Ytterbium(III) oxide

Last updated
Ytterbium(III) oxide
Ytterbium(III) oxide.jpg
Names
IUPAC name
Ytterbium(III) oxide.
Other names
Ytterbia
diytterbium trioxide
ytterbium sesquioxide
Identifiers
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.013.850 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 215-234-0
PubChem CID
UNII
Properties
Yb2O3
Molar mass 394.08 g/mol
AppearanceWhite solid.
Density 9.17 g/cm3, solid.
Melting point 2,355 °C (4,271 °F; 2,628 K)
Boiling point 4,070 °C (7,360 °F; 4,340 K)
Insoluble
Structure
Cubic, cI80
Ia-3, No. 206
Octahedral
Thermochemistry
Std molar
entropy
(S298)
133.05 J/mol·K [1]
-1814.600 kJ/mol [1]
-1726.844 kJ/mol [1]
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
Warning
H315, H319, H335
P261, P305+P351+P338 [2]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calciumSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
0
1
Flash point Non-flammable.
Related compounds
Other anions
Ytterbium(III) sulfide, Ytterbium(III) chloride
Other cations
Thulium(III) oxide
Lutetium(III) oxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yes check.svgY  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Ytterbium(III) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula Yb2O3. It is one of the more commonly encountered compounds of ytterbium. It occurs naturally in trace amounts in the mineral gadolinite. It was first isolated from this in 1878 by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac. [3]

Contents

Preparation

Ytterbium(III) oxide can be obtained by directly reacting ytterbium with oxygen: [4]

4 Yb + 3 O2 → 2 Yb2O3

It can also be obtained by the thermal decomposition of ytterbium carbonate or ytterbium oxalate at temperatures around 700 °C: [5]

Yb2(CO3)3 → Yb2O3 + 3CO2
Yb2(C2O4)3 → Yb2O3 + 3 CO2 + 3CO

Properties

Chemical

Ytterbium(III) oxide is a white powder. [2] It reacts with carbon tetrachloride [6] or hot hydrochloric acid to form ytterbium(III) chloride: [7]

2 Yb2O3 + 3 CCl4 → 4 YbCl3 + 3 CO2
Yb2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 YbCl3 + 3 H2O

Physical

Like the other trivalent oxides of the heavier lanthanides, ytterbium(III) oxide has the "rare-earth C-type sesquioxide" structure which is related to the fluorite structure with one quarter of the anions removed, leading to ytterbium atoms in two different six coordinate (non-octahedral) environments. [8]

Uses

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erbium</span> Chemical element, symbol Er and atomic number 68

Erbium is a chemical element; it has symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements. It is a lanthanide, a rare-earth element, originally found in the gadolinite mine in Ytterby, Sweden, which is the source of the element's name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lanthanum</span> Chemical element, symbol La and atomic number 57

Lanthanum is a chemical element; it has symbol La and atomic number 57. It is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that tarnishes slowly when exposed to air. It is the eponym of the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table, of which lanthanum is the first and the prototype. Lanthanum is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements. Like most other rare earth elements, the usual oxidation state is +3, although some compounds are known with an oxidation state of +2. Lanthanum has no biological role in humans but is essential to some bacteria. It is not particularly toxic to humans but does show some antimicrobial activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lutetium</span> Chemical element, symbol Lu and atomic number 71

Lutetium is a chemical element; it has symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry air, but not in moist air. Lutetium is the last element in the lanthanide series, and it is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements; it can also be classified as the first element of the 6th-period transition metals.

The lanthanide or lanthanoid series of chemical elements comprises at least the 14 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57–70, from lanthanum through ytterbium. In the periodic table, they fill the 4f orbitals. Lutetium is also sometimes considered a lanthanide, despite being a d-block element and a transition metal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thulium</span> Chemical element, symbol Tm and atomic number 69

Thulium is a chemical element; it has symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is the thirteenth and third-last element in the lanthanide series. Like the other lanthanides, the most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds; however, the +2 oxidation state can also be stable. In aqueous solution, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble thulium compounds form coordination complexes with nine water molecules.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ytterbium</span> Chemical element, symbol Yb and atomic number 70

Ytterbium is a chemical element; it has symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is a metal, the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. Like the other lanthanides, its most common oxidation state is +3, as in its oxide, halides, and other compounds. In aqueous solution, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble ytterbium compounds form complexes with nine water molecules. Because of its closed-shell electron configuration, its density, melting point and boiling point are much lower than those of most other lanthanides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Praseodymium(III) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Praseodymium(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula PrCl3. Like other lanthanide trichlorides, it exists both in the anhydrous and hydrated forms. It is a blue-green solid that rapidly absorbs water on exposure to moist air to form a light green heptahydrate.

Neodymium(III) chloride or neodymium trichloride is a chemical compound of neodymium and chlorine with the formula NdCl3. This anhydrous compound is a mauve-colored solid that rapidly absorbs water on exposure to air to form a purple-colored hexahydrate, NdCl3·6H2O. Neodymium(III) chloride is produced from minerals monazite and bastnäsite using a complex multistage extraction process. The chloride has several important applications as an intermediate chemical for production of neodymium metal and neodymium-based lasers and optical fibers. Other applications include a catalyst in organic synthesis and in decomposition of waste water contamination, corrosion protection of aluminium and its alloys, and fluorescent labeling of organic molecules (DNA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Europium(III) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Europium(III) chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula EuCl3. The anhydrous compound is a yellow solid. Being hygroscopic it rapidly absorbs water to form a white crystalline hexahydrate, EuCl3·6H2O, which is colourless. The compound is used in research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ytterbium(III) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Ytterbium(III) chloride (YbCl3) is an inorganic chemical compound. It reacts with NiCl2 to form a very effective catalyst for the reductive dehalogenation of aryl halides. It is poisonous if injected, and mildly toxic by ingestion. It is an experimental teratogen, known to irritate the skin and eyes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yttrium</span> Chemical element, symbol Y and atomic number 39

Yttrium is a chemical element; it has symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a "rare-earth element". Yttrium is almost always found in combination with lanthanide elements in rare-earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element. 89Y is the only stable isotope and the only isotope found in the Earth's crust.

Lanthanum ytterbium oxide is a solid inorganic compound of lanthanum, ytterbium and oxygen with the chemical formula of LaYbO3. This compound adopts the Perovskite structure.

Praseodymium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal praseodymium (Pr). In these compounds, praseodymium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as PrCl3, Pr(NO3)3 and Pr(CH3COO)3. However, compounds with praseodymium in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, and unlike other lanthanides, the +5 oxidation state, are also known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Berkelium(III) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Berkelium(III) chloride also known as berkelium trichloride, is a chemical compound with the formula BkCl3. It is a water-soluble green salt with a melting point of 603 °C. This compound forms the hexahydrate, BkCl3·6H2O.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Europium compounds</span> Chemical compounds

Europium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal europium (Eu). In these compounds, europium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as EuCl3, Eu(NO3)3 and Eu(CH3COO)3. Compounds with europium in the +2 oxidation state are also known. The +2 ion of europium is the most stable divalent ion of lanthanide metals in aqueous solution. Many europium compounds fluoresce under ultraviolet light due to the excitation of electrons to higher energy levels. Lipophilic europium complexes often feature acetylacetonate-like ligands, e.g., Eufod.

Erbium compounds are compounds containing the element erbium (Er). These compounds are usually dominated by erbium in the +3 oxidation state, although the +2, +1 and 0 oxidation states have also been reported.

Ytterbium compounds are chemical compounds that contain the element ytterbium (Yb). The chemical behavior of ytterbium is similar to that of the rest of the lanthanides. Most ytterbium compounds are found in the +3 oxidation state, and its salts in this oxidation state are nearly colorless. Like europium, samarium, and thulium, the trihalides of ytterbium can be reduced to the dihalides by hydrogen, zinc dust, or by the addition of metallic ytterbium. The +2 oxidation state occurs only in solid compounds and reacts in some ways similarly to the alkaline earth metal compounds; for example, ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) shows the same structure as calcium oxide (CaO).

Lutetium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal lutetium (Lu). In these compounds, lutetium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as LuCl3, Lu2O3 and Lu2(SO4)3. Aqueous solutions of most lutetium salts are colorless and form white crystalline solids upon drying, with the common exception of the iodide. The soluble salts, such as nitrate, sulfate and acetate form hydrates upon crystallization. The oxide, hydroxide, fluoride, carbonate, phosphate and oxalate are insoluble in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ytterbium(III) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Ytterbium(III) iodide is one of ytterbium's iodides, with the chemical formula of YbI3.

Lanthanide chlorides are a group of chemical compounds that can form between a lanthanide element and chlorine. The lanthanides in these compounds are usually in the +2 and +3 oxidation states, although compounds with lanthanides in lower oxidation states exist.

References

  1. 1 2 3 R. Robie, B. Hemingway, and J. Fisher, “Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals and Related Substances at 298.15K and 1bar Pressure and at Higher Temperatures,” US Geol. Surv., vol. 1452, 1978.
  2. 1 2 Sigma Aldrich; rev. 2012-09-19
  3. Krebs, Robert E.; Déjur, Rae (2006). The history and use of our earth's chemical elements: a reference guide (2nd ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN   978-0-313-33438-2.
  4. Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2007). Holleman, Arnold F.; Fischer, Gerd (eds.). Lehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie (102., stark umgearbeitete und verbesserte Auflage ed.). Berlin New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN   978-3-11-017770-1.
  5. Meyer, Gerd, ed. (1991). Synthesis of lanthanide and actinide compounds. Topics in f element chemistry. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN   978-0-7923-1018-1.
  6. GORYUSHKIN, V. F.; ASTAKHOVA, I. S.; POSHEVNEVA, A. I.; ZALYMOVA, S. A. (1989-12-19). "ChemInform Abstract: Crystalline Holmium Dichloride". ChemInform. 20 (51). doi:10.1002/chin.198951025. ISSN   0931-7597.
  7. Sebastian, Jörg; Seifert, Hans-Joachim (1998-09-07). "Ternary chlorides in the systems ACl/YbCl3 (A=Cs,Rb,K)". Thermochimica Acta. 318 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1016/S0040-6031(98)00326-8. ISSN   0040-6031.
  8. Wells, Alexander Frank (1991). Structural inorganic chemistry. Oxford science publications (5th ed.). Oxford: Clarendon press. ISBN   978-0-19-855370-0.
  9. Milne, G. W. A. (2005-09-02). Gardner's Commercially Important Chemicals: Synonyms, Trade Names, and Properties. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   978-0-471-73661-5.