Bemelmans Bar

Last updated

Bemelmans Bar
Bemelmans logo.jpg
Bemelmans Bar.jpg
Bemelmans Bar
Restaurant information
Established1947 (1947)
Manager(s)Dimitrios Michalopoulos
Street address35 East 76th St., Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates 40°46′28″N73°57′47″W / 40.774448°N 73.963072°W / 40.774448; -73.963072
Website Official website

Bemelmans Bar is a cocktail lounge and piano bar in the Carlyle Hotel, on the Upper East Side in Manhattan, New York City. The bar opened in the 1940s, serving wealthy Upper East Siders and numerous celebrities. Bemelmans has distinctive Art Deco decor, including murals of Madeline painted by Ludwig Bemelmans, author and illustrator of Madeline. It has been known for multiple drinks, though in recent years it is best known for its martinis, often served very dirty.

Contents

The bar opened in 1947, and has been a place for celebrities and socialites to frequent since that time. In the early 2000s, the bar was renovated and its cocktail program was remade by bartender Audrey Saunders. In the 2020s, the bar temporarily closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Upon reopening, Bemelmans has seen a surge in popularity, especially with younger New Yorkers, eager for an authentic New York experience.

Attributes

Former entrance on Madison Avenue Bemelmans Bar 02.jpg
Former entrance on Madison Avenue

The bar is designed in an Art Deco style with a gold-leaf ceiling and discreet lighting, including a small shaded lamp with an amber glow on each of its 21 glass-top tables. [1] [2] [3] It is cozy, and has chocolate leather banquettes lining the wall, as well as a grand piano. It is typically packed with people and noisy. [4] Bartenders have worn bright Ferrari-red suit jackets while working [5] [6] since possibly around 2000. [7]

The bar's atmosphere is often written up as a unique experience. Foster Kamer, writing for New York magazine in 2020, said "The acoustics are perfect. When it's busy, the room hums as if it's the center of the world, and when it's quiet, as a veritable oasis of serene calm, it throws into sharp relief the relative chaos of the city outside. It doesn't sparkle; it glows — in rose gold, brass, and maroon hues." [8]

Bemelmans is managed by Dimitrios Michalopoulos, who began working at the hotel as an assistant manager around 2016. [9] [8] Head bartender Luis Serrano has worked at Bemelmans since 1989;35 years ago. [10] He is the second-longest tenured bartender there, after Tommy Rowles, who worked there for 53 years. [11] [5] Other bartenders involved in managing Bemelmans have included notable mixologists Dale DeGroff and Audrey Saunders. [12] DeGroff hired Saunders as bar manager around 2001. Saunders excelled at her job there, and was later approached to be an operating partner and the creative talent for the Pegu Club bar she became known for. [13] In 2007, noted bartender Brian Van Flandern left Per Se to rework the bar program at Bemelmans. [12]

The bar has always been known for its music. For over 14 seasons, Jazz pianist and vocalist Barbara Carroll performed at Bemelmans. [14] For about 25 years, composer and pianist Earl Rose has played at the bar. [15] The bar was reviewed and listed first among the best piano bars in New York City by Town and Country magazine, which stated that "no list of notable piano bars in New York would be complete without Bemelmans". [16]

Central Park mural

A portion of the mural featuring Madeline and other characters from the Madeline books Bemelmans Bar 06.jpg
A portion of the mural featuring Madeline and other characters from the Madeline books

Bemelmans Bar is known for its walls, decorated with a work titled Central Park: [17] a pale yellow mural depicting Madeline, her eleven classmates, and their guardian in Central Park across four seasons. The painting has many vignettes with no central narrative; the vignettes are scattered throughout the room divided by painted trees and grass. The mural includes typical park scenes along with whimsical animals like a monkey-waiter serving two rabbit gentlemen, an ice-skating elephant, cigar-smoking bunnies, and rabbits building a snow bunny. [14] [18] The work was painted by Ludwig Bemelmans, author of Madeline, in 1947. Bemelmans is the namesake of the bar, and his mural there is his only artwork remaining on display to the public. Other murals were in the Hapsburg House restaurant in the city, a nightclub on the Île Saint-Louis in Paris, and the playroom on Aristotle Onassis's yacht. [17] Instead of accepting payment for his work, Bemelmans received a year and a half of accommodations at the Carlyle for himself and his family. [19] [4] Bemelmans painted himself into one of the scenes, depicted as a waiter or bartender holding a bill. As of 2000, this portion of the mural is a few feet to the right of guests facing the bar's cash register. [20] The entire artwork gives a playful feel to the otherwise sophisticated bar, adorned with dark leather and wood. [21] [15]

Drinks

A non-alcoholic drink at Bemelmans Bemelmans Bar 03.jpg
A non-alcoholic drink at Bemelmans

As of 2021, the most-requested drink at Bemelmans is a martini, almost always dirty, and often very dirty. [11] The bartenders make an estimated 1,000 martinis per night there; the head bartender Luis Serrano estimated about 80 percent of customers order one on a weekend. [7] The bar also became known for The Carlyle Punch, once its signature cocktail, though no longer on the menu. [11] Martinis were not always the most popular drink; in prior decades it was Black Russians, scotch on the rocks, gin & tonics, and vodka-tonics; Manhattans also came close to the popularity of martinis there at one time. [7]

Recent drinks have included The Gillespie, named for Chris Gillespie (a long-time entertainer at the bar) and made with Hudson Manhattan Rye, lime juice, rosemary ginger syrup, ginger beer, and egg white. The JFK Daiquiri, another served at Bemelmans, was inspired by the daiquiri, one of John F. Kennedy's favorite drinks. [9] Drinks and food are expensive: cocktails averaged $23-25 in 2016. [1] [2]

In 2013, Saunders-created drinks including the Gin-Gin Mule and Old Cuban remained as specialty features at Bemelmans. [22]

History

20th century

The bar Bemelmans Bar 01.jpg
The bar

The bar was created and named for Ludwig Bemelmans in the 1940s, and opened in 1947. [22] Bemelmans was the author and illustrator of Madeline , and was formerly a restaurateur and hotel employee. Robert Huyot, the hotel's general manager, was a friend of Bemelmans, and asked him to paint the bar's murals in exchange for 18 months' stay at the hotel for him and his family (the duration required to complete the murals). [18] [15]

In 1989, the hotel celebrated the 50th anniversary of the first Madeline book with a party at the bar. [23]

Early 21st century

In 2001, the hotel changed ownership and the bar closed for renovations. Woodwork and leather were restored, nicotine was scraped from the walls, and a layer of 24-karat gold leaf was applied to the bar's ceilings. [24] Amid the renovations, the hotel hired star bartender Dale DeGroff to reinvigorate the cocktail program, and he had Audrey Saunders, his protégé, oversee a new drink menu with new flavors and homemade ginger beer. [25] [3]

Around 2005, the bar dedicated several afternoons per week for children and their adult guests. The events, called The Madeline Experience, involved lunch, afternoon tea, shrimp arranged in two straight lines (like the schoolgirls in Madeline) an Eiffel Tower sundae, piano music, and storytelling. [26] In 2007, the event was revived as the Madeline Tea Party at Bemelmans Bar, taking place on Saturdays and Sundays. [27] The event was again held in 2019, on the 80th anniversary of Madeline's publication. [15]

COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent use

A corner table in the bar Bemelmans Bar 04.jpg
A corner table in the bar

On March 16, 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, indoor dining was completely restricted in New York state, forcing the bar's indefinite closure. During its time closed, the bar created a new cocktail menu with new drinks, began accepting reservations on Tock, and accepted modern social media by creating an Instagram account. [28]

In May 2021, the bar reopened at 50 percent capacity, though it became bustling with music and with a new drink menu (using a QR code) featuring guests, artists, and musicians who helped make the bar famous. It was the first time Bemelmans began a reservation-only policy, necessary to control demand for dining in the space. Contact tracers checked in guests, and each reservation had a 90-minute time limit. Bar seats were restricted from use. Masks were mandated when not at tables, though it was loosely enforced. Staff were required to wear masks. [9]

By late 2021, as the COVID-19 pandemic began to wane, the bar became immensely popular, enough to require a security team. The bar's manager would previously tell guests to come back later if the venue was too busy, though lately these patrons would rather wait. While Bemelmans has typically been an "old-school" bar inviting in regulars, Upper East Siders with tailored clothes, young people (part of Gen Z) began to visit the bar more, dressed casually, taking selfies of themselves in the space, and ordering a large volume of espresso martinis. The New York Times saw it as part of a trend that youth have for midcentury Manhattan, and their efforts to find and enjoy the "New York-iest New York experiences". While the management take care to enforce their dress code and party sizes, they welcome younger visitors as part of appealing to successive generations, keeping in business. [29] [30]

Notable people

The bar is a regular attractor of people of fame, including socialites, film stars, politicians, and businessmen. [21] Notable visitors to the bar have included John F. Kennedy, Judy Collins, Frank Sinatra, [9] Britney Spears, Paul McCartney, [5] Elizabeth Taylor, Harry Truman, [7] Prince Harry and Meghan, [31] Steve Martin, Matt Dillon, Tom Cruise, Robert De Niro, Heather Graham, and Kim Basinger. [24]

In 2022, celebrity Kylie Minogue visited the bar to promote her wine collection, and sang several of her popular songs at the grand piano. She returned a few days later to demonstrate a new cocktail, the Pink Pearl, created by one of Bemelmans' bartenders, with occasional assistance from the bartender. [32]

Reception

The bar is considered an "icon" and "cultural touchstone" by Business Insider . [9] In 2022, the Australian Gourmet Traveller magazine listed it among four other classic cocktail bars to visit in the city. It referred to it as a "quintessential supper club", "just about everyone's favourite sophisticated uptown joint". [4] According to Bon Appetit , the bar is so perfect that every guidebook directs visitors to Bemelmans. [1] Regan Hofmann, writing for Punch in 2015, considered Bemelmans the city's "most iconic hotel bar", and one of New York's "most well-known hidden treasures". [17]

In 2022, Architectural Digest identified a trend, what they dubbed "the Bemelmans effect", where bars are copying elements from Bemelmans, like its upscale, elegant, romantic, and transportive decor and atmosphere. Nines, a piano bar in Manhattan, surveyed popular, long-lasting gathering places, especially that increased in popularity in the "age of Instagram"; Bemelmans kept appearing, and thus the bar used elements from Bemelmans. [6]

The 2015 film A Very Murray Christmas by director Sofia Coppola was set in the Carlyle and in Bemelmans Bar. [33] The 2020 show High Fidellity aired, where Bemelmans was a significant plot point. Later in the year, the bar appeared in an episode of Love Life . The bar appears in the 2020 film On the Rocks , also directed by Coppola, where it also is used for the official movie poster. Scenes in the latest three productions involve older men taking younger women on dates to the bar. Beside drawings of Madeline, New York magazine interprets the choice of setting as "nothing if not a great Freudian cocktail". [8]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vermouth</span> Alcoholic beverage

Vermouth is an aromatized fortified wine, flavoured with various botanicals and sometimes colored. The modern versions of the beverage were first produced in the mid to late 18th century in Turin, Italy. While vermouth was traditionally used for medicinal purposes, it was later served as an apéritif, with fashionable cafés in Turin serving it to guests around the clock. In the late 19th century, it became popular with bartenders as a key ingredient for cocktails, such as the martini, the Manhattan, the Rob Roy, and the Negroni. In addition to being consumed as an aperitif or cocktail ingredient, vermouth is sometimes used as an alternative to white wine in cooking.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martini (cocktail)</span> Cocktail made with gin and vermouth

The martini is a cocktail made with gin and vermouth, and garnished with an olive and/or a lemon twist. Over the years, the martini has become one of the best-known mixed alcoholic beverages. A common variation, the vodka martini, uses vodka instead of gin for the cocktail's base spirit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cosmopolitan (cocktail)</span> Cocktail made with vodka

A cosmopolitan, or, informally, a cosmo, is a cocktail made with vodka, Cointreau, cranberry juice, and freshly squeezed or sweetened lime juice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cocktail glass</span> Stemmed glass with an inverted cone bowl

A cocktail glass is a stemmed glass with an inverted cone bowl, mainly used to serve straight-up cocktails. The term cocktail glass is often used interchangeably with martini glass, despite their differing slightly. Today, the glass is used to serve a variety of cocktails, such as the martini and its variations, Manhattan, Brandy Alexander, pisco sour, Negroni, cosmopolitan, gimlet, and the grasshopper.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ludwig Bemelmans</span> Austrian and American writer (1898–1962)

Ludwig Bemelmans was an Austrian and American writer and illustrator of children's books and adult novels. He is known best for the Madeline picture books. Six were published, the first in 1939.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Mintun</span> American pianist

Peter Mintun, is an American pianist and historian of American music of the 1920s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carlyle Hotel</span> Hotel in Manhattan, New York

The Carlyle Hotel, known formally as The Carlyle, A Rosewood Hotel, is a combination luxury apartment hotel on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City, United States, The hotel is located at 35 East 76th Street on the eastern side of Madison Avenue between 76th and 77th streets. Opened in 1930, the hotel was designed in the Art Deco style by Sylvan Bien and Harry M. Prince, with interiors designed by Dorothy Draper, and was named after Scottish essayist Thomas Carlyle. The Carlyle has approximately 190 hotel rooms and suites, in addition to 60 cooperative residences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bronx (cocktail)</span> Drink of gin, orange juice, and vermouth

The Bronx is a cocktail. It is essentially a Perfect Martini with orange juice added. It was ranked number three in "The World's 10 Most Famous Cocktails in 1934" behind the Martini (#1) and the Manhattan (#2). In the 1934 movie "The Thin Man", the lead actor compared the methods for shaking the Manhattan, the Bronx and the Martini.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royalton Hotel</span> Hotel in Manhattan, New York

The Royalton Hotel is a hotel at 44 West 44th Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, United States. The hotel, opened in 1898, was designed by architecture firm Rossiter & Wright and developed by civil engineer Edward G. Bailey. The 13-story building is made of brick, stone, terracotta, and iron. The hotel's lobby, which connects 43rd and 44th Streets, contains a bar and restaurant. The upper stories originally featured 90 apartments, but these were replaced with 205 guestrooms when Philippe Starck and Gruzen Samton Steinglass Architects converted the Royalton to a boutique hotel in the 1980s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dale DeGroff</span> American bartender and author (born 1948)

Dale DeGroff, also known as "the King of Cocktails" or "King Cocktail", is an American bartender and author. The New York Times in 2015 called DeGroff "one of the world's foremost cocktail experts", and wrote that his book The Craft of the Cocktail is considered an essential bartending reference. From 1987 to 1999 DeGroff rose to prominence as the original chief bartender in the Rainbow Room at Rockefeller Center in New York City, where his then-unusual emphasis on classic cocktail recipes and high-quality ingredients led to substantial acclaim and emulation by many other bars in New York City and beyond, and helped influence the creation of the craft cocktail movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Last Word (cocktail)</span> Gin based prohibition-era cocktail

The Last Word is a gin-based cocktail originating at the Detroit Athletic Club in the 1910s, shortly before the start of Prohibition. After a long period of obscurity, it enjoyed a renewed popularity in the cocktail renaissance of the early 2000s after being discovered by bartender Murray Stenson of the Zig Zag Café in Seattle.

Colin Peter Field is a bartender and author who has been ranked as best bartender in the world by Forbes and Travel + Leisure magazines. He is the head bartender at the Hemingway Bar of the Hôtel Ritz Paris, voted Best of the Best Bar in the World by Virtuoso in Las Vegas in 2016, and has invented several drinks, such as the Picasso Martini, Highland Cream, Serendipity and Clean Dirty Martini. He is involved in the training of students for bartending in France and in Switzerland, and has authored the books The Cocktails of the Ritz Paris and Cocktails, A Simple Story.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martinez (cocktail)</span> Cocktail made with Old Tom gin and vermouth

The Martinez is a classic cocktail that is widely regarded as the direct precursor to the Martini. It serves as the basis for many modern cocktails, and several different versions of the original exist. These are generally distinguished by the accompaniment of either Maraschino or Curacao, as well as differences in gin or bitters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nick & Nora (glass)</span> Stemmed glass used to serve mixed drinks

A Nick & Nora glass is a stemmed glass with an inverted bowl, mainly used to serve straight-up cocktails. The glass is similar to a cocktail glass or martini glass.

Audrey Saunders is an American bartender, considered one of the world's most famous bartenders. She is most well known as the operating partner and creative lead of Pegu Club, a bar in New York City from 2005 to 2020. The bar was one of the most influential in the United States. Since its closure, Saunders and her husband have been developing a retreat for beverage industry members in rural Washington state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Craft cocktail movement</span> Social movement

The craft cocktail movement is a social movement spurred by the cocktail renaissance, a period of time in the late 20th and early 21st century characterized by a revival and re-prioritization of traditional recipes and methods in the bar industry, especially in the United States. The renaissance was followed by innovation and new techniques, and the movement has spread globally, now forming part of global cuisine.

Angel's Share was a speakeasy-style bar in the East Village of Manhattan, New York City. The Japanese-style bar was one of the pioneering establishments in the cocktail renaissance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pegu Club (New York City)</span> Defunct cocktail bar in New York City

Pegu Club was a craft cocktail bar in New York City, operating from 2005 to 2020. It was located on the border of SoHo and Greenwich Village in Manhattan. The bar was named after and loosely inspired by the Pegu Club, a club in a British colonial outpost in Myanmar, as well as its signature cocktail with the same name.

Charlotte Voisey is an English bartender and mixologist.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Bemelmans Bar". Bon Appetit. Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  2. 1 2 Kessler, Kevin (February 4, 2016). "Bemelmans Bar: Where the Genteel Meet for Cocktails and a Side of Billy Joel". The Village Voice. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  3. 1 2 "Inside New York's Iconic Bemelmans Bar". Punch. February 2, 2016. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 Tulloch, Lee (December 20, 2022). "Mad Men Manhattan: The classic cocktail bars of New York City". Gourmet Traveller. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 Kamer, Foster (August 6, 2015). "An Ecuadorean Horseman at Bemelmans Bar". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  6. 1 2 Medina, Samuel (April 6, 2022). "The "Bemelmans Effect" Takes Over". Architectural Digest. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Arnold, Amanda (May 18, 2022). "The Man In Charge of 1,000 Dirty Martinis a Night". Punch. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 Kamer, Foster (November 2, 2020). "Bemelmans in Repose". Grub Street. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Gross, Michelle (June 12, 2021). "I visited one of the most iconic neighborhood bars in NYC after it reopened — here's what it was like". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  10. ↑ "Bemelmans Bar". Time Out New York. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 Volandes, Stellene (August 20, 2021). "The Secret to The Carlyle's Signature Cocktail". Town & Country. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  12. 1 2 Miles, Jonathan (June 10, 2007). "Cocktail's Namesake". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
  13. ↑ Wondrich, David; Rothbaum, Noah, eds. (2021). The Oxford Companion to Spirits & Cocktails. Oxford University Press. pp. 621–622. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199311132.001.0001. ISBN   9780199311132. OCLC   1260690923.
  14. 1 2 Orgill, Roxane (May 13, 1990). "For Barbara Carroll, Improvisation is Key". The Record. p. E-2. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Nadelson, Reggie (December 20, 2019). "A Bar Revered for Its Old-Fashioned Charm and Witty Murals". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
  16. ↑ Dangremond, Sam (May 19, 2022). "The Best Piano Bars in New York City". Town & Country. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  17. 1 2 3 Hofmann, Regan (March 26, 2014). "The Muse Behind NYC's Most Iconic Hotel Bar". Punch. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  18. 1 2 "The Creator of Madeline Painted the Walls of This Art Deco Piano Bar". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  19. ↑ "Bemelmans Bar". Rosewood Hotels and Resorts. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
  20. ↑ Schneider, Daniel B. (November 12, 2000). "F.Y.I." The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  21. 1 2 Royce-Greensill, Sarah (May 11, 2017). "Straight Up: Bemelmans Bar New York" . The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  22. 1 2 Reddicliffe, Steve (July 25, 2013). "The Piano Man, 'Madeline' and Thou". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  23. ↑ Collins, Glenn (September 14, 1989). "Birthday Party at Bemelmans for Madeline, at 50". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  24. 1 2 MacLean, Natalie (February 15, 2003). "Lady Sings The Booze". The Ottawa Citizen. p. E4. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023– via newspapers.com.
  25. ↑ John, Warren St (February 24, 2002). "With Bar Chefs, Happy Hour Goes Haute". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  26. ↑ Fabricant, Florence (November 2, 2005). "FOOD STUFF; Tea at the Carlyle, for the Very Small". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  27. ↑ Howard, Hilary (September 9, 2007). "Children's Tea in a Stylish Room". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  28. ↑ Kim, Leena (April 19, 2021). "After More Than a Year, Bemelmans Is Reopening Next Month". Town & Country. Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  29. ↑ Krueger, Alyson (November 26, 2021). "Why Gen Z Is Flocking to New York's Old-School Hotels and Bars". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  30. ↑ Sugar, Rachel (March 2, 2022). "Bemelmans Bar Is an Instagram Star". Grub Street. Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  31. ↑ McDowell, Erin (December 14, 2022). "How Prince Harry and Meghan Markle earned their money, from a $100 million Netflix deal to Harry's inheritance". Insider. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  32. ↑ Soloski, Alexis (August 5, 2022). "Kylie Minogue Mixes Her Signature Cocktail". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  33. ↑ Crouch, Ian (December 4, 2015). "Bill Murray's Little Christmas Miracle". The New Yorker . Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.