Ytterbium compounds

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Ytterbium compounds are chemical compounds that contain the element ytterbium (Yb). The chemical behavior of ytterbium is similar to that of the rest of the lanthanides. Most ytterbium compounds are found in the +3 oxidation state, and its salts in this oxidation state are nearly colorless. Like europium, samarium, and thulium, the trihalides of ytterbium can be reduced to the dihalides by hydrogen, zinc dust, or by the addition of metallic ytterbium. [1] The +2 oxidation state occurs only in solid compounds and reacts in some ways similarly to the alkaline earth metal compounds; for example, ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) shows the same structure as calcium oxide (CaO). [1]

Contents

Halides

Ytterbium(III) chloride Ytterbium(III) chloride.jpg
Ytterbium(III) chloride

Ytterbium forms both dihalides and trihalides with the halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The dihalides are susceptible to oxidation to the trihalides at room temperature and disproportionate to the trihalides and metallic ytterbium at high temperature: [1]

3 YbX2 → 2 YbX3 + Yb (X = F, Cl, Br, I)

Some ytterbium halides are used as reagents in organic synthesis. For example, ytterbium(III) chloride (YbCl3) is a Lewis acid and can be used as a catalyst in the Aldol [2] and Diels–Alder reactions. [3] Ytterbium(II) iodide (YbI2) may be used, like samarium(II) iodide, as a reducing agent for coupling reactions. [4] Ytterbium(III) fluoride (YbF3) is used as an inert and non-toxic tooth filling as it continuously releases fluoride ions, which are good for dental health, and is also a good X-ray contrast agent. [5]

Oxides

Ytterbium(III) oxide.jpg
Kristallstruktur Lanthanoid-C-Typ.png
Ytterbium(III) oxide and its crystal structure.

Ytterbium reacts with oxygen to form ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb2O3), which crystallizes in the "rare-earth C-type sesquioxide" structure which is related to the fluorite structure with one quarter of the anions removed, leading to ytterbium atoms in two different six coordinate (non-octahedral) environments. [6] Ytterbium(III) oxide can be reduced to ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) with elemental ytterbium, which crystallizes in the same structure as sodium chloride. [1]

Borides

Ytterbium dodecaboride (YbB12) is a crystalline material that has been studied to understand various electronic and structural properties of many chemically related substances. It is a Kondo insulator. [7] It is a quantum material; under normal conditions, the interior of the bulk crystal is an insulator whereas the surface is highly conductive. [8] Among the rare earth elements, ytterbium is one of the few that can form a stable dodecaboride, a property attributed to its comparatively small atomic radius. [9]

Other inorganic compounds

Ytterbium(III) acetate tetrahydrate Ytterbium(III) acetate tetrahydrate.jpg
Ytterbium(III) acetate tetrahydrate

Ytterbium(III) nitrate is the nitrate of ytterbium in the +3 oxidation state. [10] The compound forms colorless crystals, dissolves in water, and also forms crystalline hydrates. [11] [12] It can be obtained by reacting ytterbium and nitric oxide in ethyl acetate:

Yb + 3 N2O4 → Yb(NO3)3 + 3 H2O

Ytterbium phosphide is the phosphide of ytterbium in the +3 oxidation state. [13] [14] [15] It can be obtained by reacting ytterbium and phosphine in liquid ammonia to form Yb(PH2)2·5NH3, which can be decomposed to obtain ytterbium phosphide: [16]

Yb(PH2)2•5NH3 → Yb(PH2)2 + 5NH3
2Yb(PH2)2 → YbP + 2PH3 + H2

The compound forms black crystals of a cubic system, space group Fm3m. [17]

Ytterbium(III) acetate is an acetate of ytterbium in the +3 oxidation state. It has colorless crystals that are soluble in water and can form hydrates. [18] [19] Ytterbium acetate can be used as a raw material for the synthesis of upconversion luminescent materials; [20] it can also be used as a catalyst for some specific organic reactions. [21]

Alloys

Ytterbium dirhodium disilicide

Ytterbium dirhodium disilicide (YbRh2Si2), also abbreviated YRS, is a heavy fermion solid state compound of ytterbium, rhodium and silicon. It becomes superconducting when cooled to 2 mK. Just above this temperature the heat capacity is extremely high, and the electrons behave as if they were 1,000,000 times heavier than they really are. [22] The valence of Yb depends on temperature and magnetic field. [23]

Ytterbium-bismuth-platinum

Ytterbium-bismuth-platinum is an intermetallic material which at low temperatures exhibits an extremely high value of specific heat, which is a characteristic of heavy-fermion behavior. Ytterbium-bismuth-platinum has a noncentrosymmetric cubic crystal structure; in particular it belongs to the ternary half-Heusler compounds.

Ytterbium-gallium-germanium

Ytterbium-gallium-germanium (also called YbGaGe) is an alloy of ytterbium, gallium and germanium. It sparked interest because one group of researchers reported that it exhibits zero thermal expansion, while being conductive. [24] Such materials have applications in space and other environments where low thermal expansion materials are required. [25] However, subsequent measurements by other groups were not able to reproduce those results, but rather found expansion coefficients similar to copper. [26]

Pictures of ytterbium compounds

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lutetium</span> Chemical element, symbol Lu and atomic number 71

Lutetium is a chemical element; it has symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry air, but not in moist air. Lutetium is the last element in the lanthanide series, and it is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements; it can also be classified as the first element of the 6th-period transition metals.

The lanthanide or lanthanoid series of chemical elements comprises at least the 14 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57–70, from lanthanum through ytterbium. In the periodic table, they fill the 4f orbitals. Lutetium is also sometimes considered a lanthanide, despite being a d-block element and a transition metal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samarium</span> Chemical element, symbol Sm and atomic number 62

Samarium is a chemical element; it has symbol Sm and atomic number 62. It is a moderately hard silvery metal that slowly oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually has the oxidation state +3. Compounds of samarium(II) are also known, most notably the monoxide SmO, monochalcogenides SmS, SmSe and SmTe, as well as samarium(II) iodide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ytterbium</span> Chemical element, symbol Yb and atomic number 70

Ytterbium is a chemical element; it has symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is a metal, the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. Like the other lanthanides, its most common oxidation state is +3, as in its oxide, halides, and other compounds. In aqueous solution, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble ytterbium compounds form complexes with nine water molecules. Because of its closed-shell electron configuration, its density, melting point and boiling point are much lower than those of most other lanthanides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Europium(III) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Europium(III) chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula EuCl3. The anhydrous compound is a yellow solid. Being hygroscopic it rapidly absorbs water to form a white crystalline hexahydrate, EuCl3·6H2O, which is colourless. The compound is used in research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ytterbium(III) oxide</span> Chemical compound

Ytterbium(III) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula Yb2O3. It is one of the more commonly encountered compounds of ytterbium. It occurs naturally in trace amounts in the mineral gadolinite. It was first isolated from this in 1878 by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ytterbium(III) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Ytterbium(III) chloride (YbCl3) is an inorganic chemical compound. It reacts with NiCl2 to form a very effective catalyst for the reductive dehalogenation of aryl halides. It is poisonous if injected, and mildly toxic by ingestion. It is an experimental teratogen, known to irritate the skin and eyes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ytterbium(III) nitrate</span> Chemical compound

Ytterbium(III) nitrate is an inorganic compound, a salt of ytterbium and nitric acid with the chemical formula Yb(NO3)3. The compound forms colorless crystals, dissolves in water, and also forms crystalline hydrates.

Europium phosphide is an inorganic compound of europium and phosphorus with the chemical formula EuP. Other phosphides are also known.

Ytterbium(III) phosphide is an inorganic compound of ytterbium and phosphorus with the chemical formula YbP. This is one of the phosphides of ytterbium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neodymium compounds</span> Chemical compounds with at least one neodymium atom

Neodymium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal neodymium (Nd). In these compounds, neodymium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as NdCl3, Nd2(SO4)3 and Nd(CH3COO)3. Compounds with neodymium in the +2 oxidation state are also known, such as NdCl2 and NdI2. Some neodymium compounds have colors that vary based upon the type of lighting.

Praseodymium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal praseodymium (Pr). In these compounds, praseodymium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as PrCl3, Pr(NO3)3 and Pr(CH3COO)3. However, compounds with praseodymium in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, and unlike other lanthanides, the +5 oxidation state, are also known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Europium compounds</span> Chemical compounds

Europium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal europium (Eu). In these compounds, europium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as EuCl3, Eu(NO3)3 and Eu(CH3COO)3. Compounds with europium in the +2 oxidation state are also known. The +2 ion of europium is the most stable divalent ion of lanthanide metals in aqueous solution. Many europium compounds fluoresce under ultraviolet light due to the excitation of electrons to higher energy levels. Lipophilic europium complexes often feature acetylacetonate-like ligands, e.g., Eufod.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terbium compounds</span> Chemical compounds with at least one terbium atom

Terbium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal terbium (Tb). Terbium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state in these compounds, such as in TbCl3, Tb(NO3)3 and Tb(CH3COO)3. Compounds with terbium in the +4 oxidation state are also known, such as TbO2 and BaTbF6. Terbium can also form compounds in the 0, +1 and +2 oxidation states.

Samarium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal samarium (Sm). In these compounds, samarium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as SmCl3, Sm(NO3)3 and Sm(C2O4)3. Compounds with samarium in the +2 oxidation state are also known, for example SmI2.

Erbium compounds are compounds containing the element erbium (Er). These compounds are usually dominated by erbium in the +3 oxidation state, although the +2, +1 and 0 oxidation states have also been reported.

Lutetium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal lutetium (Lu). In these compounds, lutetium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as LuCl3, Lu2O3 and Lu2(SO4)3. Aqueous solutions of most lutetium salts are colorless and form white crystalline solids upon drying, with the common exception of the iodide. The soluble salts, such as nitrate, sulfate and acetate form hydrates upon crystallization. The oxide, hydroxide, fluoride, carbonate, phosphate and oxalate are insoluble in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ytterbium(II) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Ytterbium(II) iodide is an iodide of ytterbium, with the chemical formula of YbI2. It is a yellow solid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ytterbium(III) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Ytterbium(III) iodide is one of ytterbium's iodides, with the chemical formula of YbI3.

References

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  11. ↑ "Ytterbium(III) nitrate pentahydrate". Sigma Aldrich . Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  12. ↑ Edelmann, Frank T.; Herrmann, Wolfgang A. (14 May 2014). Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry, Volume 6, 1997: Volume 6: Lanthanides and Actinides. Georg Thieme Verlag. p. 23. ISBN   978-3-13-179221-1 . Retrieved 19 August 2021.
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  21. ↑ Tan, Xuefeng; Wang, Yue; Li, Jianguo; Hu, Xiaojia; Wang, Gongying. Methoxycarbonylation of Isophorondiamine Catalyzed by Ytterbium Acetate. Shiyou Huagong (Petrochemical Technology), 2012, 41 (9): 1011-1016. doi : 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8144.2012.09.005
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