The Low End Theory

Last updated
The Low End Theory
ATribeCalledQuestTheLowEndtheory.jpg
Studio album by
A Tribe Called Quest
ReleasedSeptember 24, 1991
Recorded1990–91
StudioBattery, Greene St. and Soundtrack (New York)
Genre
Length48:03
Label Jive
Producer
  • A Tribe Called Quest
  • Skeff Anselm
A Tribe Called Quest chronology
People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm
(1990)		The Low End Theory
(1991)		 Midnight Marauders
(1993)
Singles from The Low End Theory
  1. "Check the Rhime"
    Released: September 9, 1991
  2. "Jazz (We've Got)"
    Released: November 27, 1991
  3. "Scenario"
    Released: March 13, 1992

The Low End Theory is the second studio album by American hip-hop group A Tribe Called Quest, released on September 24, 1991, by Jive Records. Recording sessions for the album were held mostly at Battery Studios in New York City, from 1990 to 1991. The album was primarily produced by group member Q-Tip, with a minimalist sound that combines bass, drum breaks, and jazz samples, in a departure from the group's debut album, People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm (1990). Lyrically, the album features social commentary, word play, humor, and interplay between Q-Tip and fellow member Phife Dawg.

Contents

Supported by the lead single "Check the Rhime", The Low End Theory debuted at number 45 on the Billboard 200 chart. Upon its release, the album's commercial potential was doubted by music critics and Jive record executives. However, the release of two additional singles, "Jazz (We've Got)" and "Scenario", brought further attention and popularity to the group. On February 19, 1992, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), with shipments of 500,000 copies in the United States, and on February 1, 1995, it was certified platinum by the RIAA, with shipments of one million copies.

In the years since its release, The Low End Theory has garnered recognition from music critics and writers as a milestone in alternative hip-hop. The album is regarded as Phife Dawg's breakout and is credited for helping launch rapper Busta Rhymes's successful solo career. The album's influence on artists in hip-hop, R&B and other genres has been attributed to the group's lyricism and Q-Tip's production, which bridged the gap between jazz and hip-hop. The album is widely regarded as one of the greatest albums of all time, appearing on many best album lists by music critics and writers. In 2020, it was ranked at number 43 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 2022, the album was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". [1]

Background

A month after the release of A Tribe Called Quest's debut album, People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm , group member Phife Dawg learned that he was diabetic and considered leaving the group. [2] After a discussion with fellow member Q-Tip, they agreed to increase his participation on their second album and to "step it up in general as a group." [2] Recording sessions for the second album began when sessions from People's Instinctive Travels kept creatively flowing. [3] The group wanted to begin recording the album shortly after the completion of People's Instinctive Travels, for which they still had to tour and film music videos. Phife Dawg later recalled, "Tip didn't want to stop." [3] The album's title, The Low End Theory, referred to both the status of black men in society and bass frequencies in the music, [2] [3] while the album cover featured an altered photograph of a kneeling woman painted in Afrocentric colors. [4]

During the recording sessions, the group fired their manager Kool DJ Red Alert and joined Russell Simmons's Rush Artist Management, with Chris Lighty serving as their new manager. [2] [5] They also fired their lawyer, who was Red Alert's manager, and faced a lawsuit as a result. [2] [6] Both moves created tension within the Native Tongues collective, which was never fully resolved. [2] [5] After switching managers, the group demanded more advances from Jive, who eventually extended their recording contract for one more album. [5] However, the negotiations between the group and Jive lasted over a year and strained their relationship. These events created a disillusionment with the music industry among the group, which affected "both material and approach" on The Low End Theory. [2] [5]

Recording

The majority of the recording sessions took place at Battery Studios in Manhattan, from 1990 to 1991, where the songs were recorded on a Neve 8068 mixing console that had been used by John Lennon. [7] [8] [9] Like People's Instinctive Travels, production on The Low End Theory was primarily handled by Q-Tip, while Ali Shaheed Muhammad provided DJ scratching and co-production. [10] [11] Skeff Anselm produced two songs, which were programmed at Jazzy Jay's Studio in The Bronx. [12] Producer Pete Rock created the original beat for the second single, "Jazz (We've Got)", before it was recreated by Q-Tip, who credited Rock in the outro of the song. [2] [5]

Group member Jarobi White, who previously appeared on People's Instinctive Travels, had verses recorded for The Low End Theory. However, he left the group during the sessions to study culinary art and his verses did not make the final cut. [2] [3] [13] The song "Butter" was originally supposed to feature a verse by Q-Tip, but Phife Dawg insisted on rapping solo on it, causing a brief argument. [14] It essentially became a Phife Dawg solo record, with Q-Tip performing the chorus.

Two posse cuts were recorded: the third single "Scenario", featuring Leaders of the New School, and "Show Business", featuring Lord Jamar and Sadat X of Brand Nubian and Diamond D of D.I.T.C. The former had several versions recorded, one of which included Posdnous of De La Soul and Black Sheep, as well as Chris Lighty, Jarobi White and future Flipmode Squad rapper Rampage, [15] [5] while the latter was originally recorded as "Georgie Porgie", but was rejected by Jive for being "too homophobic" before being rewritten. [16]

Q-Tip had a cold during the recording process and did not want to sound congested on the album; because of this he wanted to re-record all of his vocals and began doing so before people told him he sounded "fine" and convinced him otherwise. [17]

Music

Production

The Low End Theory was one of the first records to fuse hip-hop with the laid-back atmosphere of jazz, particularly bebop and hard bop. [5] [18] [19] The album's minimalist sound is "stripped to the essentials: vocals, drums, and bass." [20] The bass drum and vocals emphasize the downbeat on every song. [21] Q-Tip credited the production on N.W.A's album Straight Outta Compton as inspiration: "what resonated was just that bottom, that bass and the drive of it." [18] [22]

The album is noted for its use of the double bass, "crisp" and "live-sounding" drum programming, and "deftly placed samples or electric keyboards." [19] In addition, the group was praised for its "departure towards a live instrumental sound" and for using "jazz-infused samples with fat hardcore beats." [23] [24] Q-Tip often layered drum sounds on the album, using as many as three snare drums or bass drums to create a single sound. [18] Similarly, "Buggin' Out" was the first song in which he layered two different drum breaks at once, which was uncommon at the time. [14] The group hired double bassist Ron Carter for the song "Verses from the Abstract". Q-Tip stated, "We wanted that straight bass sound, and Ron Carter is one of the premier bassists of the century." [25]

The Low End Theory is also regarded for its engineering. [26] The mixing engineer, Bob Power, used several methods to remove "surface noise, crackles, or pops" from the samples, as the software at the time was unable to do so. [7] He credited the group, saying, "Until that point, when people used samples on records, it was pretty much one loop that played throughout. With The Low End Theory ... Q-Tip and Ali Shaheed were at the leading edge of a new wave where people started making elaborate musical constructions out of samples from different places that would not, and in many ways, could not, have been played by regular players." [7]

Lyrics

The Low End Theory is regarded for its socially conscious lyrics, which include subjects such as relationships, date rape, the hip-hop industry and consumerism. [19] [27] Other lyrics are devoted to word play, humor and "showing off." [20] The album introduced the lyrical interplay and chemistry between Q-Tip and Phife Dawg, the latter of whom experienced a lyrical breakout. [2] [5] While acknowledging that Q-Tip had "already proven he is a highly skilled lyricist", Reef of The Source also stated, "Those who questioned Phife's microphone techniques on the first album will swallow those doubts as he practically steals the show on this one." [24] The album is also noted for its minimal use of explicit lyrics, as Ron Carter only agreed to record songs on the condition that the group avoid profanity, to which Q-Tip assured they were addressing "real issues." [28]

The duo's lyrical delivery, flow, and styles contrasted each other; Q-Tip had a mellow voice and was philosophical, reflective, contemplative and esoteric, while Phife Dawg had a high-pitched voice and was comical, battle rhyme-ready, streetwise and self-deprecating. [29] [30] [31] John Bush of AllMusic said the pair's rapping "could be the smoothest of any rap record ever heard", adding that they "are so in tune with each other, they sound like flip sides of the same personality, fluidly trading off on rhymes, with the former earning his nickname (the Abstract) and Phife concerning himself with the more concrete issues of being young, gifted, and black." [19]

Commercial performance

The Low End Theory peaked at number 45 on the Billboard 200 and number 13 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. [11] Upon its release, the album's commercial potential was doubted by music critics and Jive record executives, including label CEO Barry Weiss. [32] [33] However, on February 19, 1992, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), with shipments of 500,000 copies in the United States. [11] On February 1, 1995, it was certified platinum by the RIAA, with shipments of one million copies. [11]

Critical reception

1991 professional reviews
Review scores
SourceRating
Entertainment Weekly B [34]
NME 8/10 [23]
Orlando Sentinel Star full.svgStar full.svgStar empty.svg [35]
The Philadelphia Inquirer Star full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar half.svg [36]
Select 4/5 [37]
The Source Star full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svg [24]

Upon its release, The Low End Theory received widespread critical acclaim. It was awarded a perfect five mic rating in The Source, with reviewer Reef lauding their "progressive sound" and "streetwise edge", adding that "there's no sophomore jinx to be found here—only real hip-hop." [24] Iestyn George of NME praised the album as a "quantum leap" from People's Instinctive Travels, noting, "Gone are the quirky samples that gave them their lighter edge, replaced by stark, hard-hitting beats." George also credited Q-Tip and Phife Dawg for "trading lines like psychic sparring partners", as they "pause, interject, charm and challenge with understated aplomb." [23]

James Bernard of Entertainment Weekly commended the group for its jazzy sound, which "perfectly complements their laid-back, raspy delivery", but was critical of the album's lack of danceable songs, calling it "the greatest hip-hop album that will never quicken my pulse." [34] The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau was reserved in his praise, believing the group delivered "goofball rhymes" from a "well-meaning middle class" perspective, [38] later writing that "like so many 'beats,' Low End Theory's Ron Carter bass was really a glorified sound effect—what excited its admirers wasn't its thrust, or even the thrill of the sound itself, so much as the classiness it signified." [39] He named "Check the Rhime" and "Buggin' Out" as highlights, while giving the album a three-star honorable mention, indicating "an enjoyable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well treasure." [40]

Retrospect

In the years since its release, The Low End Theory has received further widespread acclaim from music critics and writers, many of whom regard it as one of the greatest hip-hop albums of all time. [30] [31] In The New Rolling Stone Album Guide , writer Mac Randall lauded it as a "hip-hop masterpiece." [41] AllMusic writer John Bush, who declared it "the most consistent and flowing hip-hop album ever recorded", stated that the record "outdid all expectations and has held up as perhaps the best hip-hop LP of all time." [27] Bush also praised the group's use of the double bass, drums and samples: "It's a tribute to their unerring production sense that, with just those few tools, Tribe produced one of the best hip-hop albums in history, a record that sounds better with each listen. The Low End Theory is an unqualified success, the perfect marriage of intelligent, flowing raps to nuanced, groove-centered productions." [19] Writing for The Quietus , Angus Batey summed up the album's broad appeal:

The Low End Theory took Tribe to that fabled "next level" hip hop acts always bang on about by performing the trick every authenticity-obsessed artist most dearly wants to execute. They crossed over without selling out – in fact, they crossed over while retrenching. Contrary to what [Barry] Weiss and colleagues thought at the time, ...Low End... is harder-edged, darker, and, in terms of its adherence to established hip hop codes, actually a little bit conservative  ... The record became beloved of fundamentalist b-boys because it rooted itself firmly in the music's core sonic, conceptual, lyrical and artistic values, yet managed to increase the band's appeal to listeners who generally shunned rap for sonic or ideological reasons. Here was a group from a still outsider genre, uniting hardcore fans and curious outsiders by making music that worried more about integrity, commitment, creativity and resolve than it did appealing to the mainstream. [33]

Dave Heaton of PopMatters stated that the album is "the point where their sound truly came together", also describing it as a "remarkable experience, as aesthetically and emotionally rewarding as any work of music I can think of." [20] Preezy Brown of Vibe called it a "tour de force of groundbreaking rap tunes" and a "signature record in the group's superior discography." [42] For Time's All-Time 100 Albums, writer Josh Tyrangiel described the album as a "grand exception" to jazz rap being "more wishful thinking on the part of critics than anything actual", also calling it "socially conscious without being dull." [43]

Accolades

Since its release, The Low End Theory has been included on several "best of" lists compiled by music writers and journalists.

PublicationCountryAccoladeYearRank
About.com U.S. 100 Best Rap Albums of All Time [44] 20089
About.comU.S.Best Rap Albums of 1991 [45] 20084
The Arizona Republic U.S.8 Albums That VH1 Missed[ citation needed ]2001*
BigO Singapore The 100 Best Albums from 1975 to 1995[ citation needed ]199578
Blender U.S.The 100 Greatest American Albums of All Time[ citation needed ]200253
Dance de Lux Spain The 25 Best Hip-Hop Records[ citation needed ]200110
Ego Trip U.S.Hip-hop's 25 Greatest Albums by Year 1980–98[ citation needed ]19992
Fast 'n' BulbousU.S.The 500 Best Albums Since 1965[ citation needed ]*
Juice Australia The 100 (+34) Greatest Albums of the 90s[ citation needed ]199961
Kitsap Sun U.S.Top 200 Albums of the Last 40 Years[ citation needed ]2005151
LostAtSeaU.S.90 Albums of the 90's[ citation needed ]200072
Mojo U.K. The Mojo Collection, Fourth Edition [46] 2007*
Music UnderwaterU.S.Top 100 Albums 1990–2003[ citation needed ]200453
Paul Morley U.K.Words and Music, 5 x 100 Greatest Albums of All Time[ citation needed ]2003*
Pitchfork U.S.Top 100 Favorite Records of the 1990s[ citation needed ]200356
Popblerd/bLISTerdU.S.Top 100 Albums of the 1990s[ citation needed ]20126
Robert DimeryU.S. 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die [47] 2011*
Rock de LuxSpainThe 150 Best Albums from the 90s[ citation needed ]2000128
Rolling Stone
(guest article by
Chris Rock)		U.S.Top 25 Hip-Hop Albums [48] 20059
Rolling StoneU.S.100 Best Albums of the 90s [49] 201036
Rolling StoneU.S. The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time [50] 202043
Rolling StoneU.S.The Essential Recordings of the 90's[ citation needed ]1999*
Apple Music U.S. 100 Best Albums [51] 202429
Spex Germany The 100 Albums of the Century[ citation needed ]199910
Spin U.S.Top 100 Alternative Albums [52] 199587
SpinU.S.Top 100 (+5) Albums of the Last 20 Years[ citation needed ]200538
SpinU.S.Top 90 Albums of the 90's[ citation needed ]199932
Stereophile U.S.Top 40 (+94) Essential Albums[ citation needed ]2002*
The Source U.S.100 Best Rap Albums of All Time[ citation needed ]1998*
Time U.S.The All-TIME 100 Albums[ citation needed ]2006*
Tom MoonU.S. 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die [ citation needed ]2008*
TrebleU.S.Top 100 Albums of the 90s (10 Per Year)[ citation needed ]20083
Vibe U.S.100 Essential Albums of the 20th Century[ citation needed ]1999*
VibeU.S.51 Albums Representing a Generation, a Sound and a Movement[ citation needed ]2004*
ZundfunkGermanyThe Best Albums of the 90's[ citation needed ]200016
(*) designates lists which are unordered.

Legacy and influence

Retrospective professional reviews
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic Star full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svg [19]
And It Don't Stop A [53]
Christgau's Consumer Guide Five Pointed Star Solid.svg Five Pointed Star Solid.svg Five Pointed Star Solid.svg [40]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music Star full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar empty.svg [54]
MusicHound R&B 5/5 [55]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide Star full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svg [41]
Spin Star full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svg [56]
Spin Alternative Record Guide 10/10 [57]
Tom Hull – on the Web A− [58]

The Low End Theory is regarded as one of the most influential albums in hip-hop history, with Corbin Reiff of Complex declaring that it "broke major ground and pushed the sonic envelope of the entire rap genre." [59] It has been stated to have helped shape alternative hip-hop in the 1990s, as the group's "mellow innovations" helped jazz rap gain significant exposure from 1992 to 1993. [60] [61] [62] With the album, the group is credited for showcasing how hip-hop was made before commercial success influenced many rappers' creativity, and for challenging the "macho posturing" of hardcore and gangsta rap. [27] [31] [63]

The album is regarded as Phife Dawg's lyrical breakout, as he established himself as a formidable MC. [42] A breakout verse by Leaders of the New School member Busta Rhymes, on the single "Scenario", led to stardom and helped launch his successful solo career. [5] [64] Praised for his improvement "both as an MC and a boardsman", [42] Q-Tip's rhyme on the single "Check the Rhime": "Industry rule number 4,080 / Record company people are shady" is one of the most quoted lines in hip-hop, [5] [11] while the album has been called the " Sgt. Pepper's of hip-hop" for its groundbreaking approach to hip-hop production and engineering. [7] [65] The album cover is regarded as one of the greatest and most iconic in hip-hop history; on a top 50 list by Complex, it was ranked number one. [3] [4] [11]

The album is credited with establishing "the musical, cultural, and historical link between hip-hop and jazz", [66] and is regarded as a "successful fusion of opposites: the complex musical textures of jazz and the straightforward boom-bap of rap." [29] Writer Joseph Patel called it "a consummate link between generations", which took the essence of jazz and hip-hop, and "showing they originated from the same black center." [67] In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked the album at number 154 on its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time; in a revised 2012 list, it was ranked at number 153, and in 2020, it moved up to number 43. [50] [68] Rolling Stone stated that people previously "connected the dots between hip-hop and jazz", as both were revolutionary forms of black music based on improvisation and flow, however, "this LP drew the entire picture." [68] Writing for The New York Observer on the album's 25th anniversary, Ron Hart stated:

A quarter century later, The Low End Theory is as ubiquitous to the language of modern jazz as Kind of Blue and A Love Supreme , its seamless fusion of beats and bop providing the seeds for future greats  ... to further blur the line between jazz and hip-hop in an even more organic way than in the early '90s. [69]

The Low End Theory has influenced many hip-hop and R&B musicians. Producer 9th Wonder described the album as his "personal soundtrack" while growing up, also stating that the group "changed my life." [70] He further commented on the influence of the group: "It's safe to say, for me, as well as Phonte, as well as Slum Village, Mos Def, Kweli, The Roots, Pharrell, you name it, Outkast, we could go on forever to say if you look at the A Tribe Called Quest family tree, they got a lot of offspring." [70] The album has also influenced Kanye West, [65] Common, [65] D'Angelo, [65] Jill Scott, [65] Nas, [71] Kendrick Lamar, [69] Logic, [72] Havoc, [26] Madlib, [69] Robert Glasper, [69] and Dr. Dre, who produced his solo debut The Chronic after being inspired by the album. [22] Musicians from other genres have also cited it as an influence, including rock musician Jack White and electronica musician James Lavelle. [30] [73]

Track listing

No.TitleWriter(s)Length
1."Excursions" Jonathan Davis 3:55
2."Buggin' Out"Davis, Ali Shaheed Muhammad, Malik Taylor 3:37
3."Rap Promoter"Davis, Muhammad2:13
4."Butter"Davis, Muhammad, Taylor3:39
5."Verses from the Abstract" (featuring Vinia Mojica and Ron Carter)Davis3:59
6."Show Business" (featuring Diamond D, Lord Jamar and Sadat X)Skeff Anselm, Davis, Lorenzo Dechalus, Joseph Kirkland, Muhammad, Derek Murphy, Taylor3:53
7."Vibes and Stuff"Davis, Taylor4:18
8."The Infamous Date Rape"Davis, Muhammad, Taylor2:54
9."Check the Rhime"Davis, Muhammad, Taylor3:37
10."Everything Is Fair"Anselm, Davis, Muhammad, Taylor2:58
11."Jazz (We've Got)"Davis, Muhammad, Taylor4:10
12."Skypager"Davis, Muhammad, Taylor2:12
13."What?"Davis2:29
14."Scenario" (featuring Busta Rhymes, Charlie Brown and Dinco D)Davis, Bryan Higgins, James Jackson, Muhammad, Trevor Smith, Taylor4:10
Total length:48:03

Personnel

Credits are adapted from AllMusic. [74]

Performance credits
Technical credits

Charts and certifications

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scenario (song)</span> 1992 single by A Tribe Called Quest

"Scenario" is the third single from A Tribe Called Quest's second album The Low End Theory. The song features the rap group Leaders of the New School. Matt Cibula of PopMatters called the track hip-hop's greatest posse cut. The song is commonly considered a breakout moment for Leaders of the New School member Busta Rhymes, who was 19 when this song was released. Time included the song on its list of its All-TIME 100 Songs in 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">A Tribe Called Quest discography</span>

A Tribe Called Quest was an American hip hop group, formed in 1985. They released six studio albums, five compilations, sixteen singles and two extended plays. The group was made up of rapper/main producer Q-Tip, the late rapper Phife Dawg and DJ/co-producer Ali Shaheed Muhammad. Phife Dawg was only persuaded to join when a fourth member, rapper Jarobi White, joined the group. In 1989 they signed a demo deal with Geffen Records, but not given a full-fledged recording contract. After receiving many offers, they opted for the Jive Records label, an independent rap label. In under a year, they managed to produce People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm to critical acclaim, but lukewarm sales, reaching #91 on the Billboard 200, though it did eventually achieve gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

<i>We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service</i> 2016 studio album by A Tribe Called Quest

We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service is the sixth and final studio album by American hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest. It was released on November 11, 2016, by Epic Records.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">We the People.... (song)</span> 2016 single by A Tribe Called Quest

"We the People...." is a song by American hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest, and the first single from their sixth and final album, We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service. Produced by Q-Tip and co-produced by Blair Wells, the song contains a sample of the drum break of "Behind the Wall of Sleep" by Black Sabbath. The name of the track refers to the first three words of the Preamble to the United States Constitution. The chorus of the politically-charged song parodies Donald Trump's presidential campaign. "We the People...." was critically acclaimed and included on several year-end lists by publications.

"The Space Program" is a song by American hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest, from their sixth and final album, We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service. Produced by Q-Tip and co-produced by Blair Wells, it is the opening track on the album, and includes posthumous vocals by group member Phife Dawg, who recorded the song with the group before his death in March 2016. Praised as the "triumphant return of the Tribe", it is a political hip hop song that addresses gentrification and racism in the United States.

<i>Forever</i> (Phife Dawg album) 2022 studio album by Phife Dawg

Forever is the posthumous second and final studio album by American rapper Phife Dawg. It was released on March 22, 2022, the sixth anniversary of his death, by Smokin' Needles Records and AWAL. It features guest appearances by his bandmate Q-Tip, Busta Rhymes, Maseo and Posdnuos of De La Soul, Dwele, Angela Winbush, Redman, Illa J, and Little Brother, among others. The album was mostly complete at the time of Phife Dawg's death, and was later completed by his business partner and collaborator, DJ Rasta Root.

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