Wendelstein 7-AS

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Wendelstein 7-AS
Garching Experiment Wendelstein 7-AS.jpg
Wendelstein 7-AS in Garching. The stellarator - at the rear right - is almost covered by diagnostic and heating components.
Device type Stellarator
Location Garching, Germany
Affiliation Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
Technical specifications
Major radius2 m (6 ft 7 in)
Minor radius0.13–0.18 m (5.1 in – 7.1 in)
Plasma volumeapprox. 1  m3
Magnetic field up to 2.6 T (26,000 G)
Heating power5.3  MW
Discharge durationup to 2  s
History
Year(s) of operation1988–2002
Succeeded by Wendelstein 7-X

Wendelstein 7-AS (abbreviated W7-AS, for "Advanced Stellarator") was an experimental stellarator which was in operation from 1988 to 2002 by the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP) in Garching. [1] [2] It was the first of a new class of advanced stellarators with modular coils, designed with the goal of developing a nuclear fusion reactor to generate electricity.

Contents

The experiment was succeeded by Wendelstein 7-X, which began construction in Greifswald in 2002, was completed in 2014 and started operation in December 2015. The goal of its successor is to investigate the suitability of components designed for a future fusion reactor. [3]

Experimental design

Top view of the magnetic coil system of the Wendelstein 7-AS. The position of the plasma in it is shown in red. The cross-section of the plasma changes five times along the ring, each from an upright elliptical shape (bottom left) to a more teardrop shape (bottom right) and back. Wendelstein7-AS Aufsicht mit Spulen.png
Top view of the magnetic coil system of the Wendelstein 7-AS. The position of the plasma in it is shown in red. The cross-section of the plasma changes five times along the ring, each from an upright elliptical shape (bottom left) to a more teardrop shape (bottom right) and back.
One of the characteristic optimized non-planar coils, exhibited in the Deutsches Museum. Coil of Wendelstein 7-AS.jpg
One of the characteristic optimized non-planar coils, exhibited in the Deutsches Museum.

Wendelstein 7-AS was a stellarator, a device which generates the magnetic fields necessary for the confinement of a hot hydrogen plasma via current-carrying coils outside the plasma. They are potential candidates for fusion reactors designed for continuous operation as the current exclusively flows on the outside of the machine, in contrast to the tokamak which generates the confining magnetic fields from the current that flows within the plasma itself.

Wendelstein 7-AS was the first in a series of IPP stellarator experiments [4] with a modular coil system that creates the twisted magnetic fields necessary to confine the plasma. It was designed to give the magnetic fields more degrees of freedom that allowed it shaped closer to the optimal theoretical configuration. [5] Due to limited computing power and the need to quickly test the validity of the concept on the stellarator, only a partial optimization of the magnetic fields were carried out at Wendelstein 7-AS.[ verification needed ] It was only on the successor device Wendelstein 7-X that a full optimization of the code used to generate the fields were carried out. [6] [7]

Technical specifications

Technical specifications of Wendelstein 7-AS [2]
PropertyValue
Major radius2 m
Minor radius0.13 to 0.18 m
Magnetic fieldup to 2.6 Tesla (≈ 500,000 times Earth's magnetic field in Europe)
Number of toroidal coils45 modular, non-flat coils + 10 flat additional coils
Plasma durationup to 2 seconds
Plasma heating5.3 megawatts (2.6 MW microwaves + 2.8 MW neutral particle injection)
Plasma volume≈ 1 cubic meter
Amount of plasma<1 milligram
Electron temperatureup to 78 million K = 6.8 keV
Ion temperature (hydrogen)up to 20 million K = 1.7 keV (slightly more than the temperature in the center of the Sun)

Project results

A look through a vacuum window in the toroidal direction and along the plasma in W7-AS. The "cold" edge of the plasma appears bright, showing bulbous island structures in the center of the picture that press against the graphite tiles of the wall (left side). The radiated heat emitted at the hot center of the plasma tube (right side, approximately 30 cm in diameter) is near the X-ray spectrum and is invisible to the camera; the plasma therefore appears diffuse and transparent. W7AS plasma.jpg
A look through a vacuum window in the toroidal direction and along the plasma in W7-AS. The “cold” edge of the plasma appears bright, showing bulbous island structures in the center of the picture that press against the graphite tiles of the wall (left side). The radiated heat emitted at the hot center of the plasma tube (right side, approximately 30 cm in diameter) is near the X-ray spectrum and is invisible to the camera; the plasma therefore appears diffuse and transparent.

The following experimental results confirmed the predictions of a partially optimized Wendelstein 7-AS and led to the development and construction of the Wendelstein 7-X: [8]

References

  1. Renner, H; Anabitarte, E; Ascasibar, E; Besshou, S; Brakel, R; Burhenn, R; Cattanei, G; Dodhy, A; Dorst, D; Elsner, A; Engelhardt, K (1989). "Initial operation of the Wendelstein 7AS advanced stellarator". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 31 (10): 1579–1596. Bibcode:1989PPCF...31.1579R. doi:10.1088/0741-3335/31/10/008. ISSN   0741-3335. S2CID   250858130.
  2. 1 2 Hirsch, M; Baldzuhn, J; Beidler, C; Brakel, R; Burhenn, R; Dinklage, A; Ehmler, H; Endler, M; Erckmann, V; Feng, Y; Geiger, J (2008). "Major results from the stellarator Wendelstein 7-AS". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 50 (5): 053001. doi:10.1088/0741-3335/50/5/053001. ISSN   0741-3335. S2CID   118508232.
  3. Clery, Daniel (2015-10-21). "The bizarre reactor that might save nuclear fusion". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
  4. Grieger, G.; Renner, H.; Wobig, H. (1985). "Wendelstein stellarators". Nuclear Fusion. 25 (9): 1231–1242. doi:10.1088/0029-5515/25/9/040. ISSN   0029-5515. S2CID   250832456.
  5. Chu, T.K.; Furth, H.P.; Johnson, J.L.; Ludescher, C.; Weimer, K.E. (1982). "Optimization techniques for modular stellarator coils". Nuclear Fusion. 22 (7): 871–881. doi:10.1088/0029-5515/22/7/001. ISSN   0029-5515. S2CID   121149986.
  6. Renner, H. (1988). "Experimental programme of W VII-AS and projections to W VII-X". Proceedings of the Workshop on Wendelstein VII-X. 20 (18) via International Nuclear Information System.
  7. Wanner, M.; the W7-X Team (2000). "Design goals and status of the WENDELSTEIN 7-X project". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 42 (11): 1179–1186. Bibcode:2000PPCF...42.1179W. doi:10.1088/0741-3335/42/11/304. hdl: 11858/00-001M-0000-0029-543E-1 . ISSN   0741-3335. S2CID   110058999.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. Wagner, F.; Bäumel, S.; Baldzuhn, J.; Basse, N.; Brakel, R.; Burhenn, R.; Dinklage, A.; Dorst, D.; Ehmler, H.; Endler, M.; Erckmann, V. (2005). "W7-AS: One step of the Wendelstein stellarator line". Physics of Plasmas. 12 (7): 072509. Bibcode:2005PhPl...12g2509W. doi:10.1063/1.1927100. ISSN   1070-664X.
  9. Jaenicke, R; Baldzuhn, J; Erckmann, V; Geiger, J; Grigull, P; Hofmann, J V; Kick, M; Kisslinger, J; Kuhner, G; Maassberg, H; Niedermeyer, H (1995). "High power heating experiments on WENDELSTEIN 7-AS stellarator". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 37 (11A): A163 –A176. Bibcode:1995PPCF...37A.163J. doi:10.1088/0741-3335/37/11a/010. ISSN   0741-3335. S2CID   250801192.
  10. McCormick, K.; Grigull, P.; Burhenn, R.; Brakel, R.; Ehmler, H.; Feng, Y.; Fischer, R.; Gadelmeier, F.; Giannone, L.; Hildebrandt, D.; Hirsch, M. (2003). "Island divertor experiments on the Wendelstein 7-AS stellarator" . Journal of Nuclear Materials. Plasma-Surface Interactions in Controlled Fusion Devices 15. 313–316: 1131–1140. Bibcode:2003JNuM..313.1131M. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01506-4. ISSN   0022-3115.