Commercial Fusion is a term used to refer to privately owned companies whose aim is to sell electricity produced by nuclear fusion. The industry now consists of over 40 companies who have attracted a combined total of more than $6 billion in investment. [1] [2]
Company | Year founded | Approach | Fuel | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Avalanche Energy | 2018 | Hybrid electrostatic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [3] |
Blue Laser Fusion | 2022 | Inertial confinement | proton - boron | [4] |
Commonwealth Fusion Systems | 2018 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [5] |
Compact Fusion Systems, Inc. | 2018 | [ citation needed ] | ||
Crossfield Fusion Ltd | 2019 | Closed orbit, velocity resonant systems | Reactor development canceled 2021. [6] [7] | |
CTFusion Inc | 2015 | Ceased trading in 2023. [8] | ||
Deutelio | 2022 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - deuterium | [7] |
Electric Fusion Systems, Inc. | 2020 | Rydberg matter fuel-based fusion | proton - lithium7 | [9] |
EMC2 Fusion | 1985 | Polywell | [10] [11] | |
Energy Singularity Fusion Power Technology | 2021 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [12] |
ENN Energy | 2018 | Magnetic confinement | proton - boron | [13] [5] |
EX-Fusion | 2021 | Inertial confinement | deuterium - tritium | [14] |
First Light Fusion | 2011 | Inertial confinement | deuterium - tritium | [15] [16] [7] [17] [5] |
Focused Energy | 2021 | Inertial confinement | deuterium - tritium | [18] [7] [17] [19] |
Fuse | 2019 | Magneto-inertial | deuterium - tritium | [ citation needed ] |
Fusion Power Corporation | 2016 | Heavy ion fusion | deuterium - tritium | Dissolved in 2019. [20] |
Gauss Fusion | 2022 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [7] |
General Atomics Fusion Division | 2022 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [21] |
General Fusion | 2002 | Magneto-inertial | deuterium - tritium | [5] |
HB11 Energy | 2017 | Non-thermal laser fusion | proton - boron | [22] [23] [24] |
Helical Fusion | 2021 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [14] |
HelicitySpace Corporation | 2018 | Magneto-inertial | deuterium - deuterium | Targeting spaceflight applications [25] |
Helion Energy | 2013 | Magneto-inertial | deuterium - helium3 | [26] |
Horne Technologies | 2008 | Hybrid magnetic and electrostatic confinement | deuterium - deuterium, proton - boron | [27] [ better source needed ] |
HyperJet Fusion | [5] | |||
Kyoto Fusioneering | 2019 | deuterium - tritium | [14] [28] | |
LaserFusionX | 2022 | Inertial confinement | deuterium - tritium | [19] |
Lockheed Martin | 2010 | [29] [5] | ||
Longview Fusion Energy Systems | 2021 | Inertial confinement | deuterium - tritium | [17] [19] |
LPP Fusion, Inc. [ citation needed ] | 2003 | Magnetic confinement | proton - boron | Also known as "Lawrenceville Plasma Physics" - see Eric J. Lerner article |
Magneto Inertial Fusion Technology Inc. (MIFTI) | 2009 | Magneto-inertial | deuterium - tritium | Division of US Nuclear Corp [30] |
Marvel Fusion | 2019 | Inertial confinement | proton - boron | [7] [19] |
Norront Fusion Energy | 2017 | Muon-catalyzed fusion | [31] | |
NT-Tao | 2019 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [32] |
NearStar Fusion | 2021 | Magneto-inertial | deuterium - tritium, deuterium - deuterium, proton - boron | [33] [34] |
NK Labs, LLC | 2008 | Muon-catalyzed fusion | deuterium - tritium | [35] |
Novatron Fusion Group AB | 2019 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [36] [37] [38] |
Openstar Technologies | 2021 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - deuterium (tritium suppressed) | [ citation needed ] |
Princeton Fusion Systems | 1992 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - helium3 | [39] [5] |
Proxima Fusion | 2023 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [7] |
Realta Fusion | 2022 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [40] [41] |
Renaissance Fusion | 2021 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [7] |
Stellarex, Inc | 2022 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [28] |
SHINE Technologies | 2005 | Magneto-electrostatic confinement | deuterium - tritium | SHINE's focus is radioisotope production, not energy. [42] [43] |
TAE Technologies | 1998 | Magnetic confinement | proton - boron | formerly Tri Alpha Energy [5] |
Thea Energy (formerly Princeton Stellarators) | 2022 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [28] |
Tokamak Energy | 2009 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [28] |
Type One Energy Group | 2019 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [41] |
Ultrafusion Nuclear Power | Merged with Norront Fusion AS in 2018. [31] | |||
Xcimer Energy Inc. | 2022 | Inertial confinement | deuterium - tritium | [17] |
Zap Energy | 2017 | Magnetic confinement | deuterium - tritium | [26] |
For decades researchers have famously said that fusion power is always 30, or even 50, years away. [44] [45] The advent of commercial fusion has changed that, and now fusion power is typically predicted to be around 10 years away, with most companies predicting that the first fusion plant will deliver electricity to the grid before 2035. [46] Although the majority of the companies have only existed for a few years, some have already failed to deliver on their predictions. General Fusion first predicted that it would deliver electricity to the grid by 2009. [47]
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear power plants. Nuclear decay processes are used in niche applications such as radioisotope thermoelectric generators in some space probes such as Voyager 2. Generating electricity from fusion power remains the focus of international research.
Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a fusion energy process that initiates nuclear fusion reactions by compressing and heating targets filled with fuel. The targets are small pellets, typically containing deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H).
Fusion power is a proposed form of power generation that would generate electricity by using heat from nuclear fusion reactions. In a fusion process, two lighter atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, while releasing energy. Devices designed to harness this energy are known as fusion reactors. Research into fusion reactors began in the 1940s, but as of 2024, no device has reached net power, although net positive reactions have been achieved.
This timeline of nuclear fusion is an incomplete chronological summary of significant events in the study and use of nuclear fusion.
ITER is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject aimed at creating energy through a fusion process similar to that of the Sun. Upon completion of construction of the main reactor and first plasma, planned for late 2025, it will be the world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment and the largest experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor. It is being built next to the Cadarache facility in southern France. ITER will be the largest of more than 100 fusion reactors built since the 1950s, with ten times the plasma volume of any other tokamak operating today.
Aneutronic fusion is any form of fusion power in which very little of the energy released is carried by neutrons. While the lowest-threshold nuclear fusion reactions release up to 80% of their energy in the form of neutrons, aneutronic reactions release energy in the form of charged particles, typically protons or alpha particles. Successful aneutronic fusion would greatly reduce problems associated with neutron radiation such as damaging ionizing radiation, neutron activation, reactor maintenance, and requirements for biological shielding, remote handling and safety.
Rosatom, also known as Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation, the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom, or Rosatom State Corporation, is a Russian state corporation headquartered in Moscow that specializes in nuclear energy, nuclear non-energy goods and high-tech products. It was established in 2007 and comprises more than 350 enterprises, including scientific research organizations, a nuclear weapons complex, and the world's only nuclear icebreaker fleet.
Since the mid 1980s, the largest source of electricity in France has been nuclear power, with a generation of 379.5 TWh in 2019 and a total electricity production of 537.7 TWh. In 2018, the nuclear share was 71.67%, the highest percentage in the world.
Russia is one of the world's largest producers of nuclear energy. In 2020 total electricity generated in nuclear power plants in Russia was 215.746 TWh, 20.28% of all power generation. The installed gross capacity of Russian nuclear reactors is 29.4 GW in December 2020.
Between 2007 and 2009, 13 companies applied to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for construction and operating licenses to build 31 new nuclear power reactors in the United States. However, the case for widespread nuclear plant construction has been hampered due to inexpensive natural gas, slow electricity demand growth in a weak US economy, lack of financing, and safety concerns following the Fukushima nuclear accident at a plant built in the early 1970s which occurred in 2011.
General Fusion is a Canadian company based in Vancouver, British Columbia, which is developing a fusion power device based on magnetized target fusion (MTF). The company was founded in 2002 by Dr. Michel Laberge. The company has more than 150 employees in three countries, with additional centers co-located with fusion research laboratories near London, and Oak Ridge, Tennessee, US.
Fusion ignition is the point at which a nuclear fusion reaction becomes self-sustaining. This occurs when the energy being given off by the reaction heats the fuel mass more rapidly than it cools. In other words, fusion ignition is the point at which the increasing self-heating of the nuclear fusion removes the need for external heating. This is quantified by the Lawson criterion. Ignition can also be defined by the fusion energy gain factor.
Helion Energy, Inc. is an American fusion research company, located in Everett, Washington. They are developing a magneto-inertial fusion technology to produce helium-3 and fusion power via aneutronic fusion, which could produce low-cost clean electric energy using a fuel that can be derived exclusively from water.
LIFE, short for Laser Inertial Fusion Energy, was a fusion energy effort run at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory between 2008 and 2013. LIFE aimed to develop the technologies necessary to convert the laser-driven inertial confinement fusion concept being developed in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) into a practical commercial power plant, a concept known generally as inertial fusion energy (IFE). LIFE used the same basic concepts as NIF, but aimed to lower costs using mass-produced fuel elements, simplified maintenance, and diode lasers with higher electrical efficiency.
X-energy is a private American nuclear reactor and fuel design engineering company. It is developing a Generation IV high-temperature gas-cooled pebble-bed nuclear reactor design. It has received funding from private sources and various government grants and contracts, notably through the Department of Energy's (DOE) Advanced Reactor Concept Cooperative Agreement in 2016 and its Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program (ARDP) in 2020.
SPARC is a tokamak under development by Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) in collaboration with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC). Funding has come from Eni, Breakthrough Energy Ventures, Khosla Ventures, Temasek, Equinor, Devonshire Investors, and others.
Direct Fusion Drive (DFD) is a conceptual, low radioactivity, nuclear-fusion rocket engine, designed to produce both thrust and electric power, suitable for interplanetary spacecraft. The concept is based on the Princeton field-reversed configuration reactor, invented in 2002 by Samuel A. Cohen. It is being modeled and experimentally tested at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy facility, as well as modeled and evaluated by Princeton Satellite Systems (PSS). As of 2018, a direct fusion drive project driven by NASA is said to have entered its simulation phase, presented as the second phase of the concept's evolution.
The history of nuclear fusion began early in the 20th century as an inquiry into how stars powered themselves and expanded to incorporate a broad inquiry into the nature of matter and energy, as potential applications expanded to include warfare, energy production and rocket propulsion.
Last Energy is an American commercial developer of nuclear power plants, established in 2020 by Bret Kugelmass, who is also the founder of the Energy Impact Center, an American research institute.
The headline number for this report is that the fusion industry has now attracted over $6 billion in investment.
The company adopted a new approach to building fusion reactors based on patented technology (US8138692) called the Epicyclotron. The company was founded in 2019 and developed a working fusion device in 2021 based on this approach. In October 2021 the company determined through the experimentation work completed and detailed 'particle in cell' modelling of loss mechanisms that the reactor would not scale as initially anticipated (and therefore could not be developed to deliver a net gain fusion reactor). The company is currently exploring the use of this technology the developed in hydrogen isotope separation as part of the fusion fuel cycle.
The standard joke about fusion is that it is 50 years away and always will be.
In this report, 25 companies think the first fusion plant will deliver electricity to the grid before 2035.