) for a person on foot to 6d for a horse-drawn cart.[6][11][12] The tolls were subject to an additional levy of 50 per cent during the night hours.[11][12] The tolls were later removed, and it appears to have been Perth's only toll road.[6]
Second Causeway
The second Causeway with a tram, viewed from the Perth side.
In June 1862 major flooding was experienced in many towns in the region, resulting in losses over £30,000.[13] In Perth, Mounts Bay Road was completely submerged, and the original causeway was almost destroyed after being under seven or eight feet (2.1 to 2.4m) of water. However, GovernorJohn Hampton ordered that the causeway should be reconstructed and raised several feet.[6][13] The new Causeway was designed by Richard Roach Jewell and built by convicts.[14]:5
The opening of the newly refurbished Causeway was a more pompous affair than that of the first Causeway.[6] The second causeway was to be opened by the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Alfred; however the Royal Navy ship HMSGalatea failed to call in to Western Australia on its way to Sydney. As a result, the Governor proceeded with the opening in the Duke's absence. On 12 November 1867 the Governor drove "through an avenue of flags and bunting" from Government House to the Causeway. There were military corps, a band and a great crowd present for the opening.[15] After speeches by dignitaries, the Governor declared the new Causeway open with the following words:[16]
I, John Stephen Hampton, Governor in and over the Colony of Western Australia, do hereby declare this Perth Bridge and Causeway open for traffic.
The proceedings were then disrupted when a man "raced across the newly-opened bridge before the Governor's procession"[6] on horseback after announcing the following to the astonished crowd:[16]
And I, John Stephen Maley, do hereby declare that I will be the first to cross this Perth Bridge and Causeway!
The parade, including the Governor's carriage, then proceeded over the new Causeway after Maley. The Governor's procession continued on steam boats upstream to Guildford where the Governor opened the new Guildford and Helena Bridges.[17]
This second Causeway was made up of three bridges with a combined length of 1,600 feet (490m).[18] Budget constraints encountered during construction meant that the bridges were structurally quite weak. A maximum of 4,480 pounds (2.03t) or six head of cattle was initially allowed across at a time.[6]
This Causeway was modified several times during its life. In 1899 it was widened by the addition of a footpath, while by 1904 it had been strengthened and widened by an average of 9feet 6inches (2.90m).[14]:5–6 In June 1905 the Causeway was placed under the control of the Minister for Works.[6] From 1932 to 1933 the Causeway bridges were widened a further 10 feet (3.0m) on their downstream side, which increased the total width to 37 feet (11m).[14]:6[19][20]
Plans to build a new bridge at The Narrows downstream from the Causeway in the aftermath of World War II were put on hold while a new Causeway could be constructed.[21] Vehicle traffic using the Causeway had almost doubled between 1930 and 1939.[18]
The Third Causeway Bridge under construction
The current Causeway was built between 1947 and 1952,[22] and designed by E. W. C. Godfrey.[14]:1 It is made up of two bridges, meeting at Heirisson Island. Considerable work was carried out to dredge the river to provide much wider navigation channels. The Heirisson Islands were turned into a single island and a substantial portion of land beside Trinity College was reclaimed.[18]
The bridges were the "first truly modern bridges" built in Perth after World War II, being the first bridges in Western Australia to use steel composite construction, and only the second (and third) in Australia.[22] The bridges have a combined length of 1,119 feet (341m), with both featuring a 62-foot-wide (19m) roadway allowing for six traffic lanes, and an 8-foot-wide (2.4m)footway on the western side. In order to achieve a sufficiently high clearance above the river channels at high tide, the bridges have graded approaches that increase the roadway elevation.[18]
The south-eastern bridge is the longer of the two, at 737 feet (225m) long. It is made up of 11 spans, each consisting of nine welded plate girders, with a 33-foot (10m) relieving span at each end. The north-western bridge is shorter, at only 382 feet (116m) in length, and has five spans, with a 35-foot (11m) relieving span at each end. The bridge decks are of reinforced concrete supported by the plate girders, which are in turn freely supported by the concrete piers.[18]
Concrete railing along eastern side of roadway
Supply problems in the aftermath of the War meant that the concrete piers were founded on jarrah timber piles, rather than concrete.[18] Additionally, a steel plate shortage forced the bridge's designers to avoid the use of steel to design the forms in the bridge's superstructure.[23] Also, the cement that was used on the bridges had to be procured from seven different sources, which led to variable durability of different parts of the bridges.[22]
The previous Causeway had carried electric trams, and it was expected that the new Causeway would also do so,[14]:7 or perhaps trolleybuses instead.[24] However, the proposed overhead wires were deemed too ugly for the new bridge, and between £30,000 and £40,000 could be saved by using buses instead.[14]:8 The tram routes using the Causeway were replaced with bus services[24] but, despite that, the bridges were designed to be able to carry trams.[14]:8
The south-eastern bridge was the first to be completed, and was opened on 19 September 1952, with traffic continuing to use the other two bridges of the previous Causeway. Work then continued on the north-western bridge with further reclamation of land.[14]:9
Roundabouts were constructed at each end of The Causeway, to improve the flow of traffic on the bridges and the distribution of traffic back into the road network.[25] The eastern roundabout opened in 1952, while the western one did not open until December 1954.[26] Guides on the usage of the roundabouts were published in newspapers.[26] In 1973, construction began on a grade-separatedpartial cloverleaf interchange at the eastern end of the Causeway. The $1.3 million interchange opened on 8 March 1974.[27]
By 1954, traffic entering the city by the Causeway had doubled, leading to renewed calls for a new bridge further west at The Narrows. That bridge was eventually built as the Narrows Bridge,[21] which opened in 1959. The Narrows and the Causeway continued to be the only road crossings of the Swan River between Fremantle and Maylands until the Windan Bridge of the Graham Farmer Freeway opened in 2000. The opening of the latter eastern bypass coincided with the conversion of the Causeway's two centre lanes to bus lanes.[28] It also reduced traffic levels on the Causeway from 107000 cars per day to 70000 within six months.[29] The western roundabout, the state's worst black spot since 1989,[30][31] was also remodelled in 2000 into a traffic light-controlled raindrop roundabout, in conjunction with the other works on the Causeway.[31]
The variable-quality of the cement which had been used in the construction of the Causeway bridges meant that, by the early 2000s, they had suffered significant damage. A repair contract was awarded to Kulin Group in 2004. Localised patching of cracks in the piers was undertaken. At the ends of the piers, the cracking was more substantial and had to be tied back with carbon fibre reinforcement. Repairs were then treated with a moisture-resistant coating, and were expected to lengthen the life of the bridges by decades.[22]
In March 2023, construction on the Causeway Pedestrian and Cyclist Bridges90 metres (300ft) downstream began, to allow pedestrians and cyclists to bypass the narrow footpath along the Causeway.[33][34]
Southeastern section of the Causeway viewed from Burswood Park
Route description
The Causeway heading towards East PerthHeirisson Island viewed from a drone with The Causeway in the background
Northwestern terminus at traffic light controlled teardrop roundabout; continues as Adelaide Terrace. Traffic exiting Hay Street can only enter The Causeway southbound, Riverside Drive can only be accessed from The Causeway northbound.
Southeastern terminus at partially grade separated favouring Canning and Great Eastern Highways with no access into Albany Highway.
Continues as Shepperton Road southeast (State Route30) Causeway to Canning Highway southbound is looped. Canning Highway northeast bound to Shepperton Road is at-grade.
The Swan River is a major river in the southwest of Western Australia. The river runs through the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia's capital and largest city.
Heirisson Island is an island in the Swan River in Western Australia at the eastern end of Perth Water, between the suburbs of East Perth and Victoria Park. It occupies an area of 285,600 square metres, and is connected to the two foreshores by The Causeway and the under-construction Causeway Pedestrian and Cyclist Bridges. The next upstream island is Kuljak Island, then Ron Courtney Island, with no islands in the Swan River downstream between Heirisson Island and the Indian Ocean other than the artificial islet in Elizabeth Quay.
Albany Highway links Western Australia's capital city Perth with its oldest settlement, Albany, on the state's south coast. The 405-kilometre-long (252 mi) highway travels through the southern Wheatbelt and Great Southern regions, and is designated State Route 30 for most of its length. Outside of Perth the highway is predominately a sealed, single carriageway with regular overtaking lanes in some undulating areas. Albany Highway commences at The Causeway, a river crossing that connects to Perth's central business district. The highway heads south-east through Perth's metropolitan region, bypassed in part by Shepperton Road and Kenwick Link, and continues south-eastwards through to Albany. It intersects several major roads in Perth, including the Leach, Tonkin, Brookton, and South Western highways. The rural section of Albany Highway connects to important regional roads at the few towns and roadhouses along the route, including Coalfields Highway at Arthur River, Great Southern Highway at Cranbrook, and Muirs Highway at Mount Barker.
Great Eastern Highway is a 590-kilometre-long (370 mi) road that links the Western Australian capital of Perth with the city of Kalgoorlie. A key route for road vehicles accessing the eastern Wheatbelt and the Goldfields, it is the western portion of the main road link between Perth and the eastern states of Australia. The highway forms the majority of National Highway 94, although the alignment through the Perth suburbs of Guildford and Midland, and the eastern section between Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie are not included. Various segments form parts of other road routes, including National Route 1, Alternative National Route 94, and State Route 51.
The Kwinana Freeway is a 72-kilometre (45 mi) freeway in and beyond the southern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia, linking central Perth with Mandurah to the south. It is the central section of State Route 2, which continues north as Mitchell Freeway to Clarkson, and south as Forrest Highway towards Bunbury. A 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) section between Canning and Leach highways is also part of National Route 1. Along its route are interchanges with several major roads, including Roe Highway and Mandjoogoordap Drive. The northern terminus of the Kwinana Freeway is at the Narrows Bridge, which crosses the Swan River, and the southern terminus is at Pinjarra Road, east of Mandurah.
The Narrows Bridge is a freeway and railway crossing of the Swan River in Perth, Western Australia.
Perth Water is a section of the Swan River on the southern edge of the central business district of Perth, Western Australia. It is between the Causeway to the east, and Narrows Bridge to the west – a large wide but shallow section of river, and the northern edge of the suburb South Perth. It is considered a landmark of the City of Perth.
Canning Highway is an arterial road in Perth, Western Australia, linking the inner Perth suburb of Victoria Park in the north-east, to the port city of Fremantle in the south-west.
Canning Bridge is a traffic bridge which is the most downstream crossing of the Canning River in the city of Perth, Western Australia. The bridge is a part of Canning Highway, and it connects the suburbs of Como and Applecross. The Canning River is approximately 100 metres wide at the crossing, the narrowest point of the river along its downstream stretch. It is located near the Canning Bridge railway station.
South Perth is an inner suburb of Perth, the capital of the Australian state of Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of South Perth.
Victoria Park is an inner suburb of Perth, the capital of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is located on the Swan River south-east of East Perth, and is linked to East Perth and the Perth central business district via The Causeway, which crosses Heirisson Island.
Transport in Perth, Western Australia, is served by various means, among them an extensive highway/freeway network and a substantial system of commuter rail lines and bus routes. Public transport is managed by the Transperth agency.
Mounts Bay Road is a major road in Perth, Western Australia, extending southwest from the central business district along the north bank of the Swan River, at the base of Kings Park.
Forrest Highway is a 95-kilometre-long (59 mi) highway in Western Australia's Peel and South West regions, extending Perth's Kwinana Freeway from east of Mandurah down to Bunbury. Old Coast Road was the original Mandurah–Bunbury route, dating back to the 1840s. Part of that road, and the Australind Bypass around Australind and Eaton, were subsumed by Forrest Highway. The highway begins at Kwinana Freeway's southern terminus in Ravenswood, continues around the Peel Inlet to Lake Clifton, and heads south to finish at Bunbury's Eelup Roundabout. There are a number of at-grade intersections with minor roads in the shires of Murray, Waroona, and Harvey including Greenlands Road and Old Bunbury Road, both of which connect to South Western Highway near Pinjarra.
Riverside Drive in Perth, Western Australia, is a road on the northern side of Perth Water. It was built on reclaimed land in the 1930s, and links The Causeway to the Narrows Bridge.
Bunbury Bridge was a single-track, timber railway bridge in East Perth in Western Australia. The bridge crossed the Swan River near Claise Brook and was built for passenger and freight traffic to Bunbury on the South Western Railway.
Sir James Mitchell Park is a park along the southern foreshore of Perth Water in Perth, Western Australia. It lies within the suburb of South Perth from Mends Street Jetty, to just south of Heirisson Island.
Guildford Road is a major road in Perth, Western Australia, linking the inner-city suburb of Mount Lawley with Guildford in the north-east. The ten-kilometre-long (6.2 mi) road runs mostly parallel to the Swan River, on its northern side, and is part of State Route 51, which runs between Perth's CBD and Midvale. Guildford Road is maintained and controlled by Main Roads Western Australia, which uses the internal designation "H026 Guildford Road" for Guildford Road, as well as Bridge Street and James Street in Guildford. In the 1930s, the name Great Eastern Highway was coined to describe the road, but was actually used for the road on the other side of the Swan River.
Garratt Road Bridge consists of two adjacent bridges over the Swan River, linking the suburbs of Bayswater and Ascot in Perth, Western Australia. The upstream bridge was built in 1935, while the matching downstream bridge was built in 1972. The site was significant prior to the construction of Garratt Road Bridge – it featured in Aboriginal mythology, and was in the near vicinity of 1880s bridges for pedestrians and trains accessing Ascot Racecourse. From that time there were various proposal to provide a vehicular crossing between Bayswater and Bassendean. Interest peaked in 1928, but plans were delayed due to the Great Depression. The first bridge, designed by Main Roads Chief Engineer Ernest Godfrey, was constructed in 1934–35. It allowed two lanes of traffic to cross the Swan River, alongside pedestrians on an adjacent footbridge.
The Causeway Pedestrian and Cyclist Bridges are a pair of cable-stayed bridges under construction in Perth, Western Australia, linking East Perth with Victoria Park across the Swan River via Heirisson Island. The two bridges are slightly downstream of The Causeway, which is the road linking East Perth with Victoria Park. Construction began in March 2023 and is expected to be complete by the end of 2024.
References
Cygnet (1935). The story of the Perth causeway: how the River Swan was bridged 100 years ago. Perth: Swan River Press. ("Cygnet").
Edmonds, Leigh (1997). The vital link: a history of Main Roads Western Australia 1926–1996. Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press. ISBN1-875560-87-4.
Godfrey, E. W. C. (December 1948). "The Causeway Bridges–Swan River, Perth, W.A.". The Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Australia. 20 (12). Sydney: The Institution. ISSN0020-3319.
External links
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State Route 5 
