Dibamidae

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Dibamids
Temporal range: Oligocene–Recent
Anelytropsis.jpg
Mexican blind lizard (Anelytropsis papillosus)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Family: Dibamidae
Boulenger, 1884
Genera

Anelytropsis
Dibamus
† Hoeckosaurus

Synonyms

Anelytropidae Cope, 1885

Dibamidae or blind skinks is a family of lizards characterized by their elongated cylindrical body and an apparent lack of limbs. [1] Female dibamids are entirely limbless and the males retain small flap-like hind limbs, which they use to grip their partner during mating. [1] [2] They have a rigidly fused skull, lack pterygoid teeth and external ears. Their eyes are greatly reduced, and covered with a scale. [2]

Contents

They are small insectivorous lizards, with long, slender bodies, adapted for burrowing into the soil. [3] They usually lay one egg with a hard, calcified shell, rather than the leathery shells typical of many other reptile groups. [2] [4]

The family Dibamidae has two genera, Dibamus with 23 species native to Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and western New Guinea and the monotypic Anelytropsis native to Mexico. [5] Recent phylogenetic analyses place the dibamids as the sister clade to all the other lizards and snakes [6] [7] [8] or classify them as sharing a common ancestor with the infraorder Gekkota, with Dibamidae and Gekkota forming the sister clade to all other squamates. [9] Hoeckosaurus from the Oligocene of Mongolia represents the only fossil record of the group. [10]

Characteristics

General appearance

Dibamids are burrower lizards characterized by their elongated bodies with blunt head and tail, and an apparent lack of limbs. [1] [3] Relatively small, blind skinks can reach a maximum length of 250 mm (9.8 in) from head to tail [3] and the snout vent length (SVL) is variable between both genus Anelytropsis and Dibamus. [2] In Anelytropsis, the tail is longer than in Dibamus and represents between 34 and the 38% of the snout vent length which can range from 77 to 180 mm (3 to 7 in). [2] In Dibamus , the tail corresponds to 9 to 25% of the SVL that varies from 52 to 203 mm (2 to 8 in). [2]

Usually dibamids are dark colored, from brown to dark purple, with little to no variation along their body and frequently lack elaborate patterns. [2] It is common to find a color gradation from the darker back towards a lighter ventral side. [2] Scales are shiny and smooth and very similar and overlapping along with some variation in number and shape in the head and anal regions where males usually have additional scales to cover anal pores. [1] [2] Scale row counts varies between both genera; Anelytropsis has 19 to 25 rows whereas Dibamus has 18 to 33. [2] In both groups osteoderms are absent. [1] [2]

General characteristics of the soft tissue includes a tongue that is covered in lamellae except in the tip, heavily modified ears without external openings or middle ear cavity or eustachian tubes, [2] and highly reduced eyes that are covered by a scale and lack internal structure, particularly in Dibamus. [11]

Limbs

Dibamids are lizards with highly reduced limbs but they are not completely limbless. Males and females have rudimentary poorly developed hind limbs containing a femur, tibia and fibula in males, and distal cartilage cap. These elements are more developed on Dibamus than in Anelytropsis . [12] Female Dibamus lack the tibia and the fibula. [12]

Skull

The skull is approximately 5 – 7 mm in length [13] with reduced kinesis and a more rigid skull for burrowing. [13] [14] The combination of fossorial habits and small size, contributes to the development of a skull configuration that is frequently found in other groups of burrowers and miniaturized species. [14] [15] [16] Among those characteristics are the closure of the supratemporal fenestra and the post-temporal fenestra, the relative large braincase, tubular or scroll-like palatines and modified jaw suspension mechanism with the quadrate articulating with the lateral wall of the braincase. [13] [14] [16]

Other characteristics of the skull of blind skinks include the absence of a parietal foramen, [2] a well developed secondary palate formed by three different bones, the maxillae, vomers and palatines which are expanded ventromedially to form a scroll, and the lack of palatal teeth. [13] Nasal and frontal bones are paired and contact each other in a W-shape suture with no overlap between the two bones, and several bones are lost (lacrimal, postorbital and jugal) or highly reduced (supratemporal and squamosal). [13] The main cranial differences, besides sizes, between Anelytropsis and Dibamus is the presence of epipterygoid and postfrontal in the Central American genus. [2]

The mandible of Dibamidae bears less than 10 teeth and is composed of only three bones, the dentary, the coronoid and the compound bone. [2] A remnant of the splenial bone is only present in one species of Dibamus , Dibamus novaeguineae . [12]

Classification

The family Dibamidae contains two genera, Anelytropsis and Dibamus , and the close relationship of the genera was based on two morphological characteristics that are unique to these groups, the secondary palate and the lamellae covering the tongue, and additional cranial characteristics that can be shared with other groups of lizards. [2]

The anatomical characteristics that dibamids share with other squamates contributed to the formulation of different taxonomic hypothesis. [2] Dibamids, and particularly Dibamus was considered to be part of geckos and precisely the family of legless geckos; [17] snakes, considering the organization of the skull and jaw muscles; [18] or was proposed to be closely related to a group of fossorial skinks with elongated bodies and reduced limbs. [19] [16]

Phylogeny

Relationships among Dibamidae

Phylogeny of Dibamidae [20]

The relationships within Dibamidae have only be assessed until recently in a phylogenetic analysis that included DNA sequences from seven nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene for 8 species, seven species of Dibamus and the one species of Anelytropsis . [20] This analysis shows that there are two major clades within Dibamidae, one that includes the one species form the genus Anelytropsis , Analytropsis papillous, and the species of Dibamus that are distributed along continental Southeast Asia ( Dibamus greeri, Dibamus montanus , and Dibamus bourreti ). The other clade includes species that are currently distributed in the peninsular Southeast Asia and Islands ( Dibamus tiomanensis, Dibamus novaeguineae, Dibamus seramensis , and Dibamus celebensis ). [20] These clades diverged 72 million years ago. [20] Anelytropsis diverged from all mainland Dibamus at approximately 69.2 million years ago. [20]

Dibamidae and its relationship with Squamata

The relationship of Dibamidae with other Squamata (lizards and snakes) has a long history of phylogenetic studies in which the morphological characteristics are used to determine those relationships. [21] Those analyses found close relationships between Dibamidae and all other lizards with elongated bodies, limb reduction and usually, a fossorial habit like amphisbaenians, snakes or fossorial skinks. [15] [22] [21] In morphology based phylogenies, dibamids are sister taxa to amphisbaenians and the clade that includes amphisbaeninas and Dibamidae is sister to all snakes. [21] The close relationships of this groups are the result of convergent evolution among these groups since some of the morphological traits have evolved independently in different groups. [15]

More recent phylogenies using DNA sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial genes include a large taxonomic sample of squamates and place dibamids as the sister group to all other lizards and snakes, or with Gekkota as the sister group to all other squamates. [6] [23] [9] Phylogenetic evidence supports dimabids being the most basal squamates, being sister to all other lizards and snakes, and indicates that they diverged during the late Triassic, around 210 million years ago. [8]

Biodiversity

There are two recognized genera within the family, Anelytropsis and Dibamus . [1] According to The Reptile Database, [5] Anelytropsis is monotypic and Dibamus includes 23 species:

Anelytropsis [24]

Dibamus [25]

For additional details, see here

An extinct monotypic genus, Hoeckosaurus was recently proposed from the description of fossil material from the early Oligocene of the Valley of Lakes in Central Mongolia. [10]

Biogeography

Dibamids have a disjunct distribution with one genus living in Northern Mexico, Anelytropsis , and the other one, Dibamus , living in South East Asia. [1] Biogeographical studies suggest that the separation between Anelytropsis and Dibamus , specifically the clade with species that are distributed in continental South East Asia, occurred approximately 69 million years ago during the late Cretaceous and the migration from Asia to North America took place during the Late Paleocene or Eocene through Beringia. [20]

Biology

Blind skinks are insectivorous and feed on arthropods and earthworms. [3] Blind skinks are characterized by their fossorial or burrowing habits. [1] They can dig their own burrows, use old burrows or other openings in the ground, [1] or dwell under the leaf litter or logs. [2]

Species of the genus Dibamus are frequently found in primary and secondary forests in a wide range of altitudinal variation (from the sea level to approximately 1300 meters above sea level). [2] Anelytropsis is found in drier environments and is adapted to xeric conditions of different environments in northern Mexico. [2]

Little is known about the reproduction of this group of lizards, but the inspection of female specimens from herpetological collections indicate that dibamids lays single egg [2] with hardened shell, [1] and eggs are laid frequently, at least in Dibamus . [1]

Conservation

None of the species of Dibamidae are listed as endangered species in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES. [26]

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) include some of the species of the genus Dibamus and the single species of Anelytropsis in the red list of endangered species, most are in the category of least concern, and two species, Dibamus kondaoensis and Dibamus tiomanensis are listed as nearly threatened and endangered respectively. [27]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lepidosauria</span> Superorder of reptiles

The Lepidosauria is a subclass or superorder of reptiles, containing the orders Squamata and Rhynchocephalia. Squamata includes lizards and snakes. Squamata contains over 9,000 species, making it by far the most species-rich and diverse order of non-avian reptiles in the present day. Rhynchocephalia was a formerly widespread and diverse group of reptiles in the Mesozoic Era. However, it is represented by only one living species: the tuatara, a superficially lizard-like reptile native to New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squamata</span> Order of reptiles

Squamata is the largest order of reptiles, comprising lizards and snakes. With over 11,500 species, it is also the second-largest order of extant (living) vertebrates, after the perciform fish. Members of the order are distinguished by their skins, which bear horny scales or shields, and must periodically engage in molting. They also possess movable quadrate bones, making possible movement of the upper jaw relative to the neurocranium. This is particularly visible in snakes, which are able to open their mouths very wide to accommodate comparatively large prey. Squamates are the most variably sized living reptiles, ranging from the 16 mm (0.63 in) dwarf gecko to the 6.5 m (21 ft) reticulated python. The now-extinct mosasaurs reached lengths over 14 m (46 ft).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amphisbaenia</span> Suborder of reptiles

Amphisbaenia is a group of typically legless lizards, comprising over 200 extant species. Amphisbaenians are characterized by their long bodies, the reduction or loss of the limbs, and rudimentary eyes. As many species have a pink body and scales arranged in rings, they have a superficial resemblance to earthworms. While the genus Bipes retains forelimbs, all other genera are limbless. Phylogenetic studies suggest that they are nested within Lacertoidea, closely related to the lizard family Lacertidae. Amphisbaenians are widely distributed, occurring in North America, Europe, Africa, South America, Western Asia and the Caribbean. Most species are less than 6 inches (15 cm) long.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crotaphytidae</span> Family of lizards

The Crotaphytidae, or collared lizards, are a family of desert-dwelling reptiles native to the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Alternatively they are recognized as a subfamily, Crotaphytinae, within the clade Pleurodonta. They are very fast-moving animals, with long limbs and tails; some species are capable of achieving bipedal running at top speed. This species is carnivorous, feeding mainly on insects and smaller lizards. The two genera contain 12 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mexican blind lizard</span> Species of lizard

The Mexican blind lizard is a species of legless lizard in the family Dibamidae, and the only species in the genus Anelytropsis. It is endemic to Mexico. They look like Amphisbaenia, but are in fact, only distantly related.

<i>Dibamus</i> Genus of lizards

Dibamus is a genus of legless lizards in the family Dibamidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ophidia</span> Group of squamate reptiles

Ophidia is a group of squamate reptiles including modern snakes and reptiles more closely related to snakes than to other living groups of lizards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iguanomorpha</span> Infraorder of lizards

Iguania is an infraorder of squamate reptiles that includes iguanas, chameleons, agamids, and New World lizards like anoles and phrynosomatids. Using morphological features as a guide to evolutionary relationships, the Iguania are believed to form the sister group to the remainder of the Squamata, which comprise nearly 11,000 named species, roughly 2000 of which are iguanians. However, molecular information has placed Iguania well within the Squamata as sister taxa to the Anguimorpha and closely related to snakes. The order has been under debate and revisions after being classified by Charles Lewis Camp in 1923 due to difficulties finding adequate synapomorphic morphological characteristics. Most iguanians are arboreal but there are several terrestrial groups. They usually have primitive fleshy, non-prehensile tongues, although the tongue is highly modified in chameleons. Today they are scattered occurring in Madagascar, the Fiji and Friendly Islands and Western Hemisphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legless lizard</span> Common name for a lizard without obvious legs

Legless lizard may refer to any of several groups of lizards that have independently lost limbs or reduced them to the point of being of no use in locomotion. It is the common name for the family Pygopodidae. These lizards are often distinguishable from snakes on the basis of one or more of the following characteristics: possessing eyelids, possessing external ear openings, lack of broad belly scales, notched rather than forked tongue, having two more-or-less-equal lungs, and/or having a very long tail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scincomorpha</span> Infraorder of lizards

Scincomorpha is an infraorder and clade of lizards including skinks (Scincidae) and their close relatives. These include the living families Cordylidae, Gerrhosauridae, and Xantusiidae, as well as many extinct taxa. Other roughly equivalent terms include the suborder Scinciformata, or the superfamily Scincoidea, though different authors use these terms in a broader or more restricted usage relative to true skinks. They first appear in the fossil record about 170 million years ago, during the Jurassic period.

<i>Sineoamphisbaena</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Sineoamphisbaena is an extinct genus of squamate of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Its fossils have been found in Late Cretaceous deposits in Inner Mongolia, China. It contains a single species, Sineoamphisbaenia hexatabularis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Platynota</span> Clade of lizards

Platynota is a polyphyletic group of anguimorph lizards and thus belongs to the order Squamata of the class Reptilia. Since it was named in 1839, it has included several groups, including monitor lizards, snakes, mosasaurs, and helodermatids. Its taxonomic use still varies, as it is sometimes considered equivalent to the group Varanoidea and other times viewed as a distinct group. It is phylogenetically defined as a clade containing Varanidae. It also includes many extinct species.

Myrmecodaptria is an extinct genus of scleroglossan lizard from the Late Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation in Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. The type and only species, Myrmecodaptria microphagosa, was named in 2000 by paleontologists Gao Keqin and Mark Norell. Myrmecodaptria is known from a single holotype skull and lower jaws. It is distinguished from all other lizards by its extremely elongated skull. The eyes are placed close to the snout, which is short and rounded. The top of the skull is covered in bony knobs called osteoderms. The parietal bone at the back of the skull is elongated and about as long as the frontal bones, which are the usually the longest bones along the top of the skull in lizards. The squamosal bone at the back of the skull reaches forward to connect with the jugal bone behind the eye, forming a thin arch between the temporal fenestrae. Myrmecodaptria also has fewer and more widely spaced teeth in its jaws than do most other lizards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lacertoidea</span> Superfamily of lizards

The Lacertoidea is a group of squamate reptiles that includes the Lacertidae, Teiidae, Gymnophthalmidae, and Amphisbaenia. The finding from molecular phylogenetic studies that the burrowing Amphisbaenia were nested in a clade with the lizard forms led Vidal & Hedges (2005) to propose a new name for the group based on shared morphogical characters, Laterata, "referring to the presence of tile-like scales that form the rings in Amphisbaenia, and are also present ventrally in Lacertiformata and Teiformata".

<i>Tetrapodophis</i> Extinct genus of lizard

Tetrapodophis is an extinct genus of lizard from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) aged Crato Formation of Brazil. It has an elongate snake-like body, with four limbs. Tetrapodophis has been considered by some authors to be one of the oldest members of Ophidia. However, this classification has been disputed by some other authors, who identify Tetrapodophis as a dolichosaurid much less closely related to snakes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dolichosauridae</span> Extinct family of lizards

Dolichosauridae is a family of Cretaceous aquatic lizards. They are widely considered to be the earliest and most primitive members of Mosasauria, though some researchers have recovered them as more closely related to snakes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosasauria</span> Extinct squamates of the Cretaceous period

Mosasauria is a clade of aquatic and semiaquatic squamates that lived during the Cretaceous period. Fossils belonging to the group have been found in all continents around the world. Early mosasaurians like dolichosaurs were small long-bodied lizards that inhabited nearshore coastal and freshwater environments; the Late Cretaceous saw the rise of large marine forms, the mosasaurids, which are the clade's best-known members.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neoanguimorpha</span> Clade of lizards

Neoanguimorpha is a clade of anguimorphs comprising Monstersauria and Diploglossa. Morphological studies in the past had classified helodermatids with the varanoids in the clade Platynota, while the Chinese crocodile lizard was classified as a xenosaurid. However molecular work found no support in these groupings and instead has found the helodermatids more related to Diploglossa, while the Chinese crocodile lizard and varanoids to form the clade Paleoanguimorpha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diploglossa</span> Clade of lizards

Diploglossa is a clade of neoanguimorphs represented by the families Xenosauridae, Diploglossidae, Anniellidae and Anguidae, the latter three placed in the superfamily Anguioidea. In the past the Chinese crocodile lizard was classified as a xenosaurid; current molecular work has shown evidence the species related to varanoids in the clade Paleoanguimorpha.

Hoeckosaurus is an extinct genus of lizard from the Oligocene of Mongolia. It contains a single species, H. mongoliensis. The genus name commemorates Austrian paleontologist Gudrun Höck, who collected the type material.

References

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  23. ↑ Pyron, R; Burbrink, Frank T; Wiens, John J (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes" (PDF). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 93. Bibcode:2013BMCEE..13...93P. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   3682911 . PMID   23627680.
  24. ↑ "Anelytropsis papillosus". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
  25. ↑ "Search results | The Reptile Database". reptile-database.reptarium.cz. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
  26. ↑ "The CITES species | CITES". www.cites.org. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
  27. ↑ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
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