Carnaby's black cockatoo

Last updated

Carnaby's black cockatoo
Calyptorhynchus latirostris -Taronga Zoo (female)-8a.jpg
Female, Taronga Zoo
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Cacatuidae
Genus: Zanda
Species:
Z. latirostris
Binomial name
Zanda latirostris
(Carnaby, 1948)
Bird range for Calyptorhynchus latirostris-8.png
Range in red
Synonyms
  • Calyptorhynchus funereus latirostrisCarnaby, 1948
  • Calyptorhynchus baudinii latirostrisCarnaby, 1948
  • Calyptorhynchus latirostrisCarnaby, 1948

Carnaby's black cockatoo (Zanda latirostris), also known as the short-billed black cockatoo, is a large black cockatoo endemic to southwest Australia. It was described in 1948 by naturalist Ivan Carnaby. Measuring 53–58 cm (21–23 in) in length, it has a short crest on the top of its head. Its plumage is mostly greyish black, and it has prominent white cheek patches and a white tail band. The body feathers are edged with white giving a scalloped appearance. Adult males have a dark grey beak and pink eye-rings. Adult females have a bone-coloured beak, grey eye-rings and ear patches that are paler than those of the males.

Contents

This cockatoo usually lays a clutch of one to two eggs. It generally takes 28 to 29 days for the female to incubate the eggs, and the young fledge ten to eleven weeks after hatching. The young will stay with the family until the next breeding season, and sometimes even longer. The family leaves the nesting site after the young fledge until the following year. Carnaby's black cockatoo forms flocks when not breeding, with birds in drier habitats usually being more migratory than those in wetter ones. It flies with deep and slow wingbeats, generally high above trees. Seeds of plants of the families Proteaceae and, to a lesser extent, Myrtaceae form a large part of its diet.

Carnaby's black cockatoo nests in hollows situated high in trees with fairly large diameters, generally Eucalyptus . With much of its habitat lost to land clearing and development and threatened by further habitat destruction, Carnaby's black cockatoo is listed as an endangered species by the Federal and Western Australian governments. It is also classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Like most parrots, it is protected by CITES, an international agreement that makes trade, export, and import of listed wild-caught species illegal.

Taxonomy and naming

Carnaby's black cockatoo and Baudin's black cockatoo were once known collectively as the white-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) until formally classified as separate species. In a 1933 report on the birds of Lake Grace, Western Australian naturalist Ivan Carnaby wrote of a distinctive population of white-tailed black cockatoos that he named mallee black cockatoos. These birds lived in mallee and sandplains, using their large bills to crack open woody seed pods; the typical form had a long narrow bill it used to extract eucalypt seeds from marri seed pods. [2] He classified the large-billed form as a subspecies of the white-tailed black cockatoo in 1948, giving it the name Calyptorhynchus baudinii latirostris. [3] The epithet latirostris is from the Latin latus "wide" and rostrum "bill". [4] The holotype specimen is from Hopetoun, Western Australia. [5]

Among the black cockatoos, the two Western Australian white-tailed species (Carnaby's and Baudin's black cockatoos), together with the yellow-tailed black cockatoo (Z. funerea) of eastern Australia, form the genus Zanda. The two red-tailed species, red-tailed black cockatoo (C. banksii) and glossy black cockatoo (C. lathami), form the genus Calyptorhynchus. The three species of Zanda were formerly included in Calyptorhynchus (and still are by some authorities), but are now widely placed in a genus of their own due to a deep genetic divergence between the two groups. [6] The two genera differ in tail colour, head pattern, juvenile food begging calls and the degree of sexual dimorphism. Males and females of Calyptorhynchus sensu stricto differ markedly in appearance, whereas those of Zanda have similar plumage. [7]

The three species of the genus Zanda have been variously considered as two, then as a single species for many years. During the 1970s, Australian ornithologist Denis Saunders analysed the two white-tailed taxa and found that Baudin's black cockatoo also has a longer wing, and wider and higher skull than Carnaby's black cockatoo. Furthermore, there was no overlap in the range of culmen (bill) lengths. [8] In a 1979 paper, Saunders highlighted the similarity between the short-billed and the southern race xanthanotus of the yellow-tailed and treated them as a single species with the long-billed as a distinct species. He proposed that Western Australia had been colonised on two separate occasions, once by a common ancestor of all three forms (which became the long-billed black cockatoo), and later by what has become the short-billed black cockatoo. [9] An analysis of protein allozymes published in 1984 revealed the two Western Australian forms to be more closely related to each other than to the yellow-tailed, [10] and the consensus since then has been to treat them as three separate species. [7]

The two white-tailed cockatoo species were called short-billed and long-billed black cockatoos in scientific works, yet they were called Carnaby's and Baudin's black cockatoo in Western Australia. Hence ornithologists Les Christidis and Walter Boles pushed for the latter two names to be used. [7] The International Ornithologists' Union has taken up this suggestion and uses these names as their official common names. [11]

The local Noongar people did not distinguish between Carnaby's and Baudin's black cockatoos. Nyungar names recorded include ngolyenok, ngoolyoo (from Northampton), and G'noo-le-a (from Geraldton). [12]

Description

Female flying and male perching on tree Calyptorhynchus latirostris Carnaby gnangarra.jpg
Female flying and male perching on tree

Carnaby's black cockatoo is 53–58 cm (21–23 in) in length with a 110 cm (43 in) wingspan, and weighs 520–790 grams. It is mostly greyish black, with narrow light grey scalloping produced by narrow off white margins at the tips of dark feathers. [13] The scalloping is more prominent on the neck. It has a crest of 2.5–3 cm (0.98–1.18 in) long feathers on its head that form a short crest that can be raised and lowered, [14] and a prominent off-white patch of feathers on its cheek. Its lateral tail feathers are white with black tips, and the central tail feathers all black. The irises are dark brown and the legs brown-grey. Its beak is shorter and broader than that of the closely related and similar Baudin's black cockatoo; the two are often difficult to distinguish in the field. [13]

The adult male has a dark grey beak and pink eye-rings. The adult female has a bone-coloured beak, grey eye-rings and ear patches that are whiter and more distinctive than those of the male. The feathers of its underparts and underwing coverts have larger white margins than those of the male, leading to a more barred or scalloped pattern to its plumage. Its legs and feet are a little lighter than those of the male. [13] Moulting appears to take place in stages in late summer—some time between January or February and April or May, and is poorly understood. [15]

Juveniles have a bone-coloured beak, grey eye-rings, and less white in the tail feathers. [16] They can also be distinguished by their constant begging calls. [13] It is not possible to tell the sexes apart until the male's bill begins to darken. This begins when the male is around one year old, and is complete some time after two years of age. [15]

Distribution and habitat

Carnaby's black cockatoos form larger groups outside of breeding season. Calyptorhynchus latirostris -Albany, Western Australia, Australia-8.jpg
Carnaby's black cockatoos form larger groups outside of breeding season.

Carnaby's black cockatoo is found across a broad swathe of southwest Australia—mostly within the Wheatbelt region—in places that receive over 300 mm (12 in) of rainfall yearly. The limits of its range include Cape Arid to the east, Lake Cronin, Hatters Hill and Lake Moore inland, and Kalbarri to the north. [13] Breeding takes place in areas receiving 350–700 mm (14–28 in) rainfall a year, from the Stirling Range to Three Springs as well as around Bunbury. [13] The cockatoo pairs form flocks outside the breeding season, moving away from nesting areas. Carnaby's black cockatoo is sedentary in wetter parts of its range, and migratory in drier areas as birds move south and west towards the coast in summer. [17]

Carnaby's black cockatoo is found in Eucalyptus woodland, most commonly of wandoo ( Eucalyptus wandoo ) or salmon gum ( E. salmonophloia ). It is also found nearby pine plantations and sandplains or kwongan heath with abundant Hakea , Banksia , and Grevillea shrubs. [13]

Behaviour

Carnaby's black cockatoo communicates by auditory and visual displays. [18] The voice is generally noisy with several calls; loudest and most frequent is a wailing wy-lah, [1] which is uttered by both sexes and often heard before the birds themselves are seen. There is usually an interval of 0.4 seconds before the call is repeated. This call is made by birds in flight, before taking off and returning to the nest. Carnaby's black cockatoos that are not in flight may answer with this call when they hear it. The call is often shortened or chopped off three-quarters of the way through as the bird takes off. The call varies between individual Carnaby's black cockatoos, and older nestlings can distinguish their parents' calls. Saunders labelled a variant of the wy-lah as the interrogative call—it is drawn out and ends with an inflection. Birds often utter a soft chuck call when alone. Females make a whistling call composed of two notes of varying volume when perched or about to take off. They also utter a softer version that is 0.6 seconds long, as well as a long single-noted whistle when alone. The male makes a soft shot wy-lah call in similar situations. [18] Birds may also make a harsh screeching alarm call when they notice something is out of place. They squawk loudly in disputes with their own kind, when other animals enter breeding territory, or when they are handled by people in captivity. Males can utter a harsh chattering squeak when arguing with other males. [18]

Males make two calls that are directed at females, sometimes as a prelude to mating. One is a sequence of short squeaks; the other is made up of consecutive ah notes with 0.1 second between each note. These calls can be brief or last up to several minutes. [18] Nestlings make a noisy grating begging call when seeking or expecting food. An adult female may also make the call while incubating the eggs. Immature birds also make a grating call not associated with begging that parents ignore. [18]

Carnaby's black cockatoo flies with deep, slow wingbeats, giving it a wavelike movement. It can also glide for extended periods with its wings held downwards. Flocks generally fly at height, descending to treetops to feed or roost. Birds can be agile, manoeuvring quickly if startled or disturbed. In contrast, they waddle awkwardly on the ground. [13]

Previously, the maximum age recorded from banding was 25 years 10.8 months for a bird banded in November 1988 at Coomallo Creek and encountered in a field 5 km away at Tootbardie in October 2014. [19] However, in October 2021, a male individual was discovered to be alive and still nesting at the age of 35, having first been tagged in 1986. [20] The bird was discovered six kilometres from where it had been originally tagged. [20]

Breeding

Carnaby's black cockatoos begin breeding from four years of age and mate for life. [18] Mature wandoo and salmon gum woodlands provide important breeding habitat for the cockatoos as they need large hollows in tall trees. The nests are generally located about 5.7 metres (19 ft) above the ground, and spaced 174 metres (571 ft) away from each other, on average. [21] There is competition for nest hollows with western corellas (Cacatua pastinator), galahs (Eolophus roseicapilla), and feral honeybees (Apis mellifera). [22] Galahs seek out hollows at any time of year, unlike the Carnaby's black cockatoos, which only look before breeding. [23] Mated pairs return to a breeding locale in late winter and begin preparing to breed, the female choosing a suitable hollow in a tree. [18] She becomes highly territorial, driving off other females from the vicinity of the nest. [23] After a bushfire burnt out much of the species' breeding habitat in 2009, local wildlife officers of the Department of Parks and Wildlife in Western Australia constructed artificial breeding hollows. After some experimentation by authorities, the survival rate of nestlings in these hollows increased to 75%. [24]

Breeding season is from late winter to summer. [17] The female lays a clutch of one or two white eggs, with the second egg laid eight days after the first. One egg is generally larger in a two-egg clutch, and does not differ in size from the egg of a single-egg clutch. It ranges from around 44 to 54 millimetres (1.7 to 2.1 in) long and 32 to 41 millimetres (1.3 to 1.6 in) in diameter. The second egg is around 3 mm shorter. [23] The egg has been calculated to weigh around 33 g, which is 5% of that of the adult female. [23] The female incubates the eggs alone over a period of 28 to 29 days. [23] The eggs hatch asynchronously, with the second one hatching eight days after the first. [25] The second chick usually perishes within the first two days of life; only a small number fledge successfully. [23] Newly hatched chicks are covered with pale yellow down, and are blind. They can sit but are otherwise helpless. By the third week, their eyes begin to open and they have a greyish colour as the black pin feathers start to appear under the down. The down has largely disappeared by week five and the black feathers and pale cheek patch are prominent. Female young have a whiter cheek patch from this age onwards. [26] The nestlings are usually fed by both parents, [27] with the chicks fledging ten to eleven weeks after hatching. The chicks usually remain in the company of their parents till at least the next breeding season or even longer. The family leaves the vicinity of the nest until they return to breed the following season. [14]

Feeding

Female feeding in Kings Park Short Billed Black Cockatoo Feeding.jpg
Female feeding in Kings Park

The cockatoo feeds primarily on seeds of proteaceous plants such as Banksia, Hakea and Grevillea, and secondarily on seeds from myrtaceous plants such as Eucalyptus and Corymbia. [28] Over fifty native plant species are commonly used for food, either as seed or flowers, and this includes western sheoak (Allocasuarina fraseriana ), orange wattle ( Acacia saligna ), and balga ( Xanthorrhoea preissii ). [28] Typically, Carnaby's black cockatoos sit in the crowns of trees cracking the seed pods or cones. First, a bird chews through the stem holding the item before holding it with its foot and tearing bits off and extracting the seed. Birds may move along the branches breaking stems at random as well. Occasionally they forage for fallen seed and fruit on the ground. [29] This cockatoo acts as an agent in biological control, eating the larvae of invertebrates such as wood-boring insects and moths from rare plants. [30] [31]

The Swan Coastal Plain north of Perth has become an important feeding area. There, cockatoos also forage in the Gnangara pine plantations, where they feed on the seeds of Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata ) and maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster ). Carnaby's black cockatoos have come to depend on these plantations since the early 20th century. [28] Almost two-thirds of the Carnaby's black cockatoos in the Perth–Peel Coastal Plain roost in the Gnangara-Pinjar pine plantation. [32] Other non-native plants that the birds also consume include Erodium species, doublegee ( Emex australis ) seeds, [30] the fruit of the umbrella tree ( Heptapleurum actinophyllum ), seeds of liquidambar ( Liquidambar styraciflua ), sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ), jacaranda ( Jacaranda mimosifolia ), almond ( Prunus amygdalus ), onion grass ( Romulea rosea ), white cedar ( Melia azedarach ), and hibiscus flowers. [28]

When it is not breeding, a Carnaby's black cockatoo forages over land ranging from 17 to 276 square kilometres (6.6 to 106.6 sq mi) around roost sites, although daily movements are generally short, with birds travelling an average of 5.4 kilometres (3.4 mi) from the roost during the morning and 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) in the afternoon. [33]

Predators and parasites

The wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax) kills Carnaby's black cockatoos sporadically, and is the only natural predator of the adult cockatoo. [23] Carnaby's black cockatoo is occasionally parasitised by the bird louse species Franciscoloa funerei . [34] In captivity, it is also susceptible to nematodes of the genus Ascaris if it is in a cage with open dirt flooring. [35]

Status and conservation

The cockatoo is recognised as endangered under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, [27] and as Schedule 1 "fauna that is rare or is likely to become extinct" by Western Australia's Wildlife Conservation (Specially Protected Fauna) Notice 2008(2) under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. The population size of Carnaby's cockatoo fell by over 50% in 45 years, and up to a third of their traditional breeding grounds in the Wheatbelt have been abandoned. [36] The bird is part of an annual census, the Great Cocky count, that has been held every year since 2009 to track the population change of Carnaby's and other black cockatoos. [37] The 2016 Great Cocky Count counted 10,919 Carnaby's black cockatoos, indicating the population had declined by 50% on the Perth–Peel Coastal Plain since 2010, dropping by around 10% each year. The total population is estimated to consist of 40,000 individuals. [1] [32]

Major threats to the cockatoo include clearance of their feeding and nesting habitat, destruction of nesting hollows (e.g. during firewood collection), competition with other species for nest sites, and poaching. [22] Since European settlement, 56% of its habitat has been cleared, mainly for agriculture. Furthermore, 54% of its habitat on the Swan Coastal Plain—an important area outside the breeding season—has been lost. [38] Much of this area lies within the Perth metropolitan area, and the city's population is predicted to increase 70% by 2050. The Western Australian State Government has produced a Green Growth Plan to manage this expansion; conservation groups are concerned the cockatoo (along with other species) could suffer further loss of habitat. [39] In particular, the loss of pine plantations north of Perth could jeopardise the species' food supply. [40] [41] In February 2017, WWF-Australia and BirdLife Australia appealed to the Federal Environment Minister Josh Frydenberg to intervene and halt the ongoing removal of pine trees. [42] BirdLife International designated 13 sites (Important Bird Areas) as being important specifically for Carnaby's black cockatoo. These are the Northern Swan Coastal Plain, which supports between 4600 and 15000 birds outside the breeding season, the Stirling Range, and 11 other sites that support between 20 and 110 breeding pairs of Carnaby's black cockatoos. [38] [lower-alpha 1]

The species' low rate of reproduction and long period of immaturity render it vulnerable to rapid change in the environment as response and recovery are slow. [23] Their habit of forming flocks predisposes them to outbreaks of disease and localised adverse weather events. A probable outbreak of a disease led to the deaths of up to 23 breeding female cockatoos at Koobabbie in September–October 2009, a hailstorm killed 68 individuals around Perth on 22 March 2010, and 145 perished in a heatwave around Hopetoun when temperatures reached 48 °C (118 °F) on 6 January 2010. Temperature and weather extremes in southwest Australia are predicted to worsen with climate change. [43] Carnaby's black cockatoos have been brought to veterinary hospitals with traumatic injuries. [35] Motor vehicles are a hazard, as much vegetation useful to Carnaby's black cockatoos lies on road verges. [43] The cockatoos fly into open space when leaving the vegetation, which is often over a road and in the path of oncoming traffic. [35]

Like most species of parrots, Carnaby's black cockatoo is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) with its placement on the Appendix II list of vulnerable species, which makes the import, export, and trade of listed wild-caught animals illegal. [44]

Notes

  1. ↑ The others are Bindoon-Julimar (110 pairs – largest population in south western Australia), Calingiri (up to 20 pairs), Cataby (up to 24 pairs), Coomallo (up to 40 pairs), East Borden (at least 20 pairs), Gillingarra (up to 20 pairs), Jalbarragup (at least 20 pairs), Koobabbie (up to 32 pairs), Kwobrup-Badgebup (up to 20 pairs), Moora (up to 60 pairs), and Walebing (up to 40 pairs). [38]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cockatoo</span> Any bird in the family Cacatuidae

A cockatoo is any of the 21 species of parrots belonging to the family Cacatuidae, the only family in the superfamily Cacatuoidea. Along with the Psittacoidea and the Strigopoidea, they make up the order Psittaciformes. The family has a mainly Australasian distribution, ranging from the Philippines and the eastern Indonesian islands of Wallacea to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cockatiel</span> Species of bird

The cockatiel, also known as the weero/weiro or quarrion, is a medium-sized parrot that is a member of its own branch of the cockatoo family endemic to Australia. They are prized as household pets and companion parrots throughout the world and are relatively easy to breed compared to other parrots. As a caged bird, cockatiels are second in popularity only to the budgerigar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-tailed black cockatoo</span> Species of bird native to the south-east of Australia

The yellow-tailed black cockatoo is a large cockatoo native to the south-east of Australia measuring 55–65 cm (22–26 in) in length. It has a short crest on the top of its head. Its plumage is mostly brownish black and it has prominent yellow cheek patches and a yellow tail band. The body feathers are edged with yellow giving a scalloped appearance. The adult male has a black beak and pinkish-red eye-rings, and the female has a bone-coloured beak and grey eye-rings. In flight, yellow-tailed black cockatoos flap deeply and slowly, with a peculiar heavy fluid motion. Their loud, wailing calls carry for long distances. The yellow-tailed black cockatoo is found in temperate forests and forested areas across south and central eastern Queensland to southeastern South Australia, including a very small population persisting in the Eyre Peninsula. Two subspecies are recognised, although Tasmanian and southern mainland populations of the southern subspecies xanthanotus may be distinct enough from each other to bring the total to three. Birds of subspecies funereus have longer wings and tails and darker plumage overall, while those of xanthanotus have more prominent scalloping. The subspecies whiteae is found south of Victoria to the East of South Australia and is smaller in size.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palm cockatoo</span> Species of bird from the South Pacific

The palm cockatoo, also known as the goliath cockatoo or great black cockatoo, is a large smoky-grey or black parrot of the cockatoo family native to New Guinea, Aru Islands, and Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia. It has a very large black beak and prominent red cheek patches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White cockatoo</span> Species of bird

The white cockatoo, also known as the umbrella cockatoo, is a medium-sized all-white cockatoo endemic to tropical rainforest on islands of Indonesia. When surprised, it extends a large and striking head crest, which has a semicircular shape. The wings and tail have a pale yellow or lemon color which is exposed when they fly. It is similar to other species of white cockatoo such as yellow-crested cockatoo, sulphur-crested cockatoo, and salmon-crested cockatoo, all of which have yellow, orange or pink crest feathers instead of white.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-tailed black cockatoo</span> Large black cockatoo native to Australia

The red-tailed black cockatoo also known as Banksian- or Banks' black cockatoo, is a large black cockatoo native to Australia. Adult males have a characteristic pair of bright red panels on the tail that gives the species its name. It is more common in the drier parts of the continent. Five subspecies are recognised, differing chiefly in beak size. Although the more northerly subspecies are widespread, the two southern subspecies, the forest red-tailed black cockatoo and the south-eastern red-tailed black cockatoo are under threat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-capped parrot</span> Species of bird endemic to Western Australia

The red-capped parrot is a species of broad-tailed parrot native to southwestern Australia. It was described by Heinrich Kuhl in 1820, with no subspecies recognised. It has long been classified in its own genus owing to its distinctive elongated beak, though genetic analysis shows that it lies within the lineage of the Psephotellus parrots and that its closest relative is the mulga parrot. Not easily confused with other parrot species, it has a bright crimson crown, green-yellow cheeks, and a distinctive long bill. The wings, back, and long tail are dark green, and the underparts are purple-blue. The adult female is very similar though sometimes slightly duller than the male; her key distinguishing feature is a white stripe on the wing under-surface. Juveniles are predominantly green.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glossy black cockatoo</span> Species of cockatoo from Australia

The glossy black cockatoo, is the smallest member of the subfamily Calyptorhynchinae found in eastern Australia. Adult glossy black cockatoos may reach 50 cm (19.5 in) in length. They are sexually dimorphic. Males are blackish brown, except for their prominent sub-terminal red tail bands; the females are dark brownish with idiosyncratic yellow marking around the neck and prominent sub-terminal tail band of red with black bars. Three subspecies have been recognised, although this has been recently challenged, with a detailed morphological analysis by Saunders and Pickup 2023 finding there is cline in body dimensions over the latitudinal range of the species, with the birds from the north of the range smaller than the birds in the south. Saunders and Pickup argued that with no differentiation in bill morphology, little difference in genetic makeup, no differences in plumage pattern or colour, and no differences in diet, there is no justification in subdividing the species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baudin's black cockatoo</span> Species of birds

Baudin's black cockatoo, also known as Baudin's cockatoo or the long-billed black cockatoo, is a species of genus Zanda found in southwest Australia. The epithet commemorates the French explorer Nicolas Baudin. It has a short crest on the top of its head, and the plumage is mostly greyish black. It has prominent white cheek patches and a white tail band. The body feathers are edged with white giving a scalloped appearance. Adult males have a dark grey beak and pink eye-rings. Adult females have a bone coloured beak, grey eye-rings and ear patches that are paler than those of the males.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western corella</span> Species of bird

The western corella also known as the western long-billed corella, is a species of white cockatoo endemic to south-western Australia.

<i>Calyptorhynchus</i> Genus of cockatoos

Described by French naturalist Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest in 1826, the genus Calyptorhynchus has two species of cockatoos. They are all mostly black in colour, and the taxa may be differentiated partly by size and partly by small areas of red, grey, and yellow plumage, especially in the tail feathers. Studies based on the mitochondrial DNA 12S gene fragment suggested that other sexually dichromatic species, the gang-gang cockatoo and the cockatiel may be the closest living relatives of Calyptorhynchus. However, subsequent studies, including more genes confirm the morphological taxonomy with the gang-gang cockatoo most closely related to the galah, within the white cockatoo group, and with the cockatiel as a third distinct subfamily of cockatoos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rock parrot</span> Species of bird

The rock parrot is a species of grass parrot native to Australia. Described by John Gould in 1841, it is a small parrot 22–24 cm long and weighing 50–60 g with predominantly olive-brown upperparts and more yellowish underparts. Its head is olive with light blue forecheeks and lores, and a dark blue frontal band line across the crown with lighter blue above and below. The sexes are similar in appearance, although the female tends to have a duller frontal band and less blue on the face. The female's call also tends to be far louder and more shrill than the male's. Two subspecies are currently recognised.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-eared firetail</span> Species of bird

The red-eared firetail, also known as the boorin, is a small finch-like species of bird. It occurs in dense wetland vegetation of coastal to sub-coastal regions in Southwest Australia. Its appearance is considered appealing, with white spots, black barring and vivid crimson marks at the ear and upper tail. Red-eared firetails are usually only glimpsed briefly, if at all, as they move rapidly and discreetly through their habitat. Most observations occur when their soft voice is heard, or in flight when flushed from the dense scrub. Males and females are similar in colouring and bond as lifelong pairs that occupy a territory centred on their roosting and brooding nest site. The species occupies a similar ecological niche to the beautiful firetail found in the east of Australia, although unlike other species of the genus they only occasionally group together and are almost never seen in large flocks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Long-tailed finch</span> Species of bird

The long-tailed finch is a common species of estrildid finch found in northern Australia, from the Kimberley region to the Gulf of Carpentaria. It is a predominantly fawn-coloured bird with a pale grey head and prominent black bib and eyes. It inhabits dry savannah habitats in Australia and adapts readily to aviculture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avon Wheatbelt</span> Bioregion in Western Australia

The Avon Wheatbelt is a bioregion in Western Australia. It has an area of 9,517,104 hectares. It is considered part of the larger Southwest Australia savanna ecoregion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muir's corella</span> Subspecies of bird

Muir's corella is a stocky, medium-sized white cockatoo endemic to Western Australia. It was the threatened nominate subspecies of the western corella. It was removed from the WA's threatened species list in November 2012 as a result of successful conservation efforts.

Black cockatoo is a general descriptive term for cockatoos that are mainly black and may include:

<i>Hakea trifurcata</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to the south-west of Western Australia

Hakea trifurcata, commonly known as two-leaf, two-leaved hakea, or kerosene bush, is a shrub, endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. The species has two leaf forms, needle-like or oblong egg-shaped. Unlike most hakea species the fruit remain green at maturity and resemble the broader leaf form. The mimicry creates a camouflage, reducing predation of the seed by granivores in particular cockatoos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jalbarragup Important Bird Area</span> Important Bird Area in Western Australia

Jalbarragup Important Bird Area is a 258 km2, fragmented tract of land. It comprises the blocks of native vegetation of more than 1 ha on private land, water catchment areas, state forests, nature reserves and other reserves within a ten-kilometre radius of Jalbarragup in the Shire of Nannup, south-west Western Australia. The area has a Mediterranean climate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Cocky Count</span> Citizen science project

The Great Cocky Count is an annual census designed to provide accurate data about the number and distribution of black cockatoos. It is the largest single survey of black cockatoos in Western Australia.

References

  1. 1 2 3 BirdLife International (2022). "Zanda latirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T22684733A212974328. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  2. ↑ Carnaby, Ivan C. (1933). "The Birds of the Lake Grace District, W.A.". Emu. 33 (2): 103–09. doi:10.1071/MU933103.
  3. ↑ Carnaby, Ivan C. (1948). "Variation in the White-tailed Black Cockatoo". Western Australian Naturalist. 1: 136–38.
  4. ↑ Gray & Fraser 2013, p. 127.
  5. ↑ Rowley, I. & Kirwan, G. M. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). "Short-billed Black-cockatoo (Zanda latirostris)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.slbblc1.01.1 . Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  6. ↑ White, Nicole E.; Phillips, Matthew J.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Alfaro-Núñez, Alonzo; Willerslev, Eske; Mawson, Peter R.; Spencer, Peter B.S.; Bunce, Michael (June 2011). "The evolutionary history of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (3): 615–622. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.011. PMID   21419232.
  7. 1 2 3 Christidis & Boles 2008, pp. 150–151.
  8. ↑ Saunders, Denis A. (1974). "Subspeciation in the White-tailed Black Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus baudinii, in Western Australia". Wildlife Research. 1 (1): 55–69. doi:10.1071/WR9740055.
  9. ↑ Saunders, Denis A. (1979). "Distribution and taxonomy of the White-tailed and Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoos Calyptorhynchus spp". Emu. 79 (4): 215–27. doi:10.1071/MU9790215.
  10. ↑ Adams, M; Baverstock, P.R.; Saunders, D.A.; Schodde, R; Smith, G.T. (1984). "Biochemical Systematics of the Australian Cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuinae)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 32 (3): 363–377. doi:10.1071/ZO9840363.
  11. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (20 April 2017). "Parrots & cockatoos". IOC World Bird List. doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.7.2 . Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  12. ↑ Abbott, Ian (2009). "Aboriginal names of bird species in south-west Western Australia, with suggestions for their adoption into common usage" (PDF). Conservation Science Western Australia Journal. 7 (2): 213–78 [251].
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Higgins 1999, p. 79.
  14. 1 2 Higgins 1999, p. 87.
  15. 1 2 Higgins 1999, p. 88–89.
  16. ↑ Forshaw 2006, plate 1.
  17. 1 2 Higgins 1999, p. 80.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Saunders, Denis A. (1983). "Vocal repertoire and individual vocal recognition in the short‐billed form of the White‐tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus". Wildlife Research. 10 (3): 527–36. doi:10.1071/WR9830527.
  19. ↑ Australian Bird & Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS) (2017). "ABBBS Database Search: Calyptorhynchus latirostris (Carnaby's black cockatoo)". Bird and bat banding database. Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  20. 1 2 Stanley, Michelle (8 October 2021). "'Amazing' discovery of Australia's oldest Carnaby's black cockatoo recorded in Midwest WA". ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  21. ↑ Almendro, Juan A. (1979). The Biology of the Short-billed form of the White-tailed Black Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus funereus latirostris Carnaby (Ph.D.). University of Western Australia.
  22. 1 2 "Australian Threatened Species: Carnaby's Black-Cockatoo". Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Saunders, Denis A. (1982). "The breeding behaviour and biology of the short‐billed form of the White‐tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus". Ibis. 124 (4): 422–55. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1982.tb03790.x.
  24. ↑ Taillier, Sarah (18 September 2016). "Fresh hope for Carnaby's black cockatoo as numbers 'increase dramatically' with artificial hollows". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  25. ↑ Saunders, D. A.; Mawson, P. R.; Dawson, R. (2014). "One fledgling or two in the endangered Carnaby's Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris): a strategy for survival or legacy from a bygone era?". Conservation Physiology. 2 (1): cou001. doi:10.1093/conphys/cou001. ISSN   2051-1434. PMC   4732493 . PMID   27293622.
  26. ↑ Saunders, Denis A.; Dawson, Rick David; Nicholls, Nick (24 August 2015). "Aging nestling Carnaby's cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus latirostris, and estimating the timing and length of the breeding season". Nature Conservation. 12 (52): 27–42. doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.12.4863 .
  27. 1 2 "Calyptorhynchus latirostris". Australian Government: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Valentine, Leonie E.; Stock, William (December 2008). "Food resources of Carnaby's Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris) in the Gnangara Sustainability Strategy Study Area". Edith Cowan University & Department of Environment and Conservation. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  29. ↑ Higgins 1999, p. 81.
  30. 1 2 Saunders, Denis A. (1980). "Food and Movements of the Short-Billed Form of the White-Tailed Black Cockatoo". Wildlife Research. 7 (2): 257–69. doi:10.1071/WR9800257.
  31. ↑ Lamont 1994, pp. 83–89.
  32. 1 2 Birdlife Australia (2016). "New report reveals black future for endangered cockatoos". medianet. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  33. ↑ Groom, C.; White, N. E.; Mitchell, N.; Roberts, J. D.; Mawson, P. (2017). "Assessing the spatial ecology and resource use of a mobile and endangered species in an urbanized landscape using satellite telemetry and DNA faecal metabarcoding". Ibis. 159 (2): 55–65. doi:10.1111/ibi.12420. hdl: 10261/141899 .
  34. ↑ Stranger, R.H.; Palma, R.L. (1998). "Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from some Australian birds" (PDF). Records of the Western Australian Museum. 19: 169–86.
  35. 1 2 3 Le Souëf, Anna; Holyoake, Carly; Vitali, Simone; Warren, Kristin (April 2015). "Presentation and prognostic indicators for free-living black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus spp.) admitted to an Australian zoo veterinary hospital over 10 years". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 51 (2): 380–388. doi:10.7589/2014-08-203. PMID   25647589. S2CID   207539473.
  36. ↑ Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. "National Threatened Species Day 2008: Carnaby's black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus latirostris" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  37. ↑ "Record number of volunteers sign up for Great Cocky Count". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  38. 1 2 3 Goldberg, J.; Bleby, K.; Mawson, P. (October 2013). "Carnaby's cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris) Recovery Plan". Department of Parks and Wildlife (Western Australia) . Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  39. ↑ Young, Emma (3 October 2016). "Perth's urban sprawl threatens endangered banksia woodlands". WA Today. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  40. ↑ Pond, Laura (14 June 2016). "Carnaby's black cockatoos: residents still needling on pine plantation removal". Wanneroo Times. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  41. ↑ Perpitch, Nicolas (3 March 2016). "Carnaby's Black Cockatoos at risk if Perth-Peel land-use plan goes ahead, says leaked report". ABC News. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  42. ↑ Wildie, Tom (24 February 2017). "Carnaby's cockatoos may vanish from Perth unless pine clearing stopped, WWF says". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  43. 1 2 Saunders, Denis A.; Mawson, Peter; Dawson, Rick (2011). "The impact of two extreme weather events and other causes of death on Carnaby's Black Cockatoo: a promise of things to come for a threatened species?". Pacific Conservation Biology. 17 (2): 141–48. doi: 10.1071/PC110141 .
  44. ↑ "Appendices I, II and III". CITES. 22 May 2009. Archived from the original on 17 March 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2010.

Cited texts

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.