Dichloromethane

Last updated
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane molecular structure.svg
Dichloromethane-3D-vdW.png
Sample of dichloromethane.jpg
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Dichloromethane
Other names
Methylene bichloride; Methylene chloride gas; Methylene dichloride; Solmethine; Narkotil; Solaesthin; Di-clo; Refrigerant-30; Freon-30; R-30; DCM; MDC
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.763 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 200-838-9
KEGG
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • PA8050000
UNII
UN number 1593
  • InChI=1S/CH2Cl2/c2-1-3/h1H2 Yes check.svgY
    Key: YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/CH2Cl2/c2-1-3/h1H2
    Key: YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYAG
  • ClCCl
Properties
CH2Cl2
Molar mass 84.93 g·mol−1
AppearanceColorless liquid
Odor Faint, chloroform-like [1]
Density 1.3266 g/cm3 (20 °C) [2]
Melting point −96.7 °C (−142.1 °F; 176.5 K)
Boiling point 39.6 °C (103.3 °F; 312.8 K)
decomposes at 720 °C [3]
39.75 °C (103.55 °F; 312.90 K)
at 760 mmHg [4]
25.6 g/L (15 °C)
17.5 g/L (25 °C)
15.8 g/L (30 °C)
5.2 g/L (60 °C) [3]
Solubility Miscible in ethyl acetate, alcohol, hexanes, benzene, CCl4, diethyl ether, CHCl3
log P 1.19 [5]
Vapor pressure 0.13 kPa (−70.5 °C)
2 kPa (−40 °C)
19.3 kPa (0 °C)
57.3 kPa (25 °C) [6]
79.99 kPa (35 °C) [3]
3.25 L·atm/mol [4]
−46.6·10−6 cm3/mol
1.4244 (20 °C) [4] [7]
Viscosity 0.43 cP (20 °C) [4]
0.413 cP (25 °C)
Structure
1.6 D
Thermochemistry
102.3 J/(mol·K) [6]
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298)
174.5 J/(mol·K) [6]
−124.3 kJ/mol [6]
-454.0 kJ/mol (from standard enthalpies of formation) [6]
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Eye hazards
Irritant
GHS labelling: [7]
GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg
Warning
H315, H319, H335, H336, H351, H373
P261, P281, P305+P351+P338
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
1
0
Flash point None, but can form flammable vapor-air mixtures above ≈100 °C [8]
556 °C (1,033 °F; 829 K)
Explosive limits 13%-23% [1]
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
1.25 g/kg (rats, oral)
2 g/kg (rabbits, oral) [3]
24,929 ppm (rat, 30  min)
14,400 ppm (mouse, 7  h) [9]
5000 ppm (guinea pig, 2 h)
10,000 ppm (rabbit, 7 h)
12,295 ppm (cat, 4.5 h)
14,108 ppm (dog, 7 h) [9]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
25 ppm over 8 hours (time-weighted average), 125 ppm over 15 minutes (STEL) [1] [10]
REL (Recommended)
Ca [1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
Ca [2300 ppm] [1]
Legal status
Supplementary data page
Dichloromethane (data page)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yes check.svgY  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Dichloromethane (DCM, methylene chloride, or methylene bichloride) is an organochlorine compound with the formula C H 2 Cl 2. This colorless, volatile liquid with a chloroform-like, sweet odor is widely used as a solvent. Although it is not miscible with water, it is slightly polar, and miscible with many organic solvents. [12]

Contents

Occurrence

Natural sources of dichloromethane include oceanic sources, macroalgae, wetlands, and volcanoes. [13] However, the majority of dichloromethane in the environment is the result of industrial emissions. [13]

Production

DCM is produced by treating either chloromethane or methane with chlorine gas at 400–500 °C. At these temperatures, both methane and chloromethane undergo a series of reactions producing progressively more chlorinated products. In this way, an estimated 400,000 tons were produced in the US, Europe, and Japan in 1993. [12]

CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 + HCl
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 → CHCl3 + HCl
CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl

The output of these processes is a mixture of chloromethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride as well as hydrogen chloride as a byproduct. These compounds are separated by distillation.

DCM was first prepared in 1839 by the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault (1810–1878), who isolated it from a mixture of chloromethane and chlorine that had been exposed to sunlight. [14]

Uses

DCM's volatility and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds makes it a useful solvent for many chemical processes. [12] In the food industry, it is used to decaffeinate coffee and tea as well as to prepare extracts of hops and other flavourings. [15] [16] Its volatility has led to its use as an aerosol spray propellant and as a blowing agent for polyurethane foams.

Specialized uses

Near IR absorption spectrum of dichloromethane showing complicated overlapping overtones of mid IR absorption features Dichloromethane near IR spectrum.png
Near IR absorption spectrum of dichloromethane showing complicated overlapping overtones of mid IR absorption features

The chemical compound's low boiling point allows the chemical to function in a heat engine that can extract mechanical energy from small temperature differences. An example of a DCM heat engine is the drinking bird. The toy works at room temperature. [17] It is also used as the fluid in jukebox displays and holiday bubble lights that have a colored bubbling tube above a lamp as a source of heat and a small amount of rock salt to provide thermal mass and a nucleation site for the phase changing solvent.

DCM chemically welds certain plastics. For example, it is used to seal the casing of electric meters. Often sold as a main component of plastic welding adhesives, it is also used extensively by model building hobbyists for joining plastic components together. It is commonly referred to as "Di-clo".

It is used in the garment printing industry for removal of heat-sealed garment transfers.

DCM is used in the material testing field of civil engineering; specifically it is used during the testing of bituminous materials as a solvent to separate the binder from the aggregate of an asphalt or macadam to allow the testing of the materials. [18]

Dichloromethane extract of Asparagopsis taxiformis , a seaweed fodder for cattle, has been found to reduce their methane emissions by 79%. [19]

It has been used as the principal component of various paint and lacquer strippers, although its use is now restricted in the EU and many such products now use benzyl alcohol as a safer alternative.

Chemical reactions

Dichloromethane is widely used as a solvent in part because it is relatively inert. It does participate in reactions with certain strong nucleophiles however. Tert-butyllithium deprotonates DCM: [20]

H2CCl2 + RLi → HCCl2Li + RH

Methyllithium reacts with methylene chloride to give chlorocarbene:[ citation needed ]

CH2Cl2 + CH3Li → CHCl + CH4 + LiCl

As DCM is a common solvent in organic chemistry laboratories and is commonly assumed to be inert, it does react with some amines and triazoles. [21] Tertiary amines can react with DCM to form quaternary chloromethyl chloride salts via the Menshutkin reaction. [22] Secondary amines can react with DCM to yield an equilibrium of iminium chlorides and chloromethyl chlorides, which can react with a second equivalent of the secondary amine to form aminals. [23] At increased temperatures, pyridines including DMAP, react with DCM to form methylene bispyridinium dichlorides. [24] Hydroxybenzotriazole and related reagents used in peptide coupling react with DCM in the presence of triethylamine, forming acetals. [25]

Toxicity

Serious health risks are associated with DCM, despite being one of the least toxic simple chlorohydrocarbons. Its high volatility makes it a inhalation hazard. [26] [27] It can also be absorbed through the skin. [1] [28] Symptoms of acute overexposure to dichloromethane via inhalation include difficulty concentrating, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, headaches, numbness, weakness, and irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes. More severe consequences can include suffocation, loss of consciousness, coma, and death. [1] [28]

DCM is also metabolized to carbon monoxide potentially leading to carbon monoxide poisoning. [29] Acute exposure by inhalation has resulted in optic neuropathy [30] and hepatitis. [31] Prolonged skin contact can result in DCM dissolving some of the fatty tissues in skin, resulting in skin irritation or chemical burns. [32]

It may be carcinogenic, as it has been linked to cancer of the lungs, liver, and pancreas in laboratory animals. [33] Other animal studies showed breast cancer and salivary gland cancer. Research is not yet clear as to what levels may be carcinogenic to humans. [1] [28] DCM crosses the placenta but fetal toxicity in women who are exposed to it during pregnancy has not been proven. [34] In animal experiments, it was fetotoxic at doses that were maternally toxic but no teratogenic effects were seen. [33]

In people with pre-existing heart problems, exposure to DCM can cause abnormal heart rhythms and/or heart attacks, sometimes without any other symptoms of overexposure. [28] People with existing liver, nervous system, or skin problems may worsen after exposure to methylene chloride. [10]

Regulation

In many countries, products containing DCM must carry labels warning of its health risks. Concerns about its health effects have led to a search for alternatives in many of its applications. [12] [35]

In the European Union, the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limit Values (SCOEL) recommends an occupational exposure limit for DCM of 100 ppm (8-hour time-weighted average) and a short-term exposure limit of 200 ppm for a 15-minute period. [36] The European Parliament voted in 2009 to ban the use of DCM in paint-strippers for consumers and many professionals, [37] with the ban taking effect in December 2010. [38]

In February 2013, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health warned that at least 14 bathtub refinishers have died since 2000 from DCM exposure. These workers had been working alone, in poorly ventilated bathrooms, with inadequate or no respiratory protection, and no training about the hazards of DCM. [10] [28] [39] OSHA has since then issued a DCM standard. [40]

On March 15, 2019, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a final rule to prohibit the manufacture (including importing and exporting), processing, and distribution of DCM in all paint removers for consumer use, effective in 180 days. However, it does not affect other products containing DCM, including many consumer products not intended for paint removal. On April 20, 2023, the EPA proposed a widespread ban on the production of DCM with some exceptions for military and industrial uses. [41]

Environmental effects

CH2Cl2 measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in parts-per-trillion. CH2Cl2 mm.png
CH2Cl2 measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in parts-per-trillion.

Dichloromethane is not classified as an ozone-depleting substance by the Montreal Protocol. [42] The US Clean Air Act does not regulate dichloromethane as an ozone depleter. [43] Dichloromethane has been classified as a very short-lived substance (VSLS). Despite their short atmospheric lifetimes of less than 0.5 year, can contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion, particularly if emitted in regions where rapid transport to the stratosphere occurs. [44] Atmospheric abundances of dichloromethane have been increasing in recent years.

See also

Related Research Articles

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Phosgene is an organic chemical compound with the formula COCl2. It is a toxic, colorless gas; in low concentrations, its musty odor resembles that of freshly cut hay or grass. It can be thought of chemically as the double acyl chloride analog of carbonic acid, or structurally as formaldehyde with the hydrogen atoms replaced by chlorine atoms. Phosgene is a valued and important industrial building block, especially for the production of precursors of polyurethanes and polycarbonate plastics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isocyanate</span> Chemical group (–N=C=O)

In organic chemistry, isocyanate is the functional group with the formula R−N=C=O. Organic compounds that contain an isocyanate group are referred to as isocyanates. An organic compound with two isocyanate groups is known as a diisocyanate. Diisocyanates are manufactured for the production of polyurethanes, a class of polymers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haloalkane</span> Group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens

The haloalkanes are alkanes containing one or more halogen substituents. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes that contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula "RX" where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetrachloroethylene</span> Chemical compound in very wide use

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References

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    Reprinted in German in:
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  32. ↑ Wells GG, Waldron HA (1984). "Methylene chloride burns". Br J Ind Med. 41 (3): 420. doi:10.1136/oem.41.3.420. PMC   1009322 . PMID   6743591.
  33. 1 2 USDHHS. "Toxicological Profile for Methylene Chloride" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-09-10.
  34. ↑ Bell BP, Franks P, Hildreth N, Melius J (1991). "Methylene chloride exposure and birthweight in Monroe County, New York". Environ Res. 55 (1): 31–9. Bibcode:1991ER.....55...31B. doi:10.1016/S0013-9351(05)80138-0. PMID   1855488.
  35. ↑ "Summary of Regulations Controlling Air Emissions from Paint Stripping and Miscellaneous Surface Coating Operations" (PDF). NESHAP (Subpart HHHHHH) . US Environmental Protection Agency. April 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-23.
  36. ↑ Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for methylene chloride (dichloromethane) (PDF). European Chemicals Agency (Report). June 2009. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  37. ↑ "EU Banning Most DCM Paint Strippers". PaintSquare News. 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  38. ↑ "COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 276/2010 (Official Journal of the European Union, L 86/7)". 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  39. ↑ OSHA QuickTakes, February 1, 2013;
  40. ↑ Methylene Chloride. Occupational Safety & Health Administration. osha.gov
  41. ↑ "EPA Proposes Ban on All Consumer, Most Industrial and Commercial Uses of Methylene Chloride to Protect Public Health". 2023-04-20.
  42. ↑ United States Environmental Protection Agency (2015-07-17). "Ozone-Depleting Substances" . Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  43. ↑ United States Environmental Protection Agency (October 1995). "Questions and Answers on Ozone-Depleting Solvents and Their Substitutes" . Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  44. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, United Nations Environmental Program (15 April 2020). "Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018". Archived from the original on December 18, 2023.
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