Population density in Bosnia and Herzegovina by municipality, early data from the 2013 census
This article is about the Demographic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and deals with the country's documented demographics over time. For an overview of the various ethnic groups and their historical development, see Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The highest concentration of Haplogroup I-M170, the only native European Haplogroup, is found in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, ranging from 65% to 73%.[2] The oldest traces of mankind in Bosnia and Herzegovina were during the Paleolithic period near Doboj, Prnjavor and in the Valley of the River of Usora. During the Neolithic period there were three cultural zones: the Adriatic in Herzegovina; the Pannonian-Balkan in Bosnia and the transitional zone between the two in the headwaters of the river of Bosnia. Bosnia and Herzegovina has many archaeological foundings from the Bronze to Iron Age. Throughout the Classical Age cultural and civilization layers of the Illyrians (Daorsi in eastern Herzegovina, Ardiaei, Sardeates, Japodi, Breuci, Autariatae, Dalmatae etc.), Celts (Scordisci), Thracians, Romans, Huns, Germanic peoples (Visigoths, Ostrogoths) and others were formed, though the majority of the populace was Romanized during the conquests at the beginning of the New Era. The Eastern Goths thrust into the area during the early Middle Ages, while Avars and Slavs came in the 6th century.
Medieval
Due to a variety of factors (such as frequent boundary shifts and a relative isolation from the rest of Europe) there are no detailed statistics dealing with Bosnia's population during the Middle Ages. It is generally estimated that the population of the Kingdom of Bosnia at the height of its power was between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people.[3] There were very few significant urban centers in Bosnia at this time, and even these paled in comparison to the far more urbanized areas along the nearby Dalmatian coast. Among the more notable cities were Doboj, Jajce, Srebrenik, Srebrenica, Tešanj and Visoko. The overwhelming majority of the population was rural and the social organization of Medieval Bosnia developed into what was called Zadruga. In this system, communities were organized by a few families of common interests usually situated in a cluster housing formation. Leaders of the community were selected according to their age and high ethical standards. Zadruga was primarily an agrarian community greatly dependent on natural resources.
In the late 15th century, there was at least 35,000 Vlach homes in the area of Herzegovina.[4]
Migrations and other
Throughout the 15th–19th centuries there were many demographic changes. Frequent wars, religious persecutions, rebellions, uprisings, taking of children as tribute, high tributes, high taxes, years of bad crops, epidemics, violence, and oppression have caused a high mortality rate and suffering of the whole population and instigated the migration flows that changed the ethnic structure of the population. So, with arrival of Ottoman Empire coincided with the process of Christian population emigration from these regions, which has remained the main feature of the demographic development of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina until the present day. At the same time, intense internal shifting of the population together with recurrent migrations and also immigrations changed the distribution of some ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Ottoman period. The later stages saw particularly Muslim migrations from the region.
In the Bosnia proper the population started to move out first from lower regions (Posavina and the river valleys) and then from highlands. The most intensive migration flows originated in the karst Dinaric regions of Herzegovina and western Bosnia. For centuries, the population from these regions, mostly Christian, headed towards surrounding countries):
Migrations from eastern Herzegovina and Upper Podrinje headed towards western Serbia and Šumadija.
Migrations from the southern Dinaric region of Bosnia and Herzegovina headed towards Dalmatia. Jovan Cvijić states that the first migrations to Dalmatia from the Dinaric hinterland started already at the end of the 12th century, and they became stronger in the Ottoman period from the 15th to the 18th century. Also these migrations shifted the medieval population of Dalmatia that had previously migrated mostly towards Croatia, Slavonija, and Italy. According to Cvijić, almost all of the population of Makarska, Omiš, Split, Šibenik and Bukovica originated from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Of the Herzegovina origin were the inhabitants of the city of Dubrovnik and the vicinity, while the population of the Bay of Kotor originated from the Montenegrin and Herzegovina Dinaric regions.
Throughout the 15th–19th centuries, with coming of the Ottoman Empire on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina the first significant demographic change took place as almost all followers of than Bosnian Church converted to Islam. Their conversions were also of a political nature; while Eastern Orthodox and Catholic portions of the Bosnian population had their base in the Serbian Orthodox Church and Catholic Church, Bosnian church followers had no representation on a larger geopolitical scene. Added motivation were also tax reliefs for conversions to Islam. There was also a great influx of Eastern Orthodox believers, due to the constant immigrations from Montenegro and Serbia, frequent wars (Eastern Orthodox population participated as soldiers on both sides), and shortage of Catholic preachers.
Preottoman Catholic population had a great share in the emigrations from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The emigration flows were directed towards Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Baranja and north-west Bačka. The western part of today's region of Bosnia, today known as Bosnian Krajina, was taken by the Ottomans in the 16th century, and was for some time still known as "Turkish Croatia", as its once overwhelming Catholic and Croat majority disappeared and the Ottomans entrenched the new border along the Sava and Una rivers. After more than a century of military losses, the Habsburg Empire waged some victorious wars against Turkey and managed to temporarily shift the border south of the Sava river with the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), but this was undone as soon as the 1739 Treaty of Belgrade was signed.[5] Austria-Hungary would later take hold of the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina after the Treaty of Berlin (1878), but under different circumstances, leading up to the Bosnian crisis of 1908. Relatively few previous Croatian emigrants came back to Bosnia.
According to the findings of many an author, the Muslim population, in the period of the Ottoman rule, did not emigrate much compared to the migrations of the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic population. The Muslim population was characteristic of return migrations as soon as the political and economic situation again became stable or the state borders were shifted. The return movements of the Muslim population from the seaside, Lika, Slavonia, Hungary, and other places are well known. For example, after the Siege of Vienna (1683–1699), territorial losses of the Ottoman Empire and the conquest of Lika and Krbava by the Austrian Imperial Army, mass movements of the Muslim population from those regions took place; the Muslim population headed towards Bihać, Cazin, and Bosanska Krupa where they created an enclave in the vast region of Bosnian Frontier. More intensified immigrations of the Muslim population were noticed in 1690 when they moved from Hungary and Slavonia to the region around the mountain of Majevica.
In the Ottoman period, the Muslim population increased in number in Bosnia and Herzegovina somewhat due to immigrations of Muslims from the Sanjaks of Smederevo and Novi Pazar, and especially from some regions of Montenegro, Sjenica, and Pešter. Immigrations of the Turkish population from Asia Minor also had an impact upon the growth of the Muslim population in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the 15th to 19th century.
However, the increase of the Muslim population was mostly due to their high natality rate given the patriarchal nature of the family structure. In such family structure the duties of the family members were strictly divided where female members of the family almost solely were bearing many children and taking care of the household while male members were engaged in running the land and the politics of the community.
Patriarchal structure was also evident in Eastern Orthodox and Catholic families but the statistics do not tend to show as high natality rates. The difference (according to some literary sources of the time) was in the social levels of Muslims relative to their Christian counterparts where the former were landowners and hence upper and upper middle class who could afford to have more offspring and the latter were land workers and hence lower middle to lower class. Such social organization corresponded to a feudal system of the time.
The first official population census by religion in Bosnia conducted:
Number
Type
37,125
Christian houses
332
Muslim houses
In 1489, the official population census by religion for Bosnian Sanjak was:
Number
Type
25,068
Christian houses
4,485
Muslim houses
Contemporary Byzantine historian Michael Critobulus of Imbros described Bosnia and its endings in the first half of the 15th century. He calls Bosnia "land of Vostri" and its population Vostri (or Bostri, Bostni), clearly distinguishing Bosnia population from populations of its neighbors, which Serbian scholar Radivoj Radić cites and explains in his study Bosnia in historical work of Critobulus of Imbros,[6] citing author who calls Bosnians by the name of "Vostri", Albanians by the name of "Illirians", and Serbs by the name of "Tribali".[7][8]
Turkish historian Ömer Lütfü Barkan conducted a population census based on religion in the Sanjak of Bosnia between 1520 and 1530. At that time, there were over 334,325 inhabitants, of whom 38,7% were followers of Islam.
During the late 16th century and early 17th century, according to various Austria-Hungary and Ottoman sources, Bosnia Eyalet's entire nobility, the greater part of her citizenry and a part of the serfdom were Muslims, around 75% of the population, and the Apostolic visitor Peter Masarechi claimed in his 1624 report that the population of Bosnia (excluding Herzegovina) was 450,000 Muslims, 150,000 Catholics, and 75,000 Orthodox.[9]
The Muslim population of Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the late 18th century to the early 19th century, started to gradually drop due to frequent wars fought by the Ottoman Empire. Muslims were required by Ottoman law to serve in the military, whereas Christians were not part of the army. With the created of independent states of Serbia and Montenegro, migrations of Serbs to the two states were in massive waves in the 1810s, 1820s and 1870s.[citation needed]
Both Muslim and Christian populations were considerably thinned in the 18th century due to frequent plagues. In particular, a huge plague epidemic reportedly halved the entire population of Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1813 and 1815.
It is impossible to give a correct estimate of the population of Bosnia at the time.Numbers vary from a million, others at 920,000 and 840,000. Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch, in his "Blicke auf Bosnien, Rascien, die Herzegewina und Servien, bei der Fortsetzung des Russisch-Türkischen Krieges im Jahre 1829", gives us in one portion of his work the following estimates:
After the Vilayet law came to Bosnia the province was reorganized from an eyalet to a vilayet in 1868, following this the first even census was conducted in the area of the new Vilayet of Bosnia in 1871:[10]
Religion of the Bosnia Vilayet by sanjak, 1871:[10]
Sanjak name
Islam
%
Eastern Orthodoxy
%
Catholicism
%
Judaism
%
Non-Muslim Gypsies
%
Total
Sarajevo
(Saray)
98,921
53.06%
51,566
28.70%
24,590
13.65%
2,696
1.50%
1,903
1.06%
179,675
Zvornik
(Izvornik)
178,964
51.26%
131,471
37.66%
32,787
9.39%
354
0.1%
5,521
1.58%
349,098
Travnik
122,251
46.98%
70,547
27.11%
65,110
25.02%
441
0.17%
1,850
0.71%
260,199
Bihać
(Bihke)
127,027
53.28%
127,027
43.77%
5,898
2.47%
0
-
1,124
0.47%
238,393
Novi Pazar
(Yenipazar)
147,942
62.66%
85,952
36.41%
0
-
112
0.1%
2,086
0.88%
236,093
Banja Luka
(Banaluka)
84,061
33.28%
126,228
49.99%
40,554
16.05%
65
0.1%
1,656
0.66%
262,623
Hercegovina/Mostar
(Hersek/Mostar)
110,964
48.18%
66,041
22.67%
51,414
22.32%
0
-
1,900
1.71%
230,319
Total
870,128
49.8%
636,208
36.4%
220,353
12.6%
3,669
0.2%
16,041
0.9%
1,746,399
Territorial distribution
The Muslim population was mostly urban and comprised the majority in most of Bosnia and Herzegovina towns (Sarajevo, Tuzla, Banja Luka) as in western (Cazin and along the Una valley (Pounje)) and eastern (along the Drina valley) border areas of the country. In general, Muslims were the dominant group in most developed urban centers of the country. Parts of Bosanska Krajina with parts of Western Bosnia, parts of Eastern Herzegovina and across the Drina river toward Serbia border had Eastern Orthodox majority. These are mostly mountainous regions. The re-establishment of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1557, shortage of catholic priesthood, and general Ottoman tolerance,[11] especially for Orthodox Christianity, contributed greatly to enlargement and maintenance of Orthodox population, later Serbs in these areas.
The Catholic population comprised majority in parts of the Herzegovina, Posavina and Central Bosnia. Franciscan Order played major role in maintaining Catholic population, in face of periodical emigration.
Due to the frequent migrations and wars, population in many areas of the country was mixed, containing people of different religions.
Bosnia accepted a wave of immigrants of Jews that were expelled from Spain since the 15th century.[11] They settled in Sarajevo, Travnik, Banja Luka and Bihać. The immigration of the Roma, Vlachs and Cincars, and Circassians, in small numbers, coincided with the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina. None of these groups considerably influenced the overall population structure of the country.
During the popular uprisings between 1875 and 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina lost 13,64% of its population (150,000 out of total 1,100,000).
Austro-Hungarian Empire
1879 census
The Austro-Hungarian government published the Haupt-Uebersicht der politischen Eintheilung von Bosnien und der Hercegovina, with demographics according to the census collected on 16 June 1879.[12] The first thorough population census,[citation needed] it recorded 1,158,440 citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by religion:
The Austro-Hungarian government published the Ortschafts-Bevölkerungs-Statistik von Bosnien und der Hercegovina nach dem Volkszählungs-Ergebnisse vom I. Mai 1885..[13] According to the 1885 population census there were 1,336,091 citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by religion:
Religion
Number
Eastern Orthodox
571,250 (42.76%)
Muslims
492,710 (36.88%)
Roman Catholics
265,788 (19.89%)
others
6,343 (0.47%)
1895 census
Religious and ethnic make-up according to the 1895 census
The number of persons per square mile was the second lowest in Austro-Hungary: 80 inhabitants per square mile. The number of persons per square mile across districts:
The territorial distribution among the area didn't change much. The towns became more multiethnic.
Turkish merchants could be found in trading centres. The Austrian troops could be found in military garrisons, while the Jews that migrated from Spain earlier could be found in the cities. They were all divided according to occupation, 1,385,291 inhabitants (85%) were farmers or wine-cultivators. There were a total of 5,833 large estates, chiefly held by the Muslims. 88,970 cultivators serve as kmets. 88,867 free peasants own the land they till. 22,625 peasants own farming-land and also cultivate the land of others
1910 census
Ethnic composition, 1910
According to the 1910 population census there were 1,898,044 citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Religion
Number
Eastern Orthodox
825,918 (43.49%)
Muslims
612,137 (32.25%)
Roman Catholics
434,061 (22.87%)
others
26,428 (1.39%)
The urban population was, according to religion, 50.76% Muslims, 24.49% Roman Catholics, and 19.92% Eastern Orthodox. Land ownership was 91.1% Muslims, 6% Eastern Orthodox, 2.6% Roman Catholics, and 0.3% others. Comparing the 1910 percentages with the 1879 census shows a drop of the Muslim percentage from 39% to 32%, and a rise in Catholics from 18% to 23%, while the Orthodox population hovered around 43% the entire time.
World War I
The First World War left Bosnia and Herzegovina without a total figure of 360,000 citizens or 19% of its population.
Following the agrarian reforms of 1918 and 1919,[15] the government confiscated the property of Muslim landowners and redistributed it to non-Muslims.
1921 census
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes conducted a population census in the territorial entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 31 January 1921. There were 1,890,440 persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The people were split among two nationalities:
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia has conducted a population census on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 31 March 1931 which stated that there were 2,323,555 persons. The population was given several nationalities:
The Federal Bureau of Statistics in Belgrade composed a figure of 179,173 persons killed in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Second World War:
By the plans of Nazi Germany and the Independent State of Croatia 110,000 Serbs were relocated and transported to German-occupied Serbia. Just in the period of May to August 1941 over 100,000 Serbs were expelled to Serbia. In the heat of war Serbia had 200,000–400,000 Serbian refugees from Ustaša-held Bosnia and Herzegovina. By the end of war 137,000 Serbs have permanently left the territories of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The Muslim population was also exposed to suffering and intense relocation, mainly to cities and mostly to Sarajevo, to where a portion of the Muslim population from Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Macedonia was relocated thus enlarging the overall Muslim percentage in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Socialist Yugoslavia
1945–1948 colonization of Vojvodina
Prior to the expulsions of Germans from Vojvodina in 1945–1948, a number of inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina moved to the new living spaces in Vojvodina:
majority in 2,439 settlements or 41.4% of the total settlements
lived in 34.3% of the total housing
Muslims
majority in 2,179 settlements or 37%of the total settlements
lived in 37.6% of the total housing
Croats
majority in 1,016 settlements or 17.3% of the total settlements
lived in 17.3% of the total housing
mixed and rest
223 settlements
During the time of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, slight fall in population percentage and settlements of Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina was due to immigration in foreign countries of western Europe, while Serbs colonized Vojvodina, Bosniaks stayed in Bosnia. Also as the data shows, Serbian people were less urbanized than Bosniaks or Croats and preferred smaller settlements (31% percent of populations lived in 41% of settlements).
In 1996 the UNHCR conducted a detailed population census in the whole country. This census was not only officially considered "official" because the Government of BH refused to recognize it, claiming that its recognition would be the same as the recognition of the ethnic cleansing conducted in the war. It was concluded that Bosnia and Herzegovina had 3,919,953 inhabitants:[citation needed]
Population density in Bosnia and Herzegovina by municipality, early data from the 2013 census
The Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina announced the final census results on July 1, 2016, based on methodology that is disputed by the Republic of Srpska entity, and because of this, doesn't recognize these results as relevant. The European Union welcomed the results of the census and evaluated them as correct and in accordance to EU statistical standards.[18]
1 2 In 1948 and 1953 census the Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) were not recognized as a nationality by constitution nor the Yugoslav census format, so there was no formal label for the Bosnian Muslims as they would prefer at the time, so vast majority of them instead declared as either ethnically undecided/undeclared, or as "Serb", "Croat", "Yugoslav".
↑ In 1961 census, Bosnian Muslims (i.e. the Bosniaks) were still not recognized as a nationality by constitution nor the census format, however in the 1961 census some 800,000 Bosnian Muslims declared themselves "ethnically undecided", and some were still using their other options and declared as "Serb", "Croat", "Yugoslav". Because of the large Muslim community in Bosnia, subsequently the census commission concluded to informally group them under the label "muslims in a national sense", using lower case "m" (grammatically appropriate for Serbo-Croatian), which will change into upper case "M" in the next 1971 census with formalization of the nationhood and national label "Muslim".
↑ In 1971 census, following the constitutional amendments of 1968, the Bosnian Muslims were recognized as a nationality under the label Muslims (endonym: Muslimani), leading to a drop in the percentage of other populations, especially significant in case of "Yugoslavs". Although the Bosnian leadership opted for the label "Bosnian", this was rejected by the central government in favor of "Muslim", which became the official.
1 2 In 1981 census, following the death of Josip Broz Tito in 1980, there was again surge in percentage of Yugoslavs as an expression of Yugoslavian patriotism, phenomenon that was particularly evident in Bosnian Muslim population, who were choosing "Yugoslav" over "Serb", "Croat" or "Muslim".
1 2 In 1991 census, percentage of Yugoslavs dropped again, while marginally higher rise in percentage of Bosnian Muslim population was recorded, which was a consequence of looming break up of Yugoslavia and Yugoslav identity is soon to be abandoned altogether. Following the 1991 census, Bosnian-Herzegovinian government in constitutional amendment of 1993 reintroduced the name "Bosniak" to replace the label "Muslim", since the Yugoslav policy was considered to neglecting the Bosniak's Bosnian identity (see Hamdija Pozderac), and Yugoslavia ceased to exist.
↑ In 1992 estimate, with Yugoslavia gone, Bosnian-Herzegovinian government in constitutional amendment of 1993 reintroduced the name "Bosniak" to replace the label "Muslim".
Related Research Articles
Bosnia and Herzegovina, sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula. It borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to the north and southwest. In the south it has a 20 kilometres long coast on the Adriatic Sea, with the town of Neum being its only access to the sea. Bosnia has a moderate continental climate with hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In the central and eastern regions, the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and in the northeast it is predominantly flat. Herzegovina, the smaller, southern region, has a Mediterranean climate and is mostly mountainous. Sarajevo is the capital and the largest city.
Demographic features of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
Doboj is a city in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated on the banks of the Bosna river, in the northern region of Republika Srpska. As of 2013, it has a population of 71,441 inhabitants.
Republika Srpska is one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the north and east of the country. Its largest city and administrative centre is Banja Luka, lying on the Vrbas river, and with a population of about 1,228,423 people as of the 2013 census.
More than 96% of population of Bosnia and Herzegovina belongs to one of its three autochthonous constituent peoples : Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats. The term constituent refers to the fact that these three ethnic groups are explicitly mentioned in the constitution, and that none of them can be considered a minority or immigrant. The most easily recognisable feature that distinguishes the three ethnic groups is their religion, with Bosniaks predominantly Muslim, Serbs predominantly Eastern Orthodox, and Croats Catholic.
The demographic history of Montenegro can be shown through census results and official documents which mention demographic composition.
The Sarajevo Canton, officially the Canton of Sarajevo, is one of the ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its cantonal seat is the city of Sarajevo, also the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The population of the city of Sarajevo's four municipalities is 275,524, whereas the Sarajevo Canton population is estimated at 413,593.
Šamac, formerly Bosanski Šamac is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are also small, uninhabited, parts located in the municipalities of Odžak and Domaljevac-Šamac, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, often referred to as Bosnian Serbs or Herzegovinian Serbs, are native and one of the three constitutive nations of the country, predominantly residing in the political-territorial entity of Republika Srpska. Most declare themselves Orthodox Christians and speakers of the Serbian language.
Brčko is a city and the administrative seat of Brčko District, in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina. It lies on the banks of Sava river across from Croatia. As of 2013, it has a population of 39,893 inhabitants.
Brčko District, officially the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a self-governing administrative unit in north-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Kneževo, formerly Skender Vakuf, is a town and municipality located in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has a population of 9,793 inhabitants.
The Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina, often referred to as Bosnian Croats or Herzegovinian Croats, are native and the third most populous ethnic group in Bosnia and Herzegovina, after Bosniaks and Serbs, and are one of the constitutive nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina have made significant contributions to the culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Most Croats declare themselves Catholics and speakers of the Croatian language.
Blagovac is a settlement in Vogošća municipality, near Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The Bosniaks are a South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia, which is today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who share a common Bosnian ancestry, culture, history and language. They primarily live in Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo as well as in Austria, Germany, Turkey and Sweden. They also constitute a significant diaspora with several communities across Europe, the Americas and Oceania.
The Xoraxane in Bosnia and Herzegovina are the largest of the 17 national minorities in the country, although—due to the stigma attached to the label—this is often not reflected in statistics and censuses.
Kuljani is a village in the municipality of Banja Luka, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It lies about 10 km north from the city on the left side of the river Vrbas.
Gostičaj is a village in the municipalities of Foča, Republika Srpska and Foča-Ustikolina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Ravna Romanija is a village in the municipality of Sokolac, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
References
↑ "Stanovništvo Bosne i Hercegovine po popisima 1879–1991"[Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to censuses 1879–1991] (in Bosnian). Institute for Statistics of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Archived from the original on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
↑ Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri; Marjanovic, Damir; Primorac, Dragan; Hadziselimovic, Rifat; Vidovic, Stojko; Drobnic, Katia; Durmishi, Naser; Torroni, Antonio; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A Silvana; Underhill, Peter A; Semino, Ornella (June 2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe"(.pdf). European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6). Macmillan Publishers: 820–830. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. ISSN1476-5438. OCLC8254500599.
↑ Radivoj Radić (2006). "Bosnia in the work of Kritoboulos of Imbros". Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta (in Serbo-Croatian). 2006 (43). journaldatabase.info: 143. ISSN0584-9888. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020. Critobulus has extremely negative opinion of the Latins, while for other nations as to the Romeji, Serbs, Hungarians, and inhabitants of Bosnia – except Albanians and Vlachs for whom he has some hostilities – has a certain sympathy.
↑ Radivoj Radić (2006). "Bosnia in the work of Kritoboulos of Imbros". Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta (in Serbo-Croatian). 2006 (43). journaldatabase.info: 143. ISSN0584-9888. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020. Encouraged by all these benefits, Vostri never intend to comply to the Sultan or make contracts and pay him annual tribute, as did other neighbors Illyrians (as author called Albanians) and Tribals (as author called Serbs), nor to subordinate themselves to him in any way.
1 2 Pinson, Mark (2006). The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia. Harvard CMES. p.58.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
