Neodymium(III) acetate

Last updated
Neodymium(III) acetate
Neodymium(III) acetate.jpg
Some neodymium(III) acetate powder. Neodymium(III) acetate can be light purple in colour. [1] [2]
Names
IUPAC names
Tetra-μ2-acetatodiaquadineodymium(III) neodymium(3+) triacetate
Other names
  • Neodymium acetate
  • Neodymium ethanoate
  • Neodymium triacetate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.025.677 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 228-244-5
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/3C2H4O2.Nd/c3*1-2(3)4;/h3*1H3,(H,3,4);/q;;;+3/p-3
    Key: KETUDCKOKOGBJB-UHFFFAOYSA-K
  • [Nd+3].O=C([O-])C.[O-]C(=O)C.[O-]C(=O)C
Properties
Nd(O2C2H3)3
Molar mass 321.371 (anhydrous)
Appearancelight purple solid (anhydrous) [1]
purple solid (hydrate) [3]
yellow-green crystals (dihydrate)
Density 2.89 g/cm3 (dihydrate), 2.184 g/cm3 (hydrate) [4]
Melting point 230°C (predicted) [5]
Boiling point 118°C (predicted) [5]
7.77 (in water) [5] [6]
Moderately soluble in strong mineral acids [7]
Structure
Triclinic
P 1
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
Warning [7]
H315, H319, H335
P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338+P315
Related compounds
Other anions
Neodymium(III) carbonate
Neodymium(III) oxide
Neodymium(III) hydroxide
Other cations
Cerium(III) acetate
Praseodymium(III) acetate
Samarium(III) acetate
Europium(III) acetate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Some neodymium dissolving into acetic acid to form neodymium(III) acetate. Neodymium acetate.jpg
Some neodymium dissolving into acetic acid to form neodymium(III) acetate.

Neodymium(III) acetate is an inorganic salt composed of a neodymium atom trication and three acetate groups as anions where neodymium exhibits the +3 oxidation state. [2] It has a chemical formula of Nd(CH3COO)3 although it can be informally referred to as NdAc because Ac is an informal symbol for acetate. [8] It commonly occurs as a light purple powder. [1] [2]

Contents

Physical properties

Neodymium(III) acetate as a hydrate is a purple solid that is soluble in water. [9] [6] The solubility of the compound increases when sodium acetate is added, forming a blue complex. [10] It forms crystalline hydrates [9] in the composition of Nd(CH3COO)3·nH2O, where n = 1 and 4 are red-violet crystals that lose water at 110 °C. The crystalline hydrate with the composition of Nd(CH3COO)3·4H2O forms crystals of triclinic crystal system, with the space group of P 1 and the cell parameters of a = 0.9425 nm, b = 0.9932 nm, c = 1.065 nm, α = 88.09°, β = 115 .06°, γ = 123.69°.[ citation needed ] Most of the Nd3+ cations are coordinated by nine (or eight) oxygen atoms of the acetate ligands, which connect these polyhedra into slightly puckered sheets that are stacked in the [010] direction. [1] The crystalline neodymium source is moderately soluble in water, methyl salicylate, [11] benzyl chloride, [11] benzyl alcohol [11] and carbon disulfide. [11] In the temperature range of 320–430 °C, the anhydrate decomposes to form Nd2O2(CO3), which decomposes via a further intermediate stage at 880 °C to neodymium oxide. [9] [12]

Appearance

Neodymium(III) acetate is a mauve-colored hygroscopic powdery solid. [1] The resulting hydrate, like many other neodymium salts, has the interesting property that it appears different colors under fluorescent light. [13]

Preparation

Neodymium(III) acetate can be formed using neutralisation (acetic acid reacts with neodymium oxide, neodymium hydroxide or neodymium carbonate): [14]

6CH3COOH + Nd2O3 → 2Nd(CH3COO)3 + 3H2O
3CH3COOH + Nd(OH)3 → Nd(CH3COO)3 + 3H2O
6CH3COOH + Nd2(CO3)3 → 2Nd(CH3COO)3 + 3H2O + 3CO2↑

It can also be formed in a reaction with a neodymium magnet and acetic acid:

20CH3COOH + Nd2Fe14B → 2Nd(CH3COO)3 + 7Fe(CH3COO)2 + 10H2 + B

The reaction of neodymium(III) chloride and sodium acetate can also produce neodymium(III) acetate: [15]

NdCl3 + 3Na(CH3COO) → Nd(CH3COO)3 + 3NaCl

It can also be formed by reacting any neodymium salt with acetic acid. [16] [ page needed ] Anhydrous neodymium(III) acetate can be obtained by direct oxidation of neodymium with malonic acid in a glass ampoule at 180°C. [1] It is also possible to prepare the hydrate by dissolving neodymium(III) oxide in glacial acetic acid, alkalinizing it to a pH value of 4 with sodium hydroxide, and then slowly evaporating the solution. [4] With different pH values, different hydrates can be obtained. [17]

Uses

Neodymium(III) acetate can be used for:

It might also be used as:

Substitute for uranyl acetate

Uranyl acetate has been the standard contrasting agent in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for decades. [20] [21] However, its use is increasingly hampered by regulations by governments due to its radioactive properties as well as its high toxicity. Therefore, alternatives are being searched for, including lanthanides or platinum blue [22] [23] [24] [25] as well as the use of less defined substances such as oolong tea extract. [26] [27] Despite these published alternatives, uranyl acetate is still the standard for EM contrasting. [8]

In the periodic table the vertical ordering of elements in groups is based on the presence of the same number of electrons in their outermost shell, which determines their chemical and physical properties. Because neodymium (Nd) is right above uranium (U) the chemical properties of uranyl acetate and neodymium(III) acetate would be very similar in binding to tissue in ultrathin sections thus leading to a similar amount of contrast. [8]

Glass

Neodymium(III) acetate can also be used for glass, crystal and capacitors. It is useful in protective lenses for welding goggles. It is also used in cathode ray tube screens to increase the contrast between red and green tones.[ citation needed ] It is highly valued in glass making because of its attractive purple tint to glass. [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neodymium</span> Chemical element, symbol Nd and atomic number 60

Neodymium is a chemical element; it has symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is the fourth member of the lanthanide series and is considered to be one of the rare-earth metals. It is a hard, slightly malleable, silvery metal that quickly tarnishes in air and moisture. When oxidized, neodymium reacts quickly producing pink, purple/blue and yellow compounds in the +2, +3 and +4 oxidation states. It is generally regarded as having one of the most complex spectra of the elements. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach, who also discovered praseodymium. It is present in significant quantities in the minerals monazite and bastnäsite. Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use. Neodymium is fairly common—about as common as cobalt, nickel, or copper and is widely distributed in the Earth's crust. Most of the world's commercial neodymium is mined in China, as is the case with many other rare-earth metals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetate</span> Salt compound formed from acetic acid and a base

An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base. "Acetate" also describes the conjugate base or ion typically found in aqueous solution and written with the chemical formula C
2H
3O−
2. The neutral molecules formed by the combination of the acetate ion and a positive ion are also commonly called "acetates". The simplest of these is hydrogen acetate with corresponding salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion CH
3CO−
2, or CH
3COO−
.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Praseodymium</span> Chemical element, symbol Pr and atomic number 59

Praseodymium is a chemical element; it has symbol Pr and the atomic number 59. It is the third member of the lanthanide series and is considered one of the rare-earth metals. It is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal, valued for its magnetic, electrical, chemical, and optical properties. It is too reactive to be found in native form, and pure praseodymium metal slowly develops a green oxide coating when exposed to air.

Neodymium(III) chloride or neodymium trichloride is a chemical compound of neodymium and chlorine with the formula NdCl3. This anhydrous compound is a mauve-colored solid that rapidly absorbs water on exposure to air to form a purple-colored hexahydrate, NdCl3·6H2O. Neodymium(III) chloride is produced from minerals monazite and bastnäsite using a complex multistage extraction process. The chloride has several important applications as an intermediate chemical for production of neodymium metal and neodymium-based lasers and optical fibers. Other applications include a catalyst in organic synthesis and in decomposition of waste water contamination, corrosion protection of aluminium and its alloys, and fluorescent labeling of organic molecules (DNA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uranyl</span> Oxycation of uranium

The uranyl ion is an oxycation of uranium in the oxidation state +6, with the chemical formula UO2+
2. It has a linear structure with short U–O bonds, indicative of the presence of multiple bonds between uranium and oxygen. Four or more ligands may be bound to the uranyl ion in an equatorial plane around the uranium atom. The uranyl ion forms many complexes, particularly with ligands that have oxygen donor atoms. Complexes of the uranyl ion are important in the extraction of uranium from its ores and in nuclear fuel reprocessing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uranyl acetate</span> Chemical compound

Uranyl acetate is the acetate salt of uranium oxide, a toxic yellow-green powder useful in certain laboratory tests. Structurally, it is a coordination polymer with formula UO2(CH3CO2)2(H2O)·H2O.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetic acid</span> Colorless and faint organic acid found in vinegar

Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is an acidic, colourless liquid and organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. Vinegar is at least 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water. It has been used, as a component of vinegar, throughout history from at least the third century BC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neodymium(III) fluoride</span> Inorganic chemical compound

Neodymium(III) fluoride is an inorganic chemical compound of neodymium and fluorine with the formula NdF3. It is a purplish pink colored solid with a high melting point.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neodymium(III) hydroxide</span> Chemical compound

Neodymium(III) hydroxide is an insoluble inorganic compound with the chemical formula Nd(OH)3.

Neodymium(III) iodide is an inorganic salt of iodine and neodymium with the formula NdI3. Neodymium uses the +3 oxidation state in the compound. The anhydrous compound is a green powdery solid at room temperature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Praseodymium(III) acetate</span> Compound of praseodymium

Praseodymium(III) acetate is an inorganic salt composed of a Praseodymium atom trication and three acetate groups as anions. This compound commonly forms the dihydrate, Pr(O2C2H3)3·2H2O.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neodymium compounds</span> Chemical compounds with at least one neodymium atom

Neodymium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal neodymium (Nd). In these compounds, neodymium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as NdCl3, Nd2(SO4)3 and Nd(CH3COO)3. Compounds with neodymium in the +2 oxidation state are also known, such as NdCl2 and NdI2. Some neodymium compounds have colors that vary based upon the type of lighting.

Neodymium(III) carbonate is an inorganic compound, a salt, where neodymium is in the +3 oxidation state and the carbonate ion is in the -2 oxidation state. It has a chemical formula of Nd2(CO3)3. The anhydrous form is purple-red, while the octahydrate is a pink solid. Both of these salts are insoluble in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gallium acetate</span> Chemical compound

Gallium acetate is a salt composed of a gallium atom trication and three acetate groups as anions where gallium exhibits the +3 oxidation state. It has a chemical formula of Ga(CH3COO)3 although it can be informally referred to as GaAc because Ac is an informal symbol for acetate. Gallium is moderately water-soluble and decomposes to gallium oxide when heated to around 70 °C. Gallium acetate, like other acetate compounds, is a good precursor to ultra-pure compounds, catalysts and nanoscale materials. Gallium acetate is being considered as a substitute in de-icing compounds like calcium chloride and magnesium chloride.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Europium(III) acetate</span> Chemical compound

Europium(III) acetate is an inorganic salt of europium and acetic acid with the chemical formula of Eu(CH3COO)3. In this compound, europium exhibits the +3 oxidation state. It can exist in the anhydrous form, sesquihydrate and tetrahydrate. Its hydrate molecule is a dimer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dysprosium(III) acetate</span> Chemical compound

Dysprosium acetate is a hypothetical salt of dysprosium and acetate. Its proposed chemical formula is Dy(CH3COO)3.

Erbium compounds are compounds containing the element erbium (Er). These compounds are usually dominated by erbium in the +3 oxidation state, although the +2, +1 and 0 oxidation states have also been reported.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gadolinium acetate</span> Chemical compound

Gadolinium acetate is the acetate salt of the lanthanide element gadolinium, with the chemical formula Gd(CH3COO)3. It is a colorless crystal that is soluble in water and can form a hydrate. Its tetrahydrate has ground state ferromagnetism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samarium(III) acetate</span> Chemical compound

Samarium(III) acetate is an acetate salt of samarium, with the chemical formula of Sm(CH3COO)3. It exists in the hydrate and tetrahydrate form. Its tetrahydrate can be obtained by dissolving samarium(III) oxide in 50% acetic acid solution, crystallizing and vacuum drying. The mixed anion acetate [Sm(CH3COO)(H2O)6]Cl2·H2O and [Sm(CH3COO)2(H2O)3]Cl can be crystallized from SmCl3·6H2O and SmOCl in acetic acid solution respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lanthanum acetate</span> Chemical compound

Lanthanum acetate is an inorganic compound, a salt of lanthanum with acetic acid with the chemical formula La(CH3COO)3.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sonia Gomez Torres, Gerd Meyer (2008). "Anhydrous Neodymium(III) Acetate". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 634 (2): 231–233. doi:10.1002/zaac.200700407. ISSN   1521-3749.
  2. 1 2 3 National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3563803, Neodymium acetate. Retrieved April 10, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Neodymium-acetate
  3. ↑ Sigma-Aldrich Co., product no. {{{id}}}.
  4. 1 2 Mondry, Anna; Bukietyńska, Krystyna (1998). "Electronic absorption spectroscopy of neodymium acetate single crystals". Journal of Alloys and Compounds (in German). 275–277: 818–821. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(98)00449-6. ISSN   0925-8388.
  5. 1 2 3 See https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/properties/DTXSID10890616
  6. 1 2 Perry, Dale L. (2016). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds (in German). CRC Press. p. 480. ISBN   978-1-4398-1462-8.
  7. 1 2 3 Neodymium(III) acetate hydrate, 99.9% (REO) at AlfaAesar, accessed on {{{Datum}}} ( PDF ) (JavaScript required).[ dead link ]
  8. 1 2 3 4 Kuipers, Jeroen; Giepmans, Ben N. G. (1 April 2020). "Neodymium as an alternative contrast for uranium in electron microscopy". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 153 (4): 271–277. doi:10.1007/s00418-020-01846-0. ISSN   1432-119X. PMC   7160090 . PMID   32008069. CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "American elements - Neodymium acetate".
  10. ↑ Holliday, A. K.; Massey, A. G. (2013). Non-Aqueous Solvents in Inorganic Chemistry (in German). Elsevier Science. p. 75. ISBN   978-1-4831-5941-6.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Salutsky V.L. The rare earth elements and their compounds: the purification and properties of praseodymium oxide. - A thesis of dissertation. - 1950 pp. 5
  12. ↑ Saleh, Noura Mossaed; Mahmoud, Ghada Adel; Dahy, AbdelRahman AbdelMonem; Soliman, Soliman Abdel-Fadeel; Mahfouz, Refaat Mohamed (2019). "Kinetics of nonisothermal dehydration of unirradiated and γ-ray irradiated neodymium(III) acetate hydrate". Radiochimica Acta (in German). 107 (2): 165–178. doi:10.1515/ract-2018-2998. ISSN   2193-3405. S2CID   104558229.
  13. ↑ O'Donoghue, Michael; Webster, Robert (2006). Gems. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 523. ISBN   0-7506-5856-8.
  14. ↑ Zofia Rzaczynska. Studies on the heterogenic reaction of acetic acid vapors with mixtures of yttrium and neodymium oxides. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej, Chemia, 1985. 113: 91-97. ISSN   0372-9494.
  15. ↑ Mehrotra, R. C.; Misra, T. N.; Misra, S. N. Organic compounds of lanthanide elements: preparation of carboxylic acid salts of praseodymium and neodymium. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 1966. 1: 61-62. ISSN   0019-4522
  16. ↑ Bohidar, Himadri B.; Rawat, Kamla (2017). Design of Nanostructures. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9783527810444. ISBN   978-3-527-81043-7.
  17. ↑ Yugeng, Zhang; Guiwen, Zhao (1995). "Synthesis and Spectral Studies of Three Neodymium Acetate Complexes". Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry (in German). 25 (3): 371–381. doi:10.1080/15533179508218227. ISSN   0094-5714.
  18. ↑ Kępiński, Leszek; Zawadzki, Mirosław; Miśta, Włodzimierz (2004). "Hydrothermal synthesis of precursors of neodymium oxide nanoparticles". Solid State Sciences (in German). 6 (12): 1327–1336. Bibcode:2004SSSci...6.1327K. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2004.07.003. ISSN   1293-2558.
  19. 1 2 3 See https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/chemical-functional-use/DTXSID10890616
  20. ↑ Watson ML (1958) Staining of tissue sections for electron microscopy with heavy metals. II. Application of solutions containing lead and barium. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 4:727–730 doi : 10.1083/jcb.4.6.727 PMID   13610936 PMC   2224513
  21. ↑ Watson ML (1958) Staining of tissue sections for electron microscopy with heavy metals. J Cell Biol 4:475–478 doi : 10.1083/jcb.4.4.475 PMID   13563554 PMC   2224499
  22. ↑ Hosogi N, Nishioka H, Nakakoshi M (2015) Evaluation of lanthanide salts as alternative stains to uranyl acetate. Microscopy (Oxf) 64:429–435 doi : 10.1093/jmicro/dfv054 PMID   26374081
  23. ↑ Ikeda K, Inoue K, Kanematsu S, Horiuchi Y, Park P (2011) Enhanced effects of nonisotopic hafnium chloride in methanol as a substitute for uranyl acetate in TEM contrast of ultrastructure of fungal and plant cells. Microsc Res Tech 74:825–830 doi : 10.1002/jemt.20964 PMID   23939670
  24. ↑ Inaga S, Katsumoto T, Tanaka K, Kameie T, Nakane H, Naguro T (2007) Platinum blue as an alternative to uranyl acetate for staining in transmission electron microscopy. Arch Histol Cytol 70:43–49 doi : 10.1679/aohc.70.43 PMID   17558143
  25. ↑ Yamaguchi K, Suzuki K, Tanaka K (2010) Examination of electron stains as a substitute for uranyl acetate for the ultrathin sections of bacterial cells. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 59:113–118 doi : 10.1093/jmicro/dfp045 PMID   19767626
  26. ↑ Sato S, Adachi A, Sasaki Y, Ghazizadeh M (2008) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections. J Microsc 229:17–20 doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2007.01881.x PMID   18173640
  27. ↑ He X, Liu B (2017) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections based on examples of animal tissues for transmission electron microscopy. J Microsc 267:27–33 doi : 10.1111/jmi.12544 PMID   28319271

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