Timeline of the Second Temple period

Last updated

A model of the Second Temple in the time of Herod the Great, from the Holyland Model of Jerusalem at the Israel Museum Second Temple.jpg
A model of the Second Temple in the time of Herod the Great, from the Holyland Model of Jerusalem at the Israel Museum

The Second Temple period in Jewish history began with the end of the Babylonian captivity and the Persian conquest of the Babylonian Empire in 539 BCE. A new temple to replace the destroyed Solomon's Temple was built in Jerusalem by the returnees, and the Second Temple was finished around 516 BCE. Second Temple Judaism was centered around the religious leadership of the Second Temple, and lasted for six centuries. The Persians were largely tolerant of Judaism. Persian rule lasted for two centuries, but came to an end with the conquests of Macedonia under Alexander the Great in 332 BCE. Judea and the Eastern Mediterranean region came under Greek influence during the resulting Hellenistic period; Hellenistic Judaism blended both Greek and Jewish traditions. Judea was ruled in this period first by the Ptolemaic Kingdom and then by the Seleucid Empire, Greek states formed after the breakup of Alexander's Macedonian empire. The Maccabean Revolt of 167142 BCE was initially a fight for Judean autonomy against a suppression of traditional Judaism by Seleucid King Antiochus IV, and later sought outright independence from Greek rule. The revolt's success brought about the formation of an independent Hasmonean kingdom of Judea, named for the family which had led the Jewish resistance.

Contents

The Hasmoneans ruled until 63 BCE, when they were reduced to client king status as puppets of the Roman Republic. The Hasmonean line was deposed in 37 BCE, and King Herod the Great took control as ruler of the Herodian kingdom, with the approval of Rome. Herod's death in 4 BCE led to both the Herodian Tetrarchy, in which smaller regions were ruled by members of his family, and periods of direct Roman control by the governors of Roman Judea. Direct Roman rule of Judea was generally disliked, and provoked resistance and rebellion. The era came to an end with the First Jewish–Roman War of 6673 CE. The Jewish revolt against the Roman Empire was unsuccessful, Jerusalem was conquered in 70 CE, and the Second Temple was destroyed.

This timeline focuses both on political events in Judea and the surrounding regions, as well as issues related to wider diaspora Judaism practiced elsewhere. Many of the dates in ancient sources are given in terms of the Seleucid era (SE) and the Ancient Macedonian calendar, which do not always map cleanly to Julian calendar dates, leading to some unavoidable uncertainty.

Persian Empire (538 BCE 332 BCE)

Province of Yehud in the Persian era Palestine under the Persians Smith 1915.jpg
Province of Yehud in the Persian era

539 BCE

538 BCE

538332 BCE

537520 BCE

525 BCE

c.525410 BCE

522486 BCE

520516 BCE

465424 BCE

458457 BCE

445433 BCE

c.430350 BCE

404359 BCE

397 BCE

400300 BCE

359338 BCE

Macedonian conquest (332 BCE 301 BCE)

MacedonEmpire.jpg
Wars of Alexander the Great and the resulting Macedonian Empire. He conquered the Greater Syria region in 332 BCE.

332 BCE

331 BCE

323301 BCE

Ptolemaic Kingdom (301 BCE 199 BCE)

The Ptolemaic Kingdom in the 3rd century BCE Ptolemaic Kingdom III-II century BC - en.svg
The Ptolemaic Kingdom in the 3rd century BCE

301200 BCE

259 BCE

221–204 BCE

c.210s190s BCE

202199 BCE

Seleucid Empire (199 BCE 141 BCE)

The Seleucid Empire ("Syria" in this map) in 188 BCE, after seeing its territory in Asia Minor reduced after the Treaty of Apamea Asia Minor 188 BCE.jpg
The Seleucid Empire ("Syria" in this map) in 188 BCE, after seeing its territory in Asia Minor reduced after the Treaty of Apamea

200 BCE

200100 BCE

c.200175 BCE

187175 BCE

September 175 BCE

c.174172 BCE

c.173172 BCE

c.170 BCE

170169 BCE

168 BCE

168167 BCE

Maccabean Revolt (167 BCE 141 BCE)

The sites of various battles in Judea during the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire Judea-Maccabees-Battles.png
The sites of various battles in Judea during the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire

168100 BCE

December 167 BCE (15 Kislev 145 SE)

167160 BCE

167165 BCE

c.166 BCE

Spring 166 Spring 165 BCE (146 SE)

End of summer 165 BCE

October December 164 BCE

November December 164 BCE

January 14, 163 BCE (25 Kislev 148 SE)

163 BCE

163162 BCE

April May 162 BCE

June July 162 BCE

Late Summer Autumn 162 BCE

November 162 BCE

November Winter 161 BCE

13 Adar (March) 161 BCE

Spring 161 BCE

Early 160 BCE

Nisan (April) 160 BCE

c.160159 BCE

c.160157 BCE

160152 BCE

Sivan (May) 159 BCE

157 BCE

153 BCE

Autumn 152 BCE

c.150 BCE

147145 BCE

147143 BCE

c.145 BCE

143 BCE

142 BCE

Hasmonean kingdom (141 BCE 37 BCE)

Map of the expanding territory of the Hasmonean kingdom Hasmonean kingdom.jpg
Map of the expanding territory of the Hasmonean kingdom

c.143141 BCE

141100 BCE

141120 BCE

18 Elul 140 BCE (172 SE)

c.140138 BCE

139 BCE

c.138 BCE

Shebat (February), 135 or 134 BCE (177 SE)

134104 BCE

Autumn 134 BCE

The Hasmonean state and the Seleucid Empire around 129 BCE, under John Hyrcanus and Antiochus VII Sidetes Syria in 124 BC.png
The Hasmonean state and the Seleucid Empire around 129 BCE, under John Hyrcanus and Antiochus VII Sidetes

131129 BCE

129 BCE

128122 BCE

12476 BCE

c.113112 BCE

c.111107 BCE

c.108107 BCE

104103 BCE

10376 BCE

103101 BCE

101100 BCE

100 BCE 40 CE

100 BCE 68 CE

8988 BCE

The Levant around 87 BCE. Alexander Jannaeus rules an expanded Hasmonean kingdom, with authority over Judea, Idumea, Galilee, and parts of the coastal plain. The Seleucid Empire remains stricken by infighting, with Cleopatra Selene, Antiochus XII, and Philip I all holding territory in Syria. Syria under the Seleucids 87 BC.png
The Levant around 87 BCE. Alexander Jannaeus rules an expanded Hasmonean kingdom, with authority over Judea, Idumea, Galilee, and parts of the coastal plain. The Seleucid Empire remains stricken by infighting, with Cleopatra Selene, Antiochus XII, and Philip I all holding territory in Syria.

c.87 BCE

86 BCE

7667 BCE

6763 BCE

Spring Summer 63 BCE

6340 BCE

5754 BCE

c.5655 BCE

c.5453 BCE

48 BCE

4342 BCE

The Roman Republic during the Second Triumvirate, 44-31 BCE
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Mark Antony
Lepidus
Octavian
Triumvirs collectively Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png
The Roman Republic during the Second Triumvirate, 4431 BCE

4131 BCE

40 BCE

4037 BCE

Summer 37 BCE

Herodian kingdom (37 BCE 4 BCE)

Map of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea at its greatest extent Herodian Kingdom topographic map.svg
Map of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea at its greatest extent

374 BCE

3130 BCE

31 BCE 14 CE

304 BCE

29 BCE

10 BCE

c.87 BCE

c.64 BCE

4 BCE

Roman Judea and the Herodian tetrarchy (4 BCE 70 CE)

The Herodian Tetrarchy:
Territory under Herod Archelaus
Territory under Herod Antipas
Territory under Philip
Territory under Salome I
Syria Province Herodian Tetrarchy political map.svg
The Herodian Tetrarchy:
  Territory under Herod Archelaus
  Territory under Herod Antipas
  Territory under Philip
  Territory under Salome I

4 BCE 30 CE

6 CE

c.10

Map of the Roman province of Judea Judaea Roman Province.svg
Map of the Roman province of Judea

1437

19

20

2054

26–36

c.2830

c.3033

c.3056

34

c.3537

c.3536

3741

37

38

c.4041

41

4154

c.4170

44

4648

c.4764

4853

5259

5366

5468

6466

Map of territory held by the Judean provisional government (66-68), the feuding rebel remnants under Simon bar Giora and John of Giscala (68-70), and the last holdouts (70-73) Judean Free Government.png
Map of territory held by the Judean provisional government (6668), the feuding rebel remnants under Simon bar Giora and John of Giscala (6870), and the last holdouts (7073)

66–73

66

November 66May 67

67

68

69

MayAugust 70

7073

Aftermath

Map of territory held by rebels in the Bar Kokhba revolt (132-136), the last of the Jewish-Roman wars Israel under Bar Kokhba.jpg
Map of territory held by rebels in the Bar Kokhba revolt (132136), the last of the Jewish–Roman wars

70100

8096

115117

c.130

132136

See also

Notes

  1. There is an alternative timeline suggested by traditional Jewish sources, largely Seder Olam Rabbah . In it, Cyrus conquers Judea in 371 BCE, and the Persian era lasts only 52 years. Historians reject this timeline, however. [2]
  2. There is an alternative school of thought that moves up most events in the Maccabean Revolt by a year in the Julian calendar so the Abomination of Desolation is 168 BCE, the Temple cult resumes in 165 BCE, Judas dies at Elasa in 161 BCE, etc. This is due to conflicting interpretations of Seleucid era (SE) dates, which used a different starting count in Babylonia and Judea than in Macedonia and Egypt, and can be interpreted as having the year count start from spring 312 BCE, autumn 312 BCE, or spring 311 BCE. This article largely uses Elias Bickerman's 1937 translation of SE dates to Julian dates as the scholarly standard, [17] but see Lester L. Grabbe for an example of a stance that prefers the other view. [60]

References

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  2. Friedner 1982, pp. 211–216.
  3. Grabbe 2004, pp. 276–277.
  4. 1 2 3 Grabbe 2004, pp. 85–106.
  5. 1 2 3 Grabbe 2004, pp. 278–285.
  6. 1 2 Grabbe 2004, pp. 267–269.
  7. Rosenberg, Stephen G. (2004). "The Jewish Temple at Elephantine". Near Eastern Archaeology. 67 (1): 4–13. doi:10.2307/4149987. JSTOR   4149987.
  8. Sacchi 2004, pp. 150–151.
  9. Grabbe 2004, pp. 85–90.
  10. Grabbe 2004, p. 291.
  11. 1 2 3 Myers, Jacob M. (1964). Ezra · Nehemiah. Anchor Bible Series 14. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. pp. XXXVI–XXXVII, LXX. LCCN   65-23788.
  12. Grabbe 2004, pp. 292–310, 356–357.
  13. Grabbe 2004, pp. 319–321.
  14. Grabbe 2004, pp. 322–323.
  15. Grabbe 2004, pp. 324–327.
  16. Grabbe 2004, pp. 324–334.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Bickerman 1937, pp. 6–8.
  18. Grabbe 2008, p. 270.
  19. Grabbe 2008, pp. 274–278.
  20. Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1982). "Alexander the Great and Jaddus the High Priest According to Josephus". AJS Review. 7/8: 41–68. doi:10.1017/S0364009400000659. JSTOR   1486406.
  21. Grabbe 2008, pp. 268–271.
  22. 1 2 Grabbe 2008, pp. 271–274, 281–283.
  23. 1 2 Grabbe 2008, pp. 278–281.
  24. Grainger 2010, passim.
  25. 1 2 Grabbe 2008 , pp. 65–68, 305–306; Grabbe 2020 , pp. 103–105.
  26. Grabbe 2008, pp. 94–96.
  27. Schwartz, Seth (2001). Imperialism and Jewish Society, 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 28. ISBN   0-691-08850-0.
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  29. Grabbe 2008, pp. 293–297.
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  32. Sacchi 2004, pp. 165–166.
  33. Hadas, Moses (1953). The Third and Fourth Books of Maccabees. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 1–4, 16–19. LCCN   53-5114.
  34. 1 2 Johnson, Sara Raup (2004). Historical Fictions and Hellenistic Jewish Identity: Third Maccabees in Its Cultural Context. University of California Press. pp. 129–141. ISBN   9780520233072. JSTOR   10.1525/j.ctt1ppghn.
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  36. 1 2 Collins, John J. (2001). "Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Date. ISBN   9780191979897.
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  38. Grabbe 2020, p. 311.
  39. Grabbe 2008, pp. 319–322.
  40. 1 2 3 Grabbe 2008, pp. 319, 324–326.
  41. Grabbe 2008 , pp. 305–306; Grabbe 2020 , pp. 103–105
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  56. Schwartz 2008, pp. 250–251, 254–255.
  57. Mendels 1987, p. 57.
  58. Grabbe 2020, pp. 98–102.
  59. Schwartz 2022, Judea and Judaism under Antiochus Epiphanes (1:16-64).
  60. Grabbe 2020, pp. 14–36.
  61. Mendels 1987, pp. 19, 27.
  62. Portier-Young, Anathea (2011). Apocalypse Against Empire: Theologies of Resistance in Early Judaism. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 314–319, 346–352. ISBN   9780802870834.
  63. Grabbe 2008, pp. 102–107.
  64. Grabbe 2020, pp. 88–91.
  65. Harrington, Daniel J. (2009) [1988]. The Maccabean Revolt: Anatomy of a Biblical Revolution. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. p. 63. ISBN   978-1-60899-113-6.
  66. 1 2 3 Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 282.
  67. 1 2 3 Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 551.
  68. Grainger 2012, 4. The Beginning of Imperialism.
  69. Schwartz 2008, pp. 447–448.
  70. Schwartz 2008, pp. 467, 469.
  71. Mendels 1987, p. 41.
  72. Bar-Kochva 1989, pp. 291, 551.
  73. Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 541.
  74. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 375.
  75. 1 2 Grabbe 2020, pp. 389–392.
  76. Mendels 1987, pp. 29, 116.
  77. 1 2 Grainger 2012, 6. Achieving Independence.
  78. Harrington 2009 , pp. 119–123
  79. Schwartz 2022, From Judas to Jonathan (9:1-73).
  80. 1 2 3 Grabbe 2020, pp. 392–395.
  81. Grainger 2010, pp. 349–350.
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  84. Grainger 2010, pp. 359–361.
  85. 1 2 Grabbe 2020, pp. 403–405.
  86. Grabbe 2020, pp. 405–407.
  87. 1 2 Grabbe 2020, pp. 407–408.
  88. 1 2 3 Grainger 2012, 7. The Defence of Independence.
  89. Schwartz 2022, Simon Takes Over (13:1-53).
  90. Grabbe 2020, pp. 173–175.
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  92. 1 2 3 Grabbe 2020, pp. 227, 244–246.
  93. Schwartz 2022, Simon Ensconced, Now and Forever (14:1-49).
  94. Grabbe 2020, pp. 241–243.
  95. 1 2 Grabbe 2020, pp. 409–411.
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  98. Grabbe 2020, pp. 100–101.
  99. Grabbe 2020, pp. 301–302, 409–411.
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  121. 1 2 Grabbe 2020, pp. 436–438.
  122. Grabbe 2020, pp. 439–440.
  123. Grabbe 2020, pp. 445–447.
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  126. Grabbe 2020, pp. 449–451.
  127. Grabbe 2020, pp. 450–451.
  128. 1 2 Grabbe 2020, pp. 461–463.
  129. 1 2 3 Grabbe 2020, pp. 472–478.
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  131. Grabbe 2020, pp. 108–110.
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  142. Grabbe 2020, pp. 102–103.
  143. Grabbe 2021, pp. 324–326.
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  146. Grabbe 2021, pp. 324.
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  152. Grabbe 2021, pp. 335–336.
  153. Grabbe 2021, p. 334.
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  155. Grabbe 2021, pp. 344–346.
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  166. Grabbe 2021, pp. 369–372.
  167. Grabbe 2021, pp. 361–363.
  168. Grabbe 2021, p. 386.
  169. Grabbe 2021, pp. 378–380.
  170. 1 2 3 4 5 Grabbe 2021, pp. 390–395.
  171. Grabbe 2021, pp. 396–395.
  172. 1 2 Grabbe 2021, pp. 401–406.
  173. 1 2 3 Grabbe 2021, pp. 406–412.
  174. Grabbe 2021, p. 400.
  175. Grabbe 2021, pp. 412–421.
  176. Grabbe 2021, pp. 422–428.
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  178. Grabbe 2020, pp. 236–238.
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