Chamaenerion angustifolium

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Chamaenerion angustifolium
Maitohorsma (Epilobium angustifolium).JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Onagraceae
Genus: Chamaenerion
Species:
C. angustifolium
Binomial name
Chamaenerion angustifolium
Synonyms
  • Epilobium angustifoliumL.
  • Chamerion angustifolium(L.) Holub

Chamaenerion angustifolium is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae. It is known in North America as fireweed and in Britain and Ireland as rosebay willowherb. [1] It is also known by the synonyms Chamerion angustifolium and Epilobium angustifolium. It is native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere, including large parts of the boreal forests.

Contents

Description

The reddish stems of this herbaceous perennial are usually simple, erect, smooth, 0.5–2.5 metres (1+1⁄2–8 feet) high with scattered alternate leaves. The leaves are spirally arranged, entire, narrowly lanceolate, and pinnately veined, the secondary leaf veins anastomosing, joining together to form a continuous marginal vein just inside the leaf margins. [2] : NQ 

The inflorescence is a symmetrical terminal raceme that blooms progressively from bottom to top, producing a gracefully tapered shape. The flowers are 2 to 3 centimetres (3⁄4 to 1+1⁄4 inches) in diameter, slightly asymmetrical, with four magenta to pink petals and four narrower pink sepals behind. The protruding style has four stigmas. The floral formula is ✶/↓ K4 C4 A4+4 or 4+0 Ğ(4). [3]

The upright, reddish-brown linear seed capsule splits from the apex and curls open. It bears many minute brown seeds, about 300 to 400 per capsule and 80,000 per plant. The seeds have silky hairs to aid wind dispersal and are very easily spread by the wind, often becoming a weed and a dominant species on disturbed ground. Once established, the plants also spread extensively by underground roots, an individual plant eventually forming a large patch.

This species has been placed in the genus Chamaenerion (sometimes given as Chamerion) rather than Epilobium based on several morphological distinctions: spiral (rather than opposite or whorled) leaf arrangement; absence (rather than presence) of a hypanthium; subequal stamens (rather than stamens in two unequal whorls); zygomorphic (rather than actinomorphic) stamens and stigma. Under this taxonomic arrangement, Chamaenerion and Epilobium are monophyletic sister genera. [4]

Taxonomy

Two subspecies are recognized as valid: [4]

Etymology

The generic name Chamaenerion means "dwarf rosebay" in allusion to the outward similarity to rosebay, Nerium oleander , [5] while the specific epithet angustifolium means "narrow-leaved". [6] It is commonly known in Britain as "rosebay willowherb", for the same reason. The common American name "fireweed" derives from the species' abundance as a colonizer on burnt sites after forest fires and other disturbances.

Ecology

C. angustifolium dominating the forest floor about one year after the 2019 Swan Lake Fire Fireweed after Swan Lake fire.jpg
C. angustifolium dominating the forest floor about one year after the 2019 Swan Lake Fire
Porcupine eating fireweed in Alaska Porcupine-8474.jpg
Porcupine eating fireweed in Alaska

Fireweed is often abundant in wet calcareous to slightly acidic soils in open fields, pastures, and particularly burned-over lands. It is a pioneer species that quickly colonizes open areas with little competition, such as the sites of forest fires and forest clearings. Plants grow and flower as long as there is open space and plenty of light. Fireweed reaches its average peak colonization after five years and then begins to be replaced as trees and brush grow larger. When a new fire or other disturbance occurs that opens up the ground to light again, the seeds germinate. Some areas with heavy seed counts in the soil can, after burning, be covered with pure dense stands of this species and when in flower the landscape is turned into fields of color.

Fireweed is an effective colonizer; it may not be present until after a fire has moved through a landscape. Because of its very high dispersal capacity, "propagule pressure" from its regional presence will let it quickly colonize a disturbed area. Once seedlings are established, the plant quickly reproduces and covers the disturbed area via seeds and rhizomes. It is somewhat adapted to fire as well and so can prevent the reintroduction of fire to the landscape. Fireweed is well adapted to seed in severely burned areas as well, because the mineral soil that is exposed due to the removal of organic soil layers provides a good seedbed.[ citation needed ]

In Britain the plant was considered a rare species in the 18th century, [7] and one confined to a few locations with damp, gravelly soils. It was misidentified as great hairy willowherb in contemporary floras. The plant's rise from local rarity to widespread abundance seems to have occurred at the same time as the expansion of the railway network and the associated soil disturbance. The plant became locally known as 'bombweed' due to its rapid colonization of bomb craters in the Second World War. [7]

Bears and elk are known to favor the plant as food. [8]

Pollination

The flowers are visited by a wide variety of insects (the generalised pollination syndrome). [9] Some species in the insect order Lepidoptera frequently use the willowherb as their primary larval host-plant, examples including the elephant hawk moth ( Deilephila elpenor ), [10] bedstraw hawk moth ( Hyles gallii ), and the white-lined sphinx moth ( Hyles lineata ). [11]

Uses

Leaves used as fermented tea Chamerion angustifolium (inflorescense) fermented tea.jpg
Leaves used as fermented tea

The plant is not considered palatable, but the young shoots and leaves can be cooked and eaten. [12] [13] The young flowers are also edible, and the stems of older plants can be split to extract the edible raw pith. [14] Additionally, the leaves can be used for tea. [15]

Traditionally the young shoots are collected in the spring by Native American and Siberian people and mixed with other greens. As the plant matures, the leaves become tough and somewhat bitter. Fireweed petals are made into jelly, and mature leaves are dried for use as tea. Roots are traditionally eaten raw by Siberian Native people. [16] When properly prepared soon after picking they are a good source of vitamin C and provitamin A. The Denaʼina add fireweed to their dogs' food. Fireweed is also a medicine of the Upper Inlet Dena'ina, who treat pus-filled boils or cuts by placing a piece of the raw stem on the afflicted area. This is said to draw the pus out of the cut or boil and prevents a cut with pus in it from healing over too quickly.

The root can be roasted after scraping off the outside, but often tastes bitter. To mitigate this, the root is collected before the plant flowers and the brown thread in the middle removed. [17] The stem centers can also be prepared by splitting the outer stalk, and eaten raw. [18]

In Russia, fireweed (C. angustifolium) is made into a tea known as Ivan-Chai (Ivan-Tea) [19] or Koporsky tea (from the town of Koporye, where it has been produced since the 13th century). [20] They use it as highly prized medicinal herb too. The popularity of fireweed tea perhaps stems from the similarity of its production to that of common black tea ( Camellia sinensis ), leading to a richly flavoured and deeply coloured herbal tea, with no caffeine, it is commercially sold in a blend with mint or thyme.

Fireweed tea is high in iron, copper, potassium and calcium.[ citation needed ]

In the Yukon, the flowers from fireweed are made into jelly. [21]

The honey produced from fireweed is highly valued for its quality. Most fireweed honey is produced in locations in cool climates, such as the Pacific Northwest in the United States and Scandinavian countries in Europe. [22]

Fireweed's natural variation in ploidy has prompted its use in scientific studies of the possible effects of polyploidy on adaptive potential [23] and species diversification. [24]

Because fireweed can colonize disturbed sites, even following an old oil spill, it is often used to re-establish vegetation. [25]

It is also grown as an ornamental plant. A white form, C. angustifolium 'Album', is listed by the Royal Horticultural Society. [26]

Land management

Because of its rapid establishment on disturbed land, fireweed can be used for land management purposes. Events such as logging, fires and mass wasting can leave the land barren and without vegetation. This causes the land to be more susceptible to erosion because of the lack of root structure in the soil. Fireweed is a useful tool that can be utilized after prescribed fires and logging events because of its fire resistance and ability to recycle the nutrients left in the soil after a fire. [27] It is also able to quickly establish a root system for reproduction and through this can prevent mass wasting and erosion events from occurring on burned or logged hillsides. Reestablishment of vegetation is crucial in the recovery time of disturbed lands. In many cases, fireweed establishes itself on these disturbed lands, but implementing the introduction of fireweed to a disturbed area as a management practice could prove useful in speeding up the recovery of disturbed lands. Disturbed and burned over lands are generally unpleasant to look at and pose a risk to habitats and nearby communities because of their susceptibility to mass wasting events. Fireweed can quickly establish itself across the landscape and prevent further damage, while providing a blanket of vegetation for recovering fauna to create new habitats in and for pollinators to foster the re-establishment of a diverse set of flora.[ citation needed ]

Culture

The Flag of Yukon features fireweed. Flag of Yukon.svg
The Flag of Yukon features fireweed.

Fireweed has been referred to in poetry and prose since at least the 19th century. Rudyard Kipling wrote, "The fire-weed glows in the centre of the drive ways". [28] In The Fellowship of the Ring , J. R. R. Tolkien lists fireweed as one of the flowering plants returning to the site of a bonfire inside the Old Forest. [29]

As the first plant to colonise waste ground, fireweed is often mentioned in postwar British literature. The children's novel Fireweed is set during the Blitz and features two runaway teenagers who meet on bomb sites where fireweed is growing profusely. [30] Another children's novel, A Reflection of Rachel features a protagonist attempting to restore an old garden that used "Rose Pink Willow Herb" as an ornamental plant and mentions its notoriety for growing on abandoned bomb sites. [31] Cicely Mary Barker's 1948 book Flower Fairies of the Wayside included an illustration of 'The Rose-Bay Willow-Herb Fairy', with the accompanying verse "On the breeze my fluff is blown; So my airy seeds are sown. Where the earth is burnt and sad, I will come to make it glad. All forlorn and ruined places, All neglected empty spaces, I can cover—only think!— With a mass of rosy pink." [32]

Rosebay Willowherb was voted the county flower of London in 2002 following a poll by the wild plant conservation charity Plantlife. [33] Fireweed is the floral emblem of Yukon. [34]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildflower</span> Flower that grows in the wild, not intentionally planted

A wildflower is a flower that grows in the wild,the flower of a wild or uncultivated plant or the plant bearing it. Meaning it was not intentionally seeded or planted. The term implies that the plant is neither a hybrid nor a selected cultivar that is any different from the native plant, even if it is growing where it would not naturally be found. The term can refer to the whole plant, even when not in bloom, and not just the flower.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Onagraceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Onagraceae are a family of flowering plants known as the willowherb family or evening primrose family. They include about 650 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees in 17 genera. The family is widespread, occurring on every continent from boreal to tropical regions.

<i>Epilobium</i> Genus of flowering plants in the willowherb family Onagraceae

Epilobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Onagraceae, containing about 197 species. The genus has a worldwide distribution. It is most prevalent in the subarctic, temperate and subantarctic regions, whereas in the subtropics and tropics Epilobium species are restricted to the cool montane biomes, such as the New Guinea Highlands.

<i>Plantago major</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Plantago major, the broadleaf plantain, white man's footprint, waybread, or greater plantain, is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae. The plant is native to Eurasia.

<i>Epilobium montanum</i> Species of flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae

Epilobium montanum or Broad-leaved Willowherb is a species of flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae.

<i>Chamaenerion</i> Genus of flowering plants in the willowherb family Onagraceae

Chamaenerion is a genus of flowering plants in the family Onagraceae. It has sometimes been included in the genus Epilobium. Members of the genus may be called willowherbs, or fireweeds, based on a common name used for C. angustifolium. They are upright herbaceous perennials, growing from a woody base or from rhizomes, with racemes of usually purple to pink flowers. All species are found in the northern hemisphere. Most occur in moist habitats; C. angustifolium is the exception, favouring disturbed ground.

<i>Epilobium hirsutum</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae

Epilobium hirsutum is a flowering plant belonging to the willowherb genus Epilobium in the family Onagraceae. It is commonly known as the great willowherb, great hairy willowherb or hairy willowherb. Local names include codlins-and-cream, apple-pie and cherry-pie.

<i>Epilobium brachycarpum</i> Species of flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae

Epilobium brachycarpum is a species of willowherb known by the common names tall willowherb, tall annual willowherb, panicled willowherb and tall fireweed. It is native to North America, including Canada from Quebec to British Columbia, the western United States and the Dakotas, and southwestern and Central Mexico. It is a resident of varied open and woodland habitats. It has also been introduced to some areas in South America. This is a tall glandular, hairy annual herb occasionally reaching 2 metres in height. It is somewhat gangly and thin like an erect weed, with narrow, curving, pointed leaves up to a few centimetres in length. The flower has four petals which may be so deeply notched that they look like four pairs. They are generally light purple or pink, with darker veining. The fruit is a capsule 1 to 3 centimetres long.

<i>Epilobium ciliatum</i> Species of flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae

Epilobium ciliatum, known by the common names fringed willowherb, American willowherb, slender willow herb, and northern willow herb is a species of flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae. This species is native to much of North America, southern South America, and East Asia. It is an introduced species in much of Eurasia and Australia.

<i>Ceratodon purpureus</i> Species of moss

Ceratodon purpureus is a dioicous moss with a color ranging from yellow-green to red. The height amounts to 3 centimeters. It is found worldwide, mainly in urban areas and next to roads on dry sand soils. It can grow in a very wide variety of habitats, from polluted highway shoulders and mine tailings to areas recently denuded by wildfire to the bright slopes of Antarctica. Its common names include redshank, purple forkmoss, ceratodon moss, fire moss, and purple horn toothed moss.

<i>Chamaenerion latifolium</i> Species of flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae

Chamaenerion latifolium is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the English common names dwarf fireweed and river beauty willowherb. It has a circumboreal distribution, appearing throughout the northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including subarctic and Arctic areas such as snowmelt-flooded gravel bars and talus, in a wide range of elevations. This is a perennial herb growing in clumps of leaves variable in size, shape, and texture above a woody caudex. The leaves are 1 to 10 centimeters long, lance-shaped to oval, pointed or rounded at the tips, and hairy to hairless and waxy. The inflorescence is a rough-haired raceme of nodding flowers with bright to deep pink, and occasionally white, petals up to 3 centimeters long. Behind the opened petals are pointed sepals. The fruit is an elongated capsule which may exceed 10 centimeters in length.

<i>Epilobium oreganum</i> Species of flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae

Epilobium oreganum is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common names Grants Pass willowherb and Oregon fireweed. It is native to southern Oregon and northern California, where it is historically known mostly from the Klamath Mountains. It is currently confirmed to exist only in Josephine County, Oregon, and Trinity County, California, where it grows in boggy areas on serpentine soils. It is a perennial herb growing up to a meter in height with thin, hairless stems. The red-veined leaves are oval to lance-shaped and up to 9 centimeters long. The inflorescence bears flowers with pink petals just over a centimeter long and a protruding pistil. The fruit is a hairy, glandular capsule up to 4.5 centimeters long.

<i>Mompha epilobiella</i> Species of moth

Mompha epilobiella is a moth in the family Momphidae found in Europe and North America.

British NVC community OV27 is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four tall-herb weed communities.

<i>Chamaenerion fleischeri</i> Species of flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae

Chamaenerion fleischeri, formerly Epilobium fleischeri, commonly known as Alpine willowherb, is a herbaceous perennial plant of the family Onagraceae.

<i>Epilobium parviflorum</i> Species of flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae

Epilobium parviflorum, commonly known as the hoary willowherb or smallflower hairy willowherb, is a herbaceous perennial plant of the family Onagraceae.

<i>Mompha conturbatella</i> Species of moth

Mompha conturbatella, also known as the fireweed mompha moth, is a moth in the family Momphidae found in Asia, Europe and North America. It was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1819.

<i>Mompha divisella</i> Species of moth

Mompha divisella is a moth in the family Momphidae. It is found from southern Scandinavia to the Caucasus and central Asia.

Elymus macrourus is a species of grass known by the common names tufted wheatgrass and thickspike wildrye. It is native to northwestern North America in Alaska, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories. It is also present in eastern Siberia.

References

  1. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. ↑ Poland, John; Clement, Eric J. (2009). The vegetative key to the British flora. Southampton, U.K.: John Poland and BSBI. ISBN   978-0-9560144-0-5.
  3. ↑ Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (2010-02-04). Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 209. ISBN   978-0-521-49346-8.
  4. 1 2 Warren L. Wagner; Peter C. Hoch & Peter H. Raven (2007). Revised classification of the Onagraceae. Systematic Botany Monographs. Vol. 83. American Society of Plant Taxonomists. pp. 1–243. hdl:10088/7611. ISBN   978-0-912861-83-8.
  5. ↑ "Chamaenerion". Flora of North America. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  6. ↑ Gledhill D. 1985. The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-5213-6675-5
  7. 1 2 Flora Britannica, Richard Mabey, ISBN   978-1-85619-377-1
  8. ↑ Reiner, Ralph E. (1969). Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies. Glacier Park, Inc. p. 70.
  9. ↑ Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2016). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers" (PDF). Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. Bibcode:2016PlBio..18...56V. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID   25754608.
  10. ↑ Alford, David V. (2016-04-19). Pests of Fruit Crops: A Colour Handbook, Second Edition. CRC Press. ISBN   9781482254211.
  11. ↑ The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.
  12. ↑ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 109. ISBN   978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC   244766414.
  13. ↑ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 642. ISBN   0-394-50432-1.
  14. ↑ United States Department of the Army (2009). The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 54. ISBN   978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC   277203364.
  15. ↑ Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 80. ISBN   0-8117-0616-8. OCLC   799792.
  16. ↑ Pavek, Diane S. (1992). "Chamaenerion angustifolium". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
  17. ↑ "Fireweed: Pictures, Flowers, Leaves and Identification | Chamerion angustifolium".
  18. ↑ Lyons, C. P. (1956). Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington (1st ed.). Canada: J. M. Dent & Sons. p. 196.
  19. ↑ AUGUST 01, 2020, Julia Prakofjewa, Raivo Kalle, Olga Belichenko, Valeria Kolosova, Renata Sõukand Re-written narrative: transformation of the image of Ivan-chaj in Eastern Europe, Heliyon, RESEARCH ARTICLE, VOLUME 6, ISSUE 8, E04632,
  20. ↑ Kravchenko, Alexandra (2017-10-04). "5 wild herbs Russians like to brew up to keep warm". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  21. ↑ Rath, Paul (2017-07-05). "Fireweed Jelly". whatsupyukon.com. Retrieved 2019-07-11.[ permanent dead link ]
  22. ↑ "Fireweed Honey". beeswiki.com. 10 June 2020. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
  23. ↑ Martin, Sara L.; Husband, Brian C. (1 March 2013). "Adaptation of diploid and tetraploid Chamerion angustifolium to elevation but not local environment". Evolution . 67 (6): 1780–1791. doi: 10.1111/evo.12065 . PMID   23730769. S2CID   9272692.
  24. ↑ Husband, Brian C. "University of Guelph Department of Integrative Biology, Dr. Brian C. Husband" . Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  25. ↑ Mitch, Larry W. "Fireweed". Intriguing World of Weeds. Weed Science Society of America (WSSA).
  26. ↑ "Royal Horticultural Society: Chamaenerion angustifolium 'Album'" . Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  27. ↑ Pinno, Bradley D.; Landhäusser, Simon M.; Chow, Pak S.; Quideau, Sylvie A.; MacKenzie, M. Derek (2013-10-28). "Nutrient uptake and growth of fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium) on reclamation soils". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 44 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2013-0091. ISSN   0045-5067.
  28. ↑ Time (weekly ed.), 1892
  29. ↑ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954). The Fellowship of the Ring. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 146.
  30. ↑ Walsh, Jill Paton (1969). Fireweed. Hot Key Books. ISBN   978-1471401749.
  31. ↑ Willson, Robina Beckles (1967). A Reflection of Rachel (1st ed.). London: Macmillan. pp. 52–53. ISBN   978-0333037232.
  32. ↑ Cicely Mary Barker (15 November 2016). "The Rose-Bay Willow-Herb Fairy" . Retrieved 2019-08-16.
  33. ↑ County Flowers page Archived 2015-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ↑ "About Yukon: Fireweed". Yukon.ca. February 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
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