Universal Decimal Classification

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Universal decimal classification used at the library of the maison Losseau Etiquettes de classement de la CDU - Bibliotheque de la maison Leon Losseau.jpg
Universal decimal classification used at the library of the maison Losseau

The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is a bibliographic and library classification representing the systematic arrangement of all branches of human knowledge organized as a coherent system in which knowledge fields are related and inter-linked. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] The UDC is an analytico-synthetic and faceted classification system featuring detailed vocabulary and syntax that enables powerful content indexing and information retrieval in large collections. [6] [7] Since 1991, the UDC has been owned and managed by the UDC Consortium, [8] a non-profit international association of publishers with headquarters in The Hague, Netherlands.

Contents

Unlike other library classification schemes that started their life as national systems, the UDC was conceived and maintained as an international scheme. Its translation into other languages started at the beginning of the 20th century and has since been published in various printed editions in over 40 languages. [9] [10] UDC Summary, an abridged Web version of the scheme, is available in over 50 languages. [11] The classification has been modified and extended over the years to cope with increasing output in all areas of human knowledge, and is still under continuous review to take account of new developments. [12] [13]

Albeit originally designed as an indexing and retrieval system, due to its logical structure and scalability, UDC has become one of the most widely used knowledge organization systems in libraries, where it is used for either shelf arrangement, content indexing or both. [14] UDC codes can describe any type of document or object to any desired level of detail. These can include textual documents and other media such as films, video and sound recordings, illustrations, maps as well as realia such as museum objects.

History

An explanatory schema of the Universal Decimal Classification index formation in French, 1920 La classification Decimale Universelle - Indices composes detaillant l'analyse classificatrice.jpg
An explanatory schema of the Universal Decimal Classification index formation in French, 1920

The UDC was developed by the Belgian bibliographers Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine at the end of the 19th century. In 1895, they created the Universal Bibliographic Repertory (Répertoire Bibliographique Universel) (RBU) which was intended to become a comprehensive classified index to all published information. The idea that the RBU should take the form of a card catalogue came from the young American zoologist Herbert Haviland Field, who was at the time himself setting up a bibliographical agency in Zurich, the Concilium Bibliographicum. [15] A means of arranging the entries would be needed, and Otlet, having heard of the Dewey Decimal Classification, wrote to Melvil Dewey and obtained permission to translate it into French. The idea outgrew the plan of mere translation, and a number of radical innovations were made, adapting the purely enumerative classification (in which all the subjects envisaged are already listed and coded) into one which allows for synthesis (that is, the construction of compound numbers to denote interrelated subjects that could never be exhaustively foreseen); various possible relations between subjects were identified, and symbols assigned to represent them. In its first edition in French, Manuel du Répertoire bibliographique universel (1905), the UDC already included many features that were revolutionary in the context of knowledge classifications: tables of generally applicable (aspect-free) concepts—called common auxiliary tables; a series of special auxiliary tables with specific but re-usable attributes in a particular field of knowledge; an expressive notational system with connecting symbols and syntax rules to enable coordination of subjects and the creation of a documentation language proper.

The Universal Bibliographic Repertory grew to more than eleven million records in the period before World War I. The catalogue and its content organized by UDC can still be seen in Mundaneum in Mons, Belgium. In 2013 this catalogue was accepted onto the UNESCO Memory of the World international register, recognising it as documentary heritage of global importance. [16]

Application

UDC is used in around 150,000 libraries in 130 countries and in many bibliographical services which require detailed content indexing. In a number of countries it is the main classification system for information exchange and is used in all types of libraries: public, school, academic and special libraries. [17] [18] [19]

UDC is also used in national bibliographies of around 30 countries. Examples of large databases indexed by UDC include: [20]

UDC has traditionally been used for the indexing of scientific articles which was an important source of information of scientific output in the period predating electronic publishing. Collections of research articles in many countries covering decades of scientific output contain UDC codes. Examples of journal articles indexed by UDC:

The design of UDC lends itself to machine readability, and the system has been used both with early automatic mechanical sorting devices, and modern library OPACs. [24] [25] Since 1993, a standard version of UDC has been maintained and distributed in a database format: UDC Master Reference File (UDC MRF) which is updated and released regularly. [26] The 2011 version of the MRF (released in 2012) contains over 70,000 classes. [1] In the past full printed editions used to have around 220,000 subdivisions. [11]

Structure

Notation

A notation is a code commonly used in classification schemes to represent a class, i.e. a subject and its position in the hierarchy, to enable mechanical sorting and filing of subjects. UDC uses Arabic numerals arranged decimally. Every number is thought of as a decimal fraction with the initial decimal point omitted, which determines the filing order. An advantage of decimal notational systems is that they are infinitely extensible, and when new subdivisions are introduced, they need not disturb the existing allocation of numbers. For ease of reading, a UDC notation is usually punctuated after every third digit:

NotationCaption (Class description)
539.120Theoretical problems of elementary particles physics. Theories and models of fundamental interactions
539.120.2Symmetries of quantum physics
539.120.22Conservation laws
539.120.222Translations. Rotations
539.120.224Reflection in time and space
539.120.226Space-time symmetries
539.120.23Internal symmetries
539.120.3Currents
539.120.4Unified field theories
539.120.5Strings

In UDC the notation has two features that make the scheme easier to browse and work with:

Basic features and syntax

UDC is an analytico-synthetic and faceted classification. It allows an unlimited combination of attributes of a subject and relationships between subjects to be expressed. UDC codes from different tables can be combined to present various aspects of document content and form, e.g. 94(410)"19"(075)History (main subject) of United Kingdom (place) in 20th century (time), a textbook (document form). Or: 37:2Relationship between Education and Religion. Complex UDC expressions can be accurately parsed into constituent elements.

UDC is also a disciplinary classification covering the entire universe of knowledge. [27] This type of classification can also be described as aspect or perspective, which means that concepts are subsumed and placed under the field in which they are studied. Thus, the same concept can appear in different fields of knowledge. This particular feature is usually implemented in UDC by re-using the same concept in various combinations with the main subject, e.g. a code for language in common auxiliaries of language is used to derive numbers for ethnic grouping, individual languages in linguistics and individual literatures. Or, a code from the auxiliaries of place, e.g. (410)United Kingdom, uniquely representing the concept of United Kingdom can be used to express 911(410)Regional geography of United Kingdom and 94(410)History of United Kingdom.

Organization

Concepts are organized in two kinds of tables: [28]

Main classes

The vacant class 4 is the result of a planned schedule expansion. This class was freed by moving linguistics into class 8 in the 1960s to make space for future developments in the rapidly expanding fields of knowledge; primarily natural sciences and technology.

Common auxiliary tables

Common auxiliaries are aspect-free concepts that can be used in combination with any other UDC code from the main classes or with other common auxiliaries. They have unique notational representations that make them stand out in complex expressions. Common auxiliary numbers always begin with a certain symbol known as a facet indicator. For example, an equals sign always indicates a language; numbers starting with zero and enclosed in parentheses always indicate a document form. Thus (075)Textbook and =111English can be combined to express, for example, (075)=111Textbooks in English. When combined with numbers from the main UDC tables one might get: 2(075)=111Religion textbooks in English or 51(075)=111Mathematics textbooks in English.

IndicatorTableConcepts
=...1cLanguage
(0...)1dForm
(1/9)1ePlace
(=...)1fHuman ancestry, ethnic grouping and nationality
"..."1gTime
-021kProperties
-03Materials
-04Relations, processes and operations
-05Persons and personal characteristics

Connecting signs

In order to preserve the precise meaning and enable accurate parsing of complex UDC expressions, a number of connecting symbols are made available to relate and extend UDC numbers. These are:

SymbolSymbol nameMeaningExample
+ plus coordination, addition59+636 zoology and animal breeding
/ stroke consecutive extension592/599 Systematic zoology (everything from 592 to 599 inclusive)
: colon relation17:7 Relation of ethics to art
[ ]square brackets subgrouping311:[622+669](485) statistics of mining and metallurgy in Sweden (the auxiliary qualifiers 622+669 are considered as a unit)
*asteriskIntroduces non-UDC notation523.4*433 Planetology, minor planet Eros (IAU authorized number after the asterisk)
A/Zalphabetical extensionDirect alphabetical specification821.133.1MOL French literature, works of Molière

Outline

UDC classes in this outline are taken from the Multilingual Universal Decimal Classification Summary (UDCC Publication No. 088) released by the UDC Consortium under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 license (first release 2009, subsequent update 2012). [11]

Main tables

0 Science and knowledge. Organization. Computer science. Information. Documentation. Librarianship. Institution. Publications

ClassDescription
00Prolegomena. Fundamentals of knowledge and culture. Propaedeutics
001 Science and knowledge in general. Organization of intellectual work
002Documentation. Books. Writings. Authorship
003Writing systems and scripts
004 Computer science and technology. Computing
004.2 Computer architecture
004.3 Computer hardware
004.4 Software
004.5 Human-computer interaction
004.6Data
004.7Computer communication
004.8 Artificial intelligence
004.9Application-oriented computer-based techniques
005 Management
005.1Management Theory
005.2Management agents. Mechanisms. Measures
005.3Management activities
005.5Management operations. Direction
005.6Quality management. Total quality management (TQM)
005.7Organizational management (OM)
005.9Fields of management
005.92Records management
005.93Plant management. Physical resources management
005.94 Knowledge management
005.95/.96Personnel management. Human Resources management
006Standardization of products, operations, weights, measures and time
007Activity and organizing. Information. Communication and control theory generally (cybernetics)
008Civilization. Culture. Progress
01Bibliography and bibliographies. Catalogues
02Librarianship
030General reference works (as subject)
050Serial publications, periodicals (as subject)
06Organizations of a general nature
069 Museums
070Newspapers (as subject). The Press. Outline of journalism
08Polygraphies. Collective works (as subject)
09Manuscripts. Rare and remarkable works (as subject)

1 Philosophy. Psychology

ClassDescription
101Nature and role of philosophy
11 Metaphysics
111General metaphysics. Ontology
122/129Special Metaphysics
13Philosophy of mind and spirit. Metaphysics of spiritual life
14Philosophical systems and points of view
141Kinds of viewpoint. Including: Monism. Dualism. Pluralism. Ontological Materialism. Metaphysical Idealism. Platonism, etc.
159.9 Psychology
159.91Psychophysiology (physiological psychology). Mental physiology
159.92Mental development and capacity. Comparative psychology
159.93Sensation. Sensory perception
159.94 Executive functions
159.95Higher mental processes
159.96Special mental states and processes
159.97 Abnormal psychology
159.98Applied psychology (psychotechnology) in general
16 Logic. Epistemology. Theory of knowledge. Methodology of logic
17Moral philosophy. Ethics. Practical philosophy

2 Religion. Theology

The UDC tables for religion are fully faceted. The second table below lists special auxiliary numbers that can be used to express attributes (facets) of any specific faith. Any special number can be combined with any religion e.g. -5Worship can be used to express, for example, 26-5Worship in Judaism, 27-5Worship in Christianity, or 24-5Worship in Buddhism. The complete special auxiliary tables contain around 2000 subdivisions of various attributes that can be attached to express various aspects of individual faiths to a great level of specificity allowing equal level of detail for every religion.

Main Table
ClassDescription
21/29Religious systems. Religions and faiths
21Prehistoric and primitive religions
22Religions originating in the Far East
23Religions originating in Indian sub-continent. Hindu religion in the broad sense
24 Buddhism
25Religions of antiquity. Minor cults and religions
26 Judaism
27 Christianity
28 Islam
29 Modern spiritual movements
2-1/-9 Special auxiliary subdivision for religion
ClassDescription
2-1Theory and philosophy of religion. Nature of religion. Phenomenon of religion
2-2Evidences of religion
2-3Persons in religion
2-4Religious activities. Religious practice
2-5Worship broadly. Cult. Rites and ceremonies
2-6Processes in religion
2-7Religious organization and administration
2-8Religions characterised by various properties
2-9History of the faith, religion, denomination or church

3 Social sciences

ClassDescription
303Methods of the social sciences
304Social questions. Social practice. Cultural practice. Way of life (Lebensweise)
305Gender studies
308Sociography. Descriptive studies of society (both qualitative and quantitative)
311 Statistics as a science. Statistical theory
314/316 Society
314Demography. Population studies
316 Sociology
32 Politics
33 Economics. Economic science
34 Law. Jurisprudence
35Public administration. Government. Military affairs
36Safeguarding the mental and material necessities of life
37 Education
39Cultural anthropology. Ethnography. Customs. Manners. Traditions. Way of life

4 Currently Vacant

This section is currently vacant.

5 Mathematics. Natural sciences

ClassDescription
502/504Environmental science. Conservation of natural resources. Threats to the environment and protection against them
502The environment and its protection
504Threats to the environment
51 Mathematics
510Fundamental and general considerations of mathematics
511Number theory
512 Algebra
514 Geometry
517 Analysis
519.1 Combinatorial analysis. Graph theory
519.2 Probability. Mathematical statistics
519.6Computational mathematics. Numerical analysis
519.7Mathematical cybernetics
519.8Operational research (OR): mathematical theories and methods
52 Astronomy. Astrophysics. Space research. Geodesy
53 Physics
531/534 Mechanics
535 Optics
536 Heat. Thermodynamics. Statistical physics
537 Electricity. Magnetism. Electromagnetism
538.9 Condensed matter physics. Solid state physics
539Physical nature of matter
54 Chemistry. Crystallography. Mineralogy
542Practical laboratory chemistry. Preparative and experimental chemistry
543 Analytical chemistry
544 Physical chemistry
546 Inorganic chemistry
547 Organic chemistry
548/549Mineralogical sciences. Crystallography. Mineralogy
55 Earth sciences. Geological sciences
56 Paleontology
57Biological sciences in general
58 Botany
59 Zoology

6 Applied sciences. Medicine. Technology

Class 6 occupies the largest proportion of UDC schedules. It contains over 44,000 subdivisions. Each specific field of technology or industry usually contains more than one special auxiliary table with concepts needed to express operations, processes, materials and products. As a result, UDC codes are often created through the combination of various attributes. Equally, some parts of this class enumerate concepts to a great level of detail, for example, 621.882.212Hexagon screws with additional shapes. Including: Flank screws. Collar screws. Cap screws

ClassDescription
60 Biotechnology
61Medical sciences
611/612 Human biology
613Hygiene generally. Personal health and hygiene
614Public health and hygiene. Accident prevention
615 Pharmacology. Therapeutics. Toxicology
616 Pathology. Clinical medicine
617 Surgery. Orthopaedics. Ophthalmology
618 Gynaecology. Obstetrics
62 Engineering. Technology in general
620Materials testing. Commercial materials. Power stations. Economics of energy
621Mechanical engineering in general. Nuclear technology. Electrical engineering. Machinery
622 Mining
623 Military engineering
624Civil and structural engineering in general
625Civil engineering of land transport. Railway engineering. Highway engineering
626/627Hydraulic engineering and construction. Water (aquatic) structures
629Transport vehicle engineering
63 Agriculture and related sciences and techniques. Forestry. Farming. Wildlife exploitation
630 Forestry
631/635Farm management. Agronomy. Horticulture
633/635Horticulture in general. Specific crops
636Animal husbandry and breeding in general. Livestock rearing. Breeding of domestic animals
64Home economics. Domestic science. Housekeeping
65Communication and transport industries. Accountancy. Business management. Public relations
654Telecommunication and telecontrol (organization, services)
655Graphic industries. Printing. Publishing. Book trade
656Transport and postal services. Traffic organization and control
657 Accountancy
658 Business management, administration. Commercial organization
659Publicity. Information work. Public relations
66Chemical technology. Chemical and related industries
67Various industries, trades and crafts
68Industries, crafts and trades for finished or assembled articles
69Building (construction) trade. Building materials. Building practice and procedure

7 The arts. Recreation. Entertainment. Sport

Main Table
ClassDescription
71Physical planning. Regional, town and country planning. Landscapes, parks, gardens
72 Architecture
73Plastic arts
74 Drawing. Design. Applied arts and crafts
745/749Industrial and domestic arts and crafts. Applied arts
75 Painting
76Graphic art, printmaking. Graphics
77 Photography and similar processes
78 Music
79Recreation. Entertainment. Games. Sport
791Cinema. Films (motion pictures)
792 Theatre. Stagecraft. Dramatic performances
793Social entertainments and recreations. Art of movement. Dance
794Board and table games (of thought, skill and chance)
796 Sport. Games. Physical exercises
797Water sports. Aerial sports
798Riding and driving. Horse and other animal sports
799Sport fishing. Sport hunting. Shooting and target sports
7.01/.09 Special auxiliary subdivision for the arts
ClassDescription
7.01Theory and philosophy of art. Principles of design, proportion, optical effect
7.02Art technique. Craftsmanship
7.03Artistic periods and phases. Schools, styles, influences
7.04Subjects for artistic representation. Iconography. Iconology
7.05Applications of art (in industry, trade, the home, everyday life)
7.06Various questions concerning art
7.07Occupations and activities associated with the arts and entertainment
7.08Characteristic features, forms, combinations etc. (in art, entertainment and sport)
7.091Performance, presentation (in original medium)

8 Language. Linguistics. Literature

Tables for class 8 are fully faceted and details are expressed through combination with common auxiliaries of language (Table 1c) and a series of special auxiliary tables to indicate other facets or attributes in Linguistics or Literature. As a result, this class allows for great specificity in indexing although the schedules themselves occupy very little space in UDC. The subdivisions of 811Languages or 821Literature, for example, are derived from common auxiliaries of language =1/=9 (Table 1c) by substituting a point for the equals sign. Thus 811.111English language (as a subject of a linguistic study) and 821.111English literature derive from =111English language. Common auxiliaries of place and time are also frequently used in this class to express place and time facets of Linguistics or Literature, e.g. 821.111(71)"18"English literature of Canada in the 19th century.

Main Table
ClassDescription
80General questions relating to both linguistics and literature. Philology
801Prosody. Auxiliary sciences and sources of philology
808Rhetoric. The effective use of language
81 Linguistics and languages
811

Languages

Derived from the common auxiliaries of language =1/=9 (Table 1c) by replacing the equals sign = with prefix 811.. E.g. =111English becomes 811.111Linguistics of English language.

811.1/.9All languages natural or artificial
811.1/.8Individual natural languages
811.1/.2Indo-European languages
811.21/.22Indo-Iranian languages
811.3Dead languages of unknown affiliation. Caucasian languages
811.4Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Congo-Kordofanian, Khoisan languages
811.5Ural-Altaic, Palaeo-Siberian, Eskimo-Aleut, Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan languages. Japanese. Korean. Ainu
811.6Austro-Asiatic languages. Austronesian languages
811.7Indo-Pacific (non-Austronesian) languages. Australian languages
811.8American indigenous languages
811.9Artificial languages
82 Literature
821

Literatures of individual languages and language families

Derived from the common auxiliaries of language =1/=9 (Table 1c) by replacing the equals sign = with prefix 821.. E.g. =111English becomes 821.111English literature.

81`1/`4 Special auxiliary subdivision for linguistics and languages
ClassDescription
81`1General linguistics
81`2 Theory of signs. Theory of translation. Standardization. Usage. Geographical linguistics
81`3Mathematical and applied linguistics. Phonetics. Graphemics. Grammar. Semantics. Stylistics
81`4Text linguistics, Discourse analysis. Typological linguistics
81`42Text linguistics. Discourse analysis
81`44Typological linguistics
82-1/-9Special auxiliary subdivision for literary forms, genres
ClassDescription
82-1 Poetry. Poems. Verse
82-2Drama. Plays
82-3 Fiction. Prose narrative
82-31Novels. Full-length stories
82-32Short stories. Novellas
82-4Essays
82-5Oratory. Speeches
82-6Letters. Art of letter-writing. Correspondence. Genuine letters
82-7Prose satire. Humour, epigram, parody
82-8Miscellanea. Polygraphies. Selections
82-9Various other literary forms
82-92Periodical literature. Writings in serials, journals, reviews
82-94History as literary genre. Historical writing. Historiography. Chronicles. Annals. Memoirs
82.02/.09 Special auxiliary subdivision for theory, study and technique of literature
ClassDescription
82.02Literary schools, trends and movements
82.09Literary criticism. Literary studies
82.091Comparative literary studies. Comparative literature

9 Geography. Biography. History

Tables for Geography and History in UDC are fully faceted and place, time and ethnic grouping facets are expressed through combination with common auxiliaries of place (Table 1e), ethnic grouping (Table 1f) and time (Table 1g)

ClassDescription
902/908Archaeology. Prehistory. Cultural remains. Area studies
902 Archaeology
903Prehistory. Prehistoric remains, artifacts, antiquities
904Cultural remains of historical times
908Area studies. Study of a locality
91 Geography. Exploration of the Earth and of individual countries. Travel. Regional geography
910General questions. Geography as a science. Exploration. Travel
911General geography. Science of geographical factors (systematic geography). Theoretical geography
911.2 Physical geography
911.3 Human geography (cultural geography). Geography of cultural factors
911.5/.9Theoretical geography
912Nonliterary, nontextual representations of a region
913 Regional geography
92Biographical studies. Genealogy. Heraldry. Flags
929Biographical studies
929.5Genealogy
929.6Heraldry
929.7Nobility. Titles. Peerage
929.9Flags. Standards. Banners
93/94 History
930Science of history. Historiography
930.1History as a science
930.2Methodology of history. Ancillary historical sciences
930.25Archivistics. Archives (including public and other records)
930.85History of civilization. Cultural history
94General

Common auxiliary tables

Table 1c: Language

ClassDescription
=1/=9Languages (natural and artificial)
=1/=8Natural languages
=1/=2Indo-European languages
=1Indo-European languages of Europe
=11Germanic languages
=12Italic languages
=13Romance languages
=14Greek (Hellenic)
=15Celtic languages
=16Slavic languages
=17Baltic languages
=18Albanian
=19Armenian
=2Indo-Iranian, Nuristani (Kafiri) and dead Indo-European languages
=21/=22Indo-Iranian languages
=21Indic languages
=22Iranian languages
=29Dead Indo-European languages (not listed elsewhere)
=3Dead languages of unknown affiliation. Caucasian languages
=34Dead languages of unknown affiliation, spoken in the Mediterranean and Near East (except Semitic)
=35Caucasian languages
=4Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Congo-Kordofanian, Khoisan languages
=41Afro-Asiatic (Hamito-Semitic) languages
=42Nilo-Saharan languages
=43Congo-Kordofanian (Niger-Kordofanian) languages
=45Khoisan languages
=5Ural-Altaic, Palaeo-Siberian, Eskimo-Aleut, Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan languages. Japanese. Korean. Ainu
=51Ural-Altaic languages
=521Japanese
=531Korean
=541Ainu
=55Palaeo-Siberian languages
=56Eskimo-Aleut languages
=58Sino-Tibetan languages
=6Austro-Asiatic languages. Austronesian languages
=61Austro-Asiatic languages
=62Austronesian languages
=7Indo-Pacific (non-Austronesian) languages. Australian languages
=71Indo-Pacific (non-Austronesian) languages
=72Australian languages
=8American indigenous languages
=81Indigenous languages of Canada, USA and Northern-Central Mexico
=82Indigenous languages of western North American Coast, Mexico and Yucatán
=84/=88Central and South American indigenous languages
=84Ge-Pano-Carib languages. Macro-Chibchan languages
=85Andean languages. Equatorial languages
=86Chaco languages. Patagonian and Fuegian languages
=88Isolated, unclassified Central and South American indigenous languages
=9Artificial languages
=92Artificial languages for use among human beings. International auxiliary languages (interlanguages)
=93Artificial languages used to instruct machines. Programming languages. Computer languages

Table 1d: Form

Main Table
ClassDescription
(01)Bibliographies
(02)Books in general
(03)Reference works
(04)Non-serial separates. Separata
(041)Pamphlets. Brochures
(042)Addresses. Lectures. Speeches
(043)Theses. Dissertations
(044)Personal documents. Correspondence. Letters. Circulars
(045)Articles in serials, collections etc. Contributions
(046)Newspaper articles
(047)Reports. Notices. Bulletins
(048)Bibliographic descriptions. Abstracts. Summaries. Surveys
(049)Other non-serial separates
(05)Serial publications. Periodicals
(06)Documents relating to societies, associations, organizations
(07)Documents for instruction, teaching, study, training
(08)Collected and polygraphic works. Forms. Lists. Illustrations. Business publications
(09)Presentation in historical form. Legal and historical sources
(091)Presentation in chronological, historical form. Historical presentation in the strict sense
(092)Biographical presentation
(093)Historical sources
(094)Legal sources. Legal documents
(0.02/.08) Special auxiliary subdivision for document form
ClassDescription
(0.02)Documents according to physical, external form
(0.03)Documents according to method of production
(0.032)Handwritten documents (autograph, holograph copies). Manuscripts. Pictorial documents (drawings, paintings)
(0.034)Machine-readable documents
(0.04)Documents according to stage of production
(0.05)Documents for particular kinds of user
(0.06)Documents according to level of presentation and availability
(0.07)Supplementary matter issued with a document
(0.08)Separately issued supplements or parts of documents

Table 1e: Place

Main Table
ClassDescription
(1)Place and space in general. Localization. Orientation
(100)Universal as to place. International. All countries in general
(2)Physiographic designation
(20)Ecosphere
(21)Surface of the Earth in general. Land areas in particular. Natural zones and regions
(23)Above sea level. Surface relief. Above ground generally. Mountains
(24)Below sea level. Underground. Subterranean
(25)Natural flat ground (at, above or below sea level). The ground in its natural condition, cultivated or inhabited
(26)Oceans, seas and interconnections
(28)Inland waters
(29)The world according to physiographic features
(3)Places of the ancient and mediaeval world
(31)Ancient China and Japan
(32) Ancient Egypt
(33)Ancient Roman Province of Judaea. The Holy Land. Region of the Israelites
(34) Ancient India
(35)Medo-Persia
(36)Regions of the so-called barbarians
(37)Italia. Ancient Rome and Italy
(38) Ancient Greece
(399)Other regions. Ancient geographical divisions other than those of classical antiquity
(4/9)Countries and places of the modern world
(4) Europe
(5) Asia
(6) Africa
(7) North and Central America
(8) South America
(9)States and regions of the South Pacific and Australia. Arctic. Antarctic
(1-0/-9) Special auxiliary subdivision for boundaries and spatial forms of various kinds
ClassDescription
(1-0)Zones
(1-1)Orientation. Points of the compass. Relative position
(1-11)East. Eastern
(1-13)South. Southern
(1-14)South-west. South-western
(1-15)West. Western
(1-17)North. Northern
(1-19)Relative location, direction and orientation
(1-2)Lowest administrative units. Localities
(1-5)Dependent or semi-dependent territories
(1-6)States or groupings of states from various points of view
(1-7)Places and areas according to privacy, publicness and other special features
(1-8)Location. Source. Transit. Destination
(1-9)Regionalization according to specialized points of view

Table 1f: Human ancestry and grouping

They are derived mainly from the common auxiliaries of language =... (Table 1c) and so may also usefully distinguish linguistic-cultural groups. For example =111English is used to represent (=111)English speaking peoples.

ClassDescription
(=01)Human ancestry groups
(=011)European Continental Ancestry Group
(=012)Asian Continental Ancestry Group
(=013)African Continental Ancestry Group
(=014)Oceanic Ancestry Group
(=017)American Native Continental Ancestry Group
(=1/=8)Linguistic-cultural groups, ethnic groups, peoples [derived from Table 1c]
(=1:1/9)

Peoples associated with particular places

E.g. (=111:71)Anglophone population of Canada

Table 1g: Time

ClassDescription
"0/2"Dates and ranges of time (CE or AD) in conventional Christian (Gregorian) reckoning
"0"First millennium CE
"1"Second millennium CE
"2"Third millennium CE
"3/7"Time divisions other than dates in Christian (Gregorian) reckoning
"3"Conventional time divisions and subdivisions: numbered, named, etc.
"4"Duration. Time-span. Period. Term. Ages and age-groups
"5"Periodicity. Frequency. Recurrence at specified intervals.
"6"Geological, archaeological and cultural time divisions
"61/62"Geological time division
"63"Archaeological, prehistoric, protohistoric periods and ages
"67/69"Time reckonings: universal, secular, non-Christian religious
"67"Universal time reckoning. Before Present
"68"Secular time reckonings other than universal and the Christian (Gregorian) calendar
"69"Dates and time units in non-Christian (non-Gregorian) religious time reckonings
"7"Phenomena in time. Phenomenology of time

Table 1k: General characteristics

ClassDescription
-02Common auxiliaries of properties
-021Properties of existence
-022Properties of magnitude, degree, quantity, number, temporal values, dimension, size
-023Properties of shape
-024Properties of structure. Properties of position
-025Properties of arrangement
-026Properties of action and movement
-027Operational properties
-028Properties of style and presentation
-029Properties derived from other main classes
-03Common auxiliaries of materials
-032Naturally occurring mineral materials
-033Manufactured mineral-based materials
-034Metals
-035Materials of mainly organic origin
-036Macromolecular materials. Rubbers and plastics
-037Textiles. Fibres. Yarns. Fabrics. Cloth
-039Other materials
-04Common auxiliaries of relations, processes and operations
-042Phase relations
-043General processes
-043.8/.9Processes of existence
-045Processes related to position, arrangement, movement, physical properties, states of matter
-047/-049General operations and activities
-05Common auxiliaries of persons and personal characteristics
-051Persons as agents, doers, practitioners (studying, making, serving etc.)
-052Persons as targets, clients, users (studied, served etc.)
-053Persons according to age or age-groups
-054Persons according to ethnic characteristics, nationality, citizenship etc.
-055Persons according to gender and kinship
-056Persons according to constitution, health, disposition, hereditary or other traits
-057Persons according to occupation, work, livelihood, education
-058Persons according to social class, civil status

See also

Classifications based on UDC

Other faceted classifications

Other library classifications

References

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  2. McIlwaine, I. C. (2007). Universal Decimal Classification: a guide to its use (Revised ed.). The Hague: UDC Consortium.
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