Yttrium(III) oxide

Last updated
Yttrium(III) oxide
Tl2O3structure.jpg
Names
IUPAC name
Yttrium(III) oxide.
Other names
Yttria,
diyttrium trioxide,
yttrium sesquioxide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.013.849 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 215-233-5
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • ZG3850000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/3O.2Y
    Key: SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • O=[Y]O[Y]=O
Properties
Y2O3
Molar mass 225.81 g/mol
AppearanceWhite solid.
Density 5.010 g/cm3, solid
Melting point 2,425 °C (4,397 °F; 2,698 K)
Boiling point 4,300 °C (7,770 °F; 4,570 K)
insoluble
+44.4·10−6 cm3/mol [1]
Structure
Cubic (bixbyite), cI80 [2]
Ia3 (No. 206)
Octahedral
Thermochemistry
Std molar
entropy
(S298)
99.08 J/mol·K [3]
-1905.310 kJ/mol [3]
-1816.609 kJ/mol [3]
Hazards
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
>10,000 mg/kg (rat, oral)
>6000 mg/kg (mouse, oral) [4]
Related compounds
Other anions
Yttrium(III) sulfide
Other cations
Scandium(III) oxide,
Lutetium(III) oxide
Related compounds
Yttrium barium
copper oxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yes check.svgY  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Yttrium oxide, also known as yttria, is Y 2 O 3. It is an air-stable, white solid substance.

Contents

The thermal conductivity of yttrium oxide is 27 W/(m·K). [5]

Applications

Phosphors

Yttrium oxide is widely used to make Eu:YVO4 and Eu:Y2O3 phosphors that give the red color in color TV picture tubes.

Yttria lasers

Y2O3 is a prospective solid-state laser material. In particular, lasers with ytterbium as dopant allow the efficient operation both in continuous operation [6] and in pulsed regimes. [7] At high concentration of excitations (of order of 1%) and poor cooling, the quenching of emission at laser frequency and avalanche broadband emission takes place. [8] (Yttria-based lasers are not to be confused with YAG lasers using yttrium aluminium garnet, a widely used crystal host for rare earth laser dopants).

Gas lighting

The original use of the mineral yttria and the purpose of its extraction from mineral sources was as part of the process of making gas mantles and other products for turning the flames of artificially-produced gases (initially hydrogen, later coal gas, paraffin, or other products) into human-visible light. This use is almost obsolete - thorium and cerium oxides are larger components of such products these days.

Dental ceramics

Yttrium oxide is used to stabilize the Zirconia in late-generation porcelain-free metal-free dental ceramics. This is a very hard ceramic used as a strong base material in some full ceramic restorations. [9] The zirconia used in dentistry is zirconium oxide which has been stabilized with the addition of yttrium oxide. The full name of zirconia used in dentistry is "yttria-stabilized zirconia" or YSZ.

Microwave filters

Yttrium oxide is also used to make yttrium iron garnets, which are very effective microwave filters.

Superconductors

Y2O3 is used to make the high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7, known as "1-2-3" to indicate the ratio of the metal constituents:

2 Y2O3 + 8 BaO + 12 CuO + O2 → 4 YBa2Cu3O7

This synthesis is typically conducted at 800 °C.

Inorganic synthesis

Yttrium oxide is an important starting point for inorganic compounds. For organometallic chemistry it is converted to YCl3 in a reaction with concentrated hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride.

High-temperature coatings

Y2O3 is used in specialty coatings and pastes that can withstand high temperatures and act as a barrier for reactive metals such as uranium. [10]

Heat radiators

NASA developed a material it dubbed Solar White that it is exploring for use as a radiator in deep space, where it is expected to reflect more than 99.9% of the sun’s energy (low solar radiation absorption and high infrared emittance). [11] A sphere covered with a 10 mm coating sited far from the Earth and 1 astronomical unit from the sun could keep temperatures below 50 K. One use is long-term cryogenic storage. [12]

Optical Industry

Yttrium Oxide is used to produce Yttrium Iron Garnets, which are very effective microwave filters. [13] It's also used to create red phosphors for LED screens and TV tubes, as well as in anti-reflective coatings to enhance light transmission. [14] Yttrium is required in production of Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) lasers, which are widely used in industrial and medical applications. [15]

Natural occurrence

Yttriaite-(Y), approved as a new mineral species in 2010, is the natural form of yttria. It is exceedingly rare, occurring as inclusions in native tungsten particles in a placer deposit of the Bol’shaja Pol’ja (Russian : Большая Полья) river, Prepolar Ural, Siberia. As a chemical component of other minerals, the oxide yttria was first isolated in 1789 by Johan Gadolin, from rare-earth minerals in a mine at the Swedish town of Ytterby, near Stockholm. [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erbium</span> Chemical element with atomic number 68 (Er)

Erbium is a chemical element; it has symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements. It is a lanthanide, a rare-earth element, originally found in the gadolinite mine in Ytterby, Sweden, which is the source of the element's name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neodymium</span> Chemical element with atomic number 60 (Nd)

Neodymium is a chemical element; it has symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is the fourth member of the lanthanide series and is considered to be one of the rare-earth metals. It is a hard, slightly malleable, silvery metal that quickly tarnishes in air and moisture. When oxidized, neodymium reacts quickly producing pink, purple/blue and yellow compounds in the +2, +3 and +4 oxidation states. It is generally regarded as having one of the most complex spectra of the elements. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach, who also discovered praseodymium. It is present in significant quantities in the minerals monazite and bastnäsite. Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use. Neodymium is fairly common—about as common as cobalt, nickel, or copper—and is widely distributed in the Earth's crust. Most of the world's commercial neodymium is mined in China, as is the case with many other rare-earth metals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cubic zirconia</span> The cubic crystalline form of zirconium dioxide

Cubic zirconia (abbreviated CZ) is the cubic crystalline form of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2). The synthesized material is hard and usually colorless, but may be made in a variety of different colors. It should not be confused with zircon, which is a zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4). It is sometimes erroneously called cubic zirconium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aluminium oxide</span> Chemical compound with formula Al2O3

Aluminium oxide (or aluminium(III) oxide) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula Al2O3. It is the most commonly occurring of several aluminium oxides, and specifically identified as aluminium oxide. It is commonly called alumina and may also be called aloxide, aloxite, or alundum in various forms and applications. It occurs naturally in its crystalline polymorphic phase α-Al2O3 as the mineral corundum, varieties of which form the precious gemstones ruby and sapphire. Al2O3 is used to produce aluminium metal, as an abrasive owing to its hardness, and as a refractory material owing to its high melting point.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zirconium dioxide</span> Chemical compound

Zirconium dioxide, sometimes known as zirconia, is a white crystalline oxide of zirconium. Its most naturally occurring form, with a monoclinic crystalline structure, is the mineral baddeleyite. A dopant stabilized cubic structured zirconia, cubic zirconia, is synthesized in various colours for use as a gemstone and a diamond simulant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transparent ceramics</span> Ceramic materials that are optically transparent

Many ceramic materials, both glassy and crystalline, have found use as optically transparent materials in various forms from bulk solid-state components to high surface area forms such as thin films, coatings, and fibers. Such devices have found widespread use for various applications in the electro-optical field including: optical fibers for guided lightwave transmission, optical switches, laser amplifiers and lenses, hosts for solid-state lasers and optical window materials for gas lasers, and infrared (IR) heat seeking devices for missile guidance systems and IR night vision. In commercial and general knowledge domains, it is commonly accepted that transparent ceramics or ceramic glass are varieties of strengthened glass, such as those used for the screen glass on an iPhone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yttrium aluminium garnet</span> Synthetic crystalline material of the garnet group

Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG, Y3Al5O12) is a synthetic crystalline material of the garnet group. It is a cubic yttrium aluminium oxide phase, with other examples being YAlO3 (YAP) in a hexagonal or an orthorhombic, perovskite-like form, and the monoclinic Y4Al2O9 (YAM).

Electroceramics are a class of ceramic materials used primarily for their electrical properties.

Phosphor thermometry is an optical method for surface temperature measurement. The method exploits luminescence emitted by phosphor material. Phosphors are fine white or pastel-colored inorganic powders which may be stimulated by any of a variety of means to luminesce, i.e. emit light. Certain characteristics of the emitted light change with temperature, including brightness, color, and afterglow duration. The latter is most commonly used for temperature measurement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceramic knife</span> Knife with a blade made out of non-metallic material

A ceramic knife is a knife with a ceramic blade typically made from zirconium dioxide (ZrO2; also known as zirconia), rather than the steel used for most knives. Ceramic knife blades are usually produced through the dry-pressing and firing of powdered zirconia using solid-state sintering. The blades typically score 8.5 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, compared to 4.5 for normal steel and 7.5 to 8 for hardened steel and 10 for diamond. The resultant blade has a hard edge that stays sharp for much longer than conventional steel blades. However, the blade is brittle, subject to chipping, and will break rather than flex if twisted. The ceramic blade is sharpened by grinding the edges with a diamond-dust-coated grinding wheel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lutetium aluminium garnet</span> Inorganic compound

Lutetium aluminum garnet (commonly abbreviated LuAG, molecular formula Lu3Al5O12) is an inorganic compound with a unique crystal structure primarily known for its use in high-efficiency laser devices. LuAG is also useful in the synthesis of transparent ceramics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium oxide</span> Chemical compound

Lithium oxide (Li
2
O) or lithia is an inorganic chemical compound. It is a white solid. Although not specifically important, many materials are assessed on the basis of their Li2O content. For example, the Li2O content of the principal lithium mineral spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) is 8.03%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thermal barrier coating</span> Form of exhaust heat management

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are advanced materials systems usually applied to metallic surfaces on parts operating at elevated temperatures, such as gas turbine combustors and turbines, and in automotive exhaust heat management. These 100 μm to 2 mm thick coatings of thermally insulating materials serve to insulate components from large and prolonged heat loads and can sustain an appreciable temperature difference between the load-bearing alloys and the coating surface. In doing so, these coatings can allow for higher operating temperatures while limiting the thermal exposure of structural components, extending part life by reducing oxidation and thermal fatigue. In conjunction with active film cooling, TBCs permit working fluid temperatures higher than the melting point of the metal airfoil in some turbine applications. Due to increasing demand for more efficient engines running at higher temperatures with better durability/lifetime and thinner coatings to reduce parasitic mass for rotating/moving components, there is significant motivation to develop new and advanced TBCs. The material requirements of TBCs are similar to those of heat shields, although in the latter application emissivity tends to be of greater importance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yttria-stabilized zirconia</span> Ceramic with room temperature stable cubic crystal structure

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a ceramic in which the cubic crystal structure of zirconium dioxide is made stable at room temperature by an addition of yttrium oxide. These oxides are commonly called "zirconia" (ZrO2) and "yttria" (Y2O3), hence the name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yttrium</span> Chemical element with atomic number 39 (Y)

Yttrium is a chemical element; it has symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a "rare-earth element". Yttrium is almost always found in combination with lanthanide elements in rare-earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element. 89Y is the only stable isotope and the only isotope found in the Earth's crust.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superconducting wire</span> Wires exhibiting zero resistance

Superconducting wires are electrical wires made of superconductive material. When cooled below their transition temperatures, they have zero electrical resistance. Most commonly, conventional superconductors such as niobium–titanium are used, but high-temperature superconductors such as YBCO are entering the market.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yttralox</span>

Yttralox is a transparent ceramic consisting of yttria (Y2O3) containing approximately 10% thorium dioxide (ThO2). It was one of the first transparent ceramics produced, and was invented in 1966 by Richard C. Anderson at the General Electric Research Laboratory while sintering mixtures of rare earth minerals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Gogotsi</span>

Geо́rge Antо́novych Gogо́tsi is a soviet Ukrainian scientist, professor of solid mechanics, doctor of science, and leading researcher of the Pisarenko Institute for Problems of Strength of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katherine Faber</span> American materials scientist

Katherine T. Faber is an American materials scientist and one of the world's foremost experts in ceramic engineering, material strengthening, and ultra-high temperature materials. Faber is the Simon Ramo Professor of Materials Science at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). She was previously the Walter P. Murphy Professor and department chair of Materials Science and Engineering at the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science at Northwestern University.

Yttrium(II) oxide or yttrium monoxide is a chemical compound with the formula YO. This chemical compound was first created in its solid form by pulsed laser deposition, using yttrium(III) oxide as the target at 350 °C. The film was deposited on calcium fluoride using a krypton monofluoride laser. This resulted in a 200 nm flim of yttrium monoxide.

References

  1. "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 102nd Edition". CRC Press.
  2. Yong-Nian Xu; Zhong-quan Gu; W. Y. Ching (1997). "Electronic, structural, and optical properties of crystalline yttria". Phys. Rev. B56 (23): 14993–15000. Bibcode:1997PhRvB..5614993X. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.56.14993.
  3. 1 2 3 R. Robie, B. Hemingway, and J. Fisher, “Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals and Related Substances at 298.15K and 1bar Pressure and at Higher Temperatures,” US Geol. Surv., vol. 1452, 1978.
  4. "Yttrium compounds (as Y)". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  5. P. H. Klein & W. J. Croft (1967). "Thermal conductivity, Diffusivity, and Expansion of Y2O3, Y3Al5O12, and LaF3 in the Range 77-300 K". J. Appl. Phys. 38 (4): 1603. Bibcode:1967JAP....38.1603K. doi:10.1063/1.1709730.
  6. J. Kong; D.Y.Tang; B. Zhao; J.Lu; K.Ueda; H.Yagi; T.Yanagitani (2005). "9.2-W diode-pumped Yb:Y2O3 ceramic laser". Applied Physics Letters. 86 (16): 161116. Bibcode:2005ApPhL..86p1116K. doi: 10.1063/1.1914958 .
  7. M.Tokurakawa; K.Takaichi; A.Shirakawa; K.Ueda; H.Yagi; T.Yanagitani; A.A. Kaminskii (2007). "Diode-pumped 188 fs mode-locked Yb3+:Y2O3 ceramic laser". Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 (7): 071101. Bibcode:2007ApPhL..90g1101T. doi:10.1063/1.2476385.
  8. J.-F.Bisson; D.Kouznetsov; K.Ueda; S.T.Fredrich-Thornton; K.Petermann; G.Huber (2007). "Switching of emissivity and photoconductivity in highly doped Yb3+:Y2O3 and Lu2O3 ceramics". Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 (20): 201901. Bibcode:2007ApPhL..90t1901B. doi:10.1063/1.2739318.
  9. Shen, James, ed. (2013). Advanced ceramics for dentistry (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/BH. p. 271. ISBN   978-0123946195.
  10. Padmanabhan, P. V. A.; Ramanathan, S.; Sreekumar, K. P.; Satpute, R. U.; Kutty, T. R. G.; Gonal, M. R.; Gantayet, L. M. (2007-12-15). "Synthesis of thermal spray grade yttrium oxide powder and its application for plasma spray deposition". Materials Chemistry and Physics. 106 (2): 416–421. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.06.027. ISSN   0254-0584.
  11. Wilhite, Jarred; Wendell, Jason. "SOLAR WHITE THERMAL COATING FOR CRYOGENIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS" (PDF). nasa.gov.
  12. Youngquist, Robert (2016-05-13). "Cryogenic Selective Surfaces - NASA". nasa.gov. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  13. "Yttrium oxide". Stanford Advanced Materials. Retrieved Aug 11, 2024.
  14. Behrsing, T.; Deacon, G.B. (2014). "Chapter 1 - The chemistry of rare earth metals, compounds, and corrosion inhibitors". Rare Earth-Based Corrosion Inhibitors. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 1–37. ISBN   978-0-85709-347-9.
  15. Lu, Jianren; Ueda, Ken (2002). "Neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12) nanocrystalline ceramics—a new generation of solid state laser and optical materials". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 341 (1–2): 220–225. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00083-X.
  16. Mindat, http://www.mindat.org/min-40471.html