Neodymium(III) oxide

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Neodymium(III) oxide
La2O3structure.jpg
Neodymium oxide 170g.jpg
Names
IUPAC name
Neodymium(III) oxide
Other names
Neodymium oxide, Neodymium sesquioxide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.013.832 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 215-214-1
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/2Nd.3O
    Key: HBPPDPSYLUIKHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • O=[Nd]O[Nd]=O
Properties
Nd2O3
Molar mass 336.48 g/mol
Appearancelight bluish gray hexagonal crystals
Density 7.24 g/cm3
Melting point 2,233 °C (4,051 °F; 2,506 K)
Boiling point 3,760 °C (6,800 °F; 4,030 K) [1]
.0003 g/100 mL (75 °C)
+10,200.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure
Hexagonal, hP5
P-3m1, No. 164
Thermochemistry
111.3 J·mol−1·K−1 [1]
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298)
158.6 J·mol−1·K−1
−1807.9 kJ·mol−1
Related compounds
Other anions
Neodymium(II) chloride
Neodymium(III) chloride
Other cations
Uranium(VI) oxide
Praseodymium(III) oxide
Promethium(III) oxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Neodymium(III) oxide or neodymium sesquioxide is the chemical compound composed of neodymium and oxygen with the formula Nd2O3. It forms very light grayish-blue hexagonal crystals. [1] The rare-earth mixture didymium, previously believed to be an element, partially consists of neodymium(III) oxide. [2]

Contents

Uses

Neodymium(III) oxide is used to dope glass, including sunglasses, to make solid-state lasers, and to color glasses and enamels. [3] Neodymium-doped glass turns purple due to the absorbance of yellow and green light, and is used in welding goggles. [4] Some neodymium-doped glass is dichroic; that is, it changes color depending on the lighting. One kind of glass named for the mineral alexandrite appears blue in sunlight and red in artificial light. [5] About 7000 tonnes of neodymium(III) oxide are produced worldwide each year. Neodymium(III) oxide is also used as a polymerization catalyst. [4]

Reactions

Neodymium(III) oxide is formed when neodymium(III) nitride or neodymium(III) hydroxide is roasted in air. [6]

Structure

Neodymium(III) oxide has a low-temperature trigonal A form in space group P3m1. [7] This structure type is favoured by the early lanthanides. [8] [9] At higher temperatures it adopts two other forms, the hexagonal H form in space group P63/mmc and the cubic X form in Im3m. The high-temperature forms exhibit crystallographic disorder. [10] [11]

Crystal structure of the A form of neodymium(III) oxide
PackingNeodymium coordinationOxygen O1 coordinationOxygen O2 coordination
A-Nd2O3-xtal-3x3x3-3D-bs-17.png A-Nd2O3-xtal-Nd-coordination-3D-bs-17.png A-Nd2O3-xtal-O1-coordination-3D-bs-17.png A-Nd2O3-xtal-O2-coordination-3D-bs-17.png
A-M2O3 structure typeapproximately capped octahedral octahedral approximately tetrahedral

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neodymium</span> Chemical element, symbol Nd and atomic number 60

Neodymium is a chemical element; it has symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is the fourth member of the lanthanide series and is considered to be one of the rare-earth metals. It is a hard, slightly malleable, silvery metal that quickly tarnishes in air and moisture. When oxidized, neodymium reacts quickly producing pink, purple/blue and yellow compounds in the +2, +3 and +4 oxidation states. It is generally regarded as having one of the most complex spectra of the elements. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach, who also discovered praseodymium. It is present in significant quantities in the minerals monazite and bastnäsite. Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use. Neodymium is fairly common—about as common as cobalt, nickel, or copper and is widely distributed in the Earth's crust. Most of the world's commercial neodymium is mined in China, as is the case with many other rare-earth metals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samarium</span> Chemical element, symbol Sm and atomic number 62

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ytterbium</span> Chemical element, symbol Yb and atomic number 70

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Praseodymium</span> Chemical element, symbol Pr and atomic number 59

Praseodymium is a chemical element; it has symbol Pr and the atomic number 59. It is the third member of the lanthanide series and is considered one of the rare-earth metals. It is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal, valued for its magnetic, electrical, chemical, and optical properties. It is too reactive to be found in native form, and pure praseodymium metal slowly develops a green oxide coating when exposed to air.

Neodymium(III) chloride or neodymium trichloride is a chemical compound of neodymium and chlorine with the formula NdCl3. This anhydrous compound is a mauve-colored solid that rapidly absorbs water on exposure to air to form a purple-colored hexahydrate, NdCl3·6H2O. Neodymium(III) chloride is produced from minerals monazite and bastnäsite using a complex multistage extraction process. The chloride has several important applications as an intermediate chemical for production of neodymium metal and neodymium-based lasers and optical fibers. Other applications include a catalyst in organic synthesis and in decomposition of waste water contamination, corrosion protection of aluminium and its alloys, and fluorescent labeling of organic molecules (DNA).

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lanthanum oxide</span> Chemical compound

Lanthanum(III) oxide, also known as lanthana, chemical formula La2O3, is an inorganic compound containing the rare earth element lanthanum and oxygen. It is used in some ferroelectric materials, as a component of optical materials, and is a feedstock for certain catalysts, among other uses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curium(III) oxide</span> Chemical compound

Curium(III) oxide is a compound composed of curium and oxygen with the chemical formula Cm2O3. It is a crystalline solid with a unit cell that contains two curium atoms and three oxygen atoms. The simplest synthesis equation involves the reaction of curium(III) metal with O2−: 2 Cm3+ + 3 O2− ---> Cm2O3. Curium trioxide can exist as five polymorphic forms. Two of the forms exist at extremely high temperatures, making it difficult for experimental studies to be done on the formation of their structures. The three other possible forms which curium sesquioxide can take are the body-centered cubic form, the monoclinic form, and the hexagonal form. Curium(III) oxide is either white or light tan in color and, while insoluble in water, is soluble in inorganic and mineral acids. Its synthesis was first recognized in 1955.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhodium(III) oxide</span> Chemical compound

Rhodium(III) oxide (or Rhodium sesquioxide) is the inorganic compound with the formula Rh2O3. It is a gray solid that is insoluble in ordinary solvents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Praseodymium(III) oxide</span> Chemical compound

Praseodymium(III) oxide, praseodymium oxide or praseodymia is the chemical compound composed of praseodymium and oxygen with the formula Pr2O3. It forms light green hexagonal crystals. Praseodymium(III) oxide crystallizes in the manganese(III) oxide or bixbyite structure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cerium</span> Chemical element, symbol Ce and atomic number 58

Cerium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ce and atomic number 58. Cerium is a soft, ductile, and silvery-white metal that tarnishes when exposed to air. Cerium is the second element in the lanthanide series, and while it often shows the oxidation state of +3 characteristic of the series, it also has a stable +4 state that does not oxidize water. It is also considered one of the rare-earth elements. Cerium has no known biological role in humans but is not particularly toxic, except with intense or continued exposure.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Einsteinium(III) oxide</span> Chemical compound

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neodymium(III) fluoride</span> Inorganic chemical compound

Neodymium(III) fluoride is an inorganic chemical compound of neodymium and fluorine with the formula NdF3. It is a purplish pink colored solid with a high melting point.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neodymium(III) acetate</span> Compound of neodymium

Neodymium(III) acetate is an inorganic salt composed of a neodymium atom trication and three acetate groups as anions where neodymium exhibits the +3 oxidation state. It has a chemical formula of Nd(CH3COO)3 although it can be informally referred to as NdAc because Ac is an informal symbol for acetate. It commonly occurs as a light purple powder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neodymium compounds</span> Chemical compounds with at least one neodymium atom

Neodymium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal neodymium (Nd). In these compounds, neodymium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as NdCl3, Nd2(SO4)3 and Nd(CH3COO)3. Compounds with neodymium in the +2 oxidation state are also known, such as NdCl2 and NdI2. Some neodymium compounds have colors that vary based upon the type of lighting.

Praseodymium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal praseodymium (Pr). In these compounds, praseodymium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as PrCl3, Pr(NO3)3 and Pr(CH3COO)3. However, compounds with praseodymium in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, and unlike other lanthanides, the +5 oxidation state, are also known.

Neodymium(III) sulfide is a inorganic chemical compound with the formula Nd2S3 composed of a two neodymium atoms in the +3 oxidation state and three sulfur atoms in the +2 oxidation state. Like other rare earth sulfides, neodymium(III) sulfide is used as a high-performance inorganic pigment.

Promethium compounds are compounds containing the element promethium, which normally take the +3 oxidation state. Promethium belongs to the cerium group of lanthanides and is chemically very similar to the neighboring elements. Because of its instability, chemical studies of promethium are incomplete. Even though a few compounds have been synthesized, they are not fully studied; in general, they tend to be pink or red in color. Treatment of acidic solutions containing Pm3+ ions with ammonia results in a gelatinous light-brown sediment of hydroxide, Pm(OH)3, which is insoluble in water. When dissolved in hydrochloric acid, a water-soluble yellow salt, PmCl3, is produced; similarly, when dissolved in nitric acid, a nitrate results, Pm(NO3)3. The latter is also well-soluble; when dried, it forms pink crystals, similar to Nd(NO3)3. The electron configuration for Pm3+ is [Xe] 4f4, and the color of the ion is pink. The ground state term symbol is 5I4. The sulfate is slightly soluble, like the other cerium group sulfates. Cell parameters have been calculated for its octahydrate; they lead to conclusion that the density of Pm2(SO4)3·8 H2O is 2.86 g/cm3. The oxalate, Pm2(C2O4)3·10 H2O, has the lowest solubility of all lanthanide oxalates.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 471, 552, ISBN   0-8493-0594-2
  2. ↑ Brady, George Stuart; Clauser, Henry R.; Vaccari, John A. (2002), Materials Handbook (15 ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, p. 779, ISBN   978-0-07-136076-0 , retrieved 2009-03-18
  3. ↑ Eagleson, Mary (1994), Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Springer, p. 680, ISBN   978-3-11-011451-5 , retrieved 2009-03-18
  4. 1 2 Emsley, John (2003), Nature's Building Blocks, Oxford University Press, pp. 268–9, ISBN   978-0-19-850340-8 , retrieved 2009-03-18
  5. ↑ Bray, Charles (2001), Dictionary of Glass (2 ed.), University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 103, ISBN   978-0-8122-3619-4 , retrieved 2009-03-18
  6. ↑ Spencer, James Frederick (1919), The Metals of the Rare Earths, London: Longmans, Green, and Co, p. 115, retrieved 2009-03-18
  7. ↑ D. Taylor (1984). "Thermal Expansion Data: III Sesquioxides, U2N3, with the corundum and the A-, B- and C-M2O3 structures". Trans. J. Br. Ceram. Soc. 83: 92–98.
  8. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1238-1239. ISBN   978-0-08-037941-8.
  9. ↑ A. F. Wells (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 544–547.
  10. ↑ Müller-Buschbaum, H. (1966). "Zur Struktur der A-Form der Sesquioxide der Seltenen Erden. II. Strukturuntersuchung an Nd2O3". Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 343 (1–2): 6–10. doi:10.1002/zaac.19663430103.
  11. ↑ Aldebert, P.; Traverse, J. P. (1979). "Etude par diffraction neutronique des structures de haute temperature de La2O3 et Nd2O3". Mater. Res. Bull. 14 (3): 303–323. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(79)90095-3.
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