Vanadium(III) oxide

Vanadium(III) oxide

Vanadium trioxide
Vanadium(III) oxide in a vial
Names
Other names Vanadium sesquioxide Vanadium trioxide Vanadic oxide
Identifiers
CAS Number	1314-34-7  Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	11575285
ECHA InfoCard	100.013.847
PubChem CID	518710
RTECS number	YW3050000
UNII	Y469L16CWH  Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID90892259
InChI InChI=1S/3O.2V Key: KFAFTZQGYMGWLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES [O-2].[V+3].[O-2].[V+3].[O-2]
Properties [1]
Chemical formula	V2O3
Molar mass	149.881 g/mol
Appearance	Black powder
Density	4.87 g/cm3
Melting point	1,940 °C (3,520 °F; 2,210 K)
Solubility in water	Insoluble
Solubility in acids	soluble with difficulty
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	+1976.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure [2]
Crystal structure	Corundum, hR30
Space group	R3c (No. 167)
Lattice constant	a = 547 pm α = 53.74°, β = 90°, γ = 90°
Thermochemistry
Std molar entropy (S⦵298)	98.07 J/mol·K [3]
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−1218.800 kJ/mol [3]
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)	−1139.052 kJ/mol [3]
Hazards
GHS labelling: [4]
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H315, H319, H332, H335
Precautionary statements	P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y  verify  (what is  YN ?) Infobox references

Vanadium(III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula V₂O₃. It is a black basic oxide dissolving in acids to give solutions of vanadium(III) complexes. ^[5] Upon exposure to air it gradually converts into indigo-blue VO₂. ^[6] It occurs as the rare mineral karelianite. ^[7]

Structure

V₂O₃ has the corundum structure. ^[5] It is antiferromagnetic with a critical temperature of 160 K, below which there is an abrupt change in conductivity from metallic to insulating. ^[6] This also distorts the crystal structure to a monoclinic space group: C2/c. ^[2]

Preparation

Vanadium(III) oxide can be prepared by reduction, oxidation, and hydrothermal synthesis (used for crystal growth). ^[8]

In the reduction method, V₂O₅ is treated with hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or ammonia gas. ^{[5] [8] [9]}

Uses

Energy storage

Vanadium(III) oxide is a suitable cathode material for aqueous zinc metal batteries. ^[10]

It is of research interest in the form of porous N-doped carbon nanofibers (PNCNFs), which are suitable for lithium-ion storage. ^[11] The storage of other ions such as potassium has also been investigated. ^[12]

Vanadium oxides such as V₂O₃ possess four readily accessible valence states, making them suitable candidates for pseudocapacitive electrodes in energy storage applications. ^[8]

Catalysis

Vanadium(III) oxide and its composites have been used as catalysts for chemical looping reforming of methane, ammonium perchlorate decomposition, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and water splitting. ^[8]

References

1. Perry, Dale L. (2016-04-19). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds. CRC Press. p. 452. ISBN   978-1-4398-1462-8.
2. Shvets, Petr; Dikaya, Olga; Maksimova, Ksenia; Goikhman, Alexander (2019-05-15). "A review of Raman spectroscopy of vanadium oxides". Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 50 (8). Wiley: 1226–1244. Bibcode:2019JRSp...50.1226S. doi:10.1002/jrs.5616. ISSN   0377-0486. S2CID   182370875.
3. R. Robie, B. Hemingway, and J. Fisher, “Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals and Related Substances at 298.15K and 1bar Pressure and at Higher Temperatures,” US Geol. Surv., vol. 1452, 1978.
4. PubChem. "Vanadium oxide (V2O3)". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-02-03.
5. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN   978-0-08-037941-8.
6. E.M. Page, S.A.Wass (1994),Vanadium:Inorganic and Coordination chemistry, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN   0-471-93620-0
7. "Karelianite". www.mindat.org.
8. Hu, Peng; Hu, Ping; Vu, Tuan Duc; Li, Ming; Wang, Shancheng; Ke, Yujie; Zeng, Xianting; Mai, Liqiang; Long, Yi (2023-04-26). "Vanadium Oxide: Phase Diagrams, Structures, Synthesis, and Applications". Chemical Reviews. 123 (8): 4355–4360. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00546. ISSN   0009-2665. PMC   10141335 . PMID   36972332.
9. Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 1267.
10. Zhu, Kefu; Wei, Shiqiang; Shou, Hongwei; Shen, Feiran; Chen, Shuangming; Zhang, Pengjun; Wang, Changda; Cao, Yuyang; Guo, Xin; Luo, Mi; Zhang, Hongjun; Ye, Bangjiao; Wu, Xiaojun; He, Lunhua; Song, Li (2021-11-25). "Defect engineering on V2O3 cathode for long-cycling aqueous zinc metal batteries". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6878. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27203-w. ISSN   2041-1723.
11. Han, Chunhua; Liu, Fang; Liu, Jinshuai; Li, Qi; Meng, Jiashen; Shao, Bowen; He, Qiu; Wang, Xuanpeng; Liu, Ziang; Mai, Liqiang (2018-04-17). "Facile template-free synthesis of uniform carbon-confined V2O3 hollow spheres for stable and fast lithium storage". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 6 (15): 6220–6224. doi:10.1039/C8TA01695J. ISSN   2050-7496.
12. Jin, Ting; Li, Haixia; Li, Yang; Jiao, Lifang; Chen, Jun (2018-08-01). "Intercalation pseudocapacitance in flexible and self-standing V2O3 porous nanofibers for high-rate and ultra-stable K ion storage". Nano Energy. 50: 462–467. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.05.056. ISSN   2211-2855.