Evan Wolfson

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Evan Wolfson
Evan Wolfson by David Shankbone.jpg
Evan Wolfson
Born (1957-02-04) February 4, 1957 (age 67)
Brooklyn, New York, United States
OccupationAttorney

Evan Wolfson (born February 4, 1957) is an attorney and gay rights advocate. He is the founder of Freedom to Marry, a group favoring same-sex marriage in the United States, serving as president until its 2015 victory and subsequent wind-down. [1] Wolfson authored the book Why Marriage Matters: America, Equality, and Gay People's Right to Marry, which Time Out New York magazine called, "Perhaps the most important gay-marriage primer ever written". [2] He was listed as one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world. He has taught as an adjunct professor at Columbia Law School, Rutgers Law School, and Whittier Law School and argued before the Supreme Court in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale . He now teaches law and social change at Georgetown Law School [3] and at Yale University; [4] serves as a senior counsel at Dentons, [5] the world's largest law firm; and primarily provides advice and assistance to other organizations and causes, in the United States and globally, that are seeking to adapt the lessons on "how to win" from the same-sex marriage movement.

Contents

Early life

Wolfson was born in to a Jewish family [6] in Brooklyn, New York and grew up in Pittsburgh. He graduated from Taylor Allderdice High School in 1974 [7] and Yale College in 1978. At Yale, he was a resident of Silliman College, a history major, and speaker of the Yale Political Union. After graduation he served in the Peace Corps in Togo, in western Africa. He returned and entered Harvard Law School, where he earned his Juris Doctor in 1983. Wolfson wrote his 1983 Harvard Law thesis on same-sex marriage, long before the question gained national prominence. [8] On October 6, 2010, he returned to the Yale Political Union to debate same-sex marriage against opponent Maggie Gallagher, chairman of the National Organization for Marriage. [9] [10]

Early career

While in law school, Wolfson was a teaching-fellow in political philosophy at Harvard College before he returned to his birthplace as Kings County (Brooklyn) assistant district attorney, prosecuting sex crimes and homicides, as well as serving in the Appeals Bureau. There, he wrote a Supreme Court amicus brief that helped win a nationwide ban on race discrimination in jury selection ( Batson v. Kentucky ). Wolfson also wrote a brief to New York's highest court, the Court of Appeals, that helped win the elimination of the marital rape exemption ( People v. Liberta ). [11]

Following the District Attorney's Office, Wolfson served as associate counsel to Lawrence Walsh in the Office of Independent Counsel (Iran/Contra). In 1992, he served on the New York State Task Force on Sexual Harassment. [11]

From 1989 until 2001 Wolfson worked full-time at Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, a gay rights advocacy non-profit, handling cases on a range of matters, from partnership and custody, to military discrimination, to HIV/AIDS, to employment discrimination, to challenges to so-called "sodomy" laws. Wolfson directed their Marriage Project and coordinated the National Freedom to Marry Coalition, a forerunner to Freedom to Marry. Wolfson served as co-counsel alongside Hawaii attorney Dan Foley and co-wrote an amicus brief in Baehr v. Miike , in which the Supreme Court of Hawaii said prohibiting same-sex marriage in the state constituted discrimination. Wolfson and Foley then conducted a trial before Hawaii judge Kevin Chang, which on December 3, 1996, resulted in the world's first-ever ruling in favor of the freedom to marry. [12] Wolfson also worked on Baker v. Vermont , the Vermont Supreme Court case that led to the creation of civil unions in Vermont by the state legislature as a "compromise" between same-sex marriage advocates and those objecting to same-sex marriage. Wolfson called the unions a "wonderful step forward", but not enough. [13]

Wolfson appeared before the United States Supreme Court on April 26, 2000, to argue on behalf of Scoutmaster James Dale in the landmark case Boy Scouts of America v. Dale , in which the court ruled that the Boy Scouts organization had the right to expel Dale for revealing that he was gay through their First Amendment rights. The justices questioned Wolfson "aggressively". [14] The court ruled 5–4 against Dale, but Wolfson, said, "Even before we change the [Boy Scout] policy, we are succeeding in getting people to rethink how they feel about gay people." [13] He summed it up, "We may have lost the case, but we are winning the cause"; the disagreement with the policy and awakened activism by Scout members and supporters led the Boy Scouts to change their policy in 2013. [15] Dale said of Wolfson: "Evan understood the importance of the organization to me, and the importance of an American institution like the Boy Scouts discriminating against somebody and how that could impact the public dialogue and conversation." [13]

Freedom to Marry

On April 30, 2001, Wolfson left Lambda to form Freedom to Marry, having secured a "very generous" grant from the Evelyn and Walter Haas Jr. Fund. [13] Wolfson described the breadth of his vision for the new organization: "I'm not in this just to change the law. It's about changing society. I want gay kids to grow up believing that they can get married, that they can join the Scouts, that they can choose the life they want to live." Lambda executive director Kevin Cathcart said that over twelve years Wolfson had "personified Lambda's passion and vision for equality." Kate Kendell, executive director of the National Center for Lesbian Rights, said of her experience with Wolfson at Lambda: "What I can now say is that, in the intervening years, what has been made unmistakably clear to me by the lesbians and gay men that we work with and represent, is that the denial of our right to marry exacerbates our marginalization; winning that right is the cornerstone of full justice." [13]

In 2003 Time magazine described him as symbolic of the gay rights movement. [16] In his book Why Marriage Matters, Wolfson calls marriage "a relationship of emotional and financial interdependence between two people who make a public commitment." [17] In 2004 Time included Wolfson on its list of the "100 most influential people in the world". [16]

In 2004, the first year of Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts, opponents placed constitutional amendments prohibiting same-sex marriage on the ballot in 13 states, and all of them passed. Following the losses, Wolfson helped organize more than a dozen LGBTQ leaders to recommit to the fight, rearticulate the strategy, and renew the call for an expanded national campaign. The outcome of many discussions was a concept paper, drafted chiefly by the ACLU's Matt Coles together with Wolfson, "Winning Marriage: What We Need to Do". [18] The concept paper, which became known as the "10-10-10-20" or "2020 Vision", paper (referencing the group's aim to win marriage by 2020), was signed by every major LGBT group.

Victories and losses followed over the next few years, with Wolfson advising and weighing in on nearly all of the efforts to secure marriage for same-sex couples, serving as a national expert on and consistently optimistic champion of, same-sex marriage.

After the passage of Proposition 8 in California, Wolfson worked with funders and movement partners to increase capacity for Freedom to Marry as the central campaign to drive the national strategy and create the climate in which litigation could succeed, bringing on National Campaign Director Marc Solomon, messaging expert Thalia Zepatos, digital experts like Michael Crawford, Cameron Tolle, and Adam Polaski, and opening a federal office in Washington, D.C. Between 2010 and 2014, Wolfson's newly expanded Freedom to Marry team – which dramatically increased its budget to more than $13 million and grew to a roster of more than 30 – led marriage work in almost every state, working with partners across legislative, ballot, and litigation efforts. Wolfson also urged President Barack Obama to publicly support same-sex marriage, which he did in 2012. [19] The Freedom to Marry team's efforts also led to the Democratic Party adding support for same-sex marriage to its official party platform in 2012. [20] In the 2012 election, four states voted in favor of same-sex marriage at the ballot, the first-ever electoral victories for supporters of same-sex marriage. [21]

Molly Ball wrote in a post-election piece in The Atlantic , "When it came to the ballot box, just as gay-marriage opponents were convinced they couldn't lose, some proponents had become convinced they were jinxed. Evan Wolfson refused to believe that. Against all evidence to the contrary, he thought his side could win." [22]

In 2013 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the Defense of Marriage Act, and in the months that followed many federal judges ruled against state constitutional amendments prohibiting same-sex marriage. Several of these cases reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled on June 26, 2015, in Obergefell v. Hodges that same-sex couples nationwide have the right to marry. Frank Bruni wrote in The New York Times after the victory, "Nothing about [the marriage fight] feels quick if you consider that Evan Wolfson, a chief architect of the political quest for same-sex marriage, wrote a thesis on the topic at Harvard Law School in 1983." [23]

Some critics such as BeyondMarriage.org assert Wolfson and others' work is too narrowly focused on a limited marriage agenda. [24] Richard Kim, signatory and founding board member of Queers for Economic Justice, disputes Wolfson's assertion that the same-sex movement is not pushing for a traditional, heterosexual model for all gays and lesbians and creating a political schism, and as such, gravely misrepresent the consequences of their own work for the past 20 years." [25] Wolfson replied "I think if Terrence McNally, Steinem and the others were actually shown some of Richard Kim's articles as opposed to the broad, conciliatory and coalition-building goals found in that statement, they would not endorse his articles nor his views." [26] In a New York Times review of Why Marriage Matters, author William Saletan states what he sees as flaws in Wolfson's reasoning. [17] "[His] abstract theory of equality flattens ... distinction. ... Thus he demands protection of committed gay couples not because they resemble heterosexual couples in all relevant respects but because it's wrong to discriminate against people because of their 'differences'." Wolfson does not favor the civil union or domestic partnership approaches, because semantic differences create "a stigma of exclusion" and deny gay couples "social and other advantages".

Following Freedom to Marry

In February 2016, its goal achieved, Freedom to Marry officially closed. [27] After the closure of the organization, Wolfson devoted his time to advising and assisting other movements and social causes in the United States and around the world, sharing the model and lessons learned from the Freedom to Marry campaign. In 2016 Wolfson was named Distinguished Visitor from Practice at Georgetown Law Center and Distinguished Practitioner in Grand Strategy at Yale, teaching law and social change, and he also serves as senior counsel at Dentons. [28] [29] In 2016, he delivered the commencement address at Northeastern Illinois University and was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters. [30] He has given speeches at places such as Judson Memorial Church. [31]

Personal life

Wolfson and his husband Cheng He, a change-management consultant with a Ph.D. in molecular biology, [32] [33] reside in New York City. They married in New York on October 15, 2011. [34]

Selected writings

Books
Articles
Essays and commentary

Recognition

Related Research Articles

Boy Scouts of America et al. v. Dale, 530 U.S. 640 (2000), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court, decided on June 28, 2000, that held that the constitutional right to freedom of association allowed the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) to exclude a homosexual person from membership in spite of a state law requiring equal treatment of homosexuals in public accommodations. More generally, the court ruled that a private organization such as the BSA may exclude a person from membership when "the presence of that person affects in a significant way the group's ability to advocate public or private viewpoints". In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that opposition to homosexuality is part of BSA's "expressive message" and that allowing homosexuals as adult leaders would interfere with that message.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Same-sex marriage in the United States</span>

The availability of legally recognized same-sex marriage in the United States expanded from one state (Massachusetts) in 2004 to all fifty states in 2015 through various court rulings, state legislation, and direct popular votes. States each have separate marriage laws, which must adhere to rulings by the Supreme Court of the United States that recognize marriage as a fundamental right guaranteed by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as first established in the 1967 landmark civil rights case of Loving v. Virginia.

The Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, better known as Lambda Legal, is an American civil rights organization that focuses on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) communities as well as people living with HIV/AIDS (PWAs) through impact litigation, societal education, and public policy work.

National Freedom to Marry Day is a non-official United States holiday held annually on February 12 to promote same-sex marriage. The holiday was founded in 1998 by Lambda Legal, a gay rights advocacy law firm based out of Washington, DC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Freedom to Marry</span> National bipartisan organization

Freedom to Marry was the national bipartisan organization dedicated to winning marriage for same-sex couples in the United States. Freedom to Marry was founded in New York City in 2003 by Evan Wolfson. Wolfson served as president of the organization through the June 2015 victory at the Supreme Court, until the organization's official closing in February 2016.

Liberty Counsel is a 501(c)(3) Christian ministry that engages in strategic litigation to promote evangelical Christian values. Liberty Counsel was founded in 1989 by its chairman Mathew Staver and its president Anita L. Staver, who are attorneys and married to each other. The Southern Poverty Law Center has listed Liberty Counsel as an anti-LGBT hate group, a designation the group has disputed. The group is a Christian ministry.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in New York since July 24, 2011, under the Marriage Equality Act. The Act does not have a residency restriction, as some similar laws in other U.S. states do. It also allows religious organizations to decline to officiate at same-sex wedding ceremonies.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in New Jersey since October 21, 2013, the effective date of a trial court ruling invalidating the state's restriction of marriage to persons of different sexes. In September 2013, Mary C. Jacobson, Assignment Judge of the Mercer Vicinage of the Superior Court, ruled that as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court's June 2013 decision in United States v. Windsor, the Constitution of New Jersey requires the state to recognize same-sex marriages. The Windsor decision held that the federal government was required to provide the same benefits to same-sex couples who were married under state law as to other married couples. Therefore, the state court reasoned in Garden State Equality v. Dow that, because same-sex couples in New Jersey were limited to civil unions, which are not recognized as marriages under federal law, the state must permit civil marriage for same-sex couples. This ruling, in turn, relied on the 2006 decision of the New Jersey Supreme Court in Lewis v. Harris that the state was constitutionally required to afford the rights and benefits of marriage to same-sex couples. The Supreme Court had ordered the New Jersey Legislature to correct the constitutional violation, by permitting either same-sex marriage or civil unions with all the rights and benefits of marriage, within 180 days. In response, it passed a bill to legalize civil unions on December 21, 2006, which became effective on February 19, 2007.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Iowa since a decision of the Iowa Supreme Court on April 3, 2009. Marriage licenses became available to same-sex couples on April 27. This ruling was the result of a lawsuit filed in 2005 by six same-sex couples who had been denied marriage licenses in Polk County. In 2007, the Polk County District Court ruled in favor of the couples in Varnum v. Brien. Two couples were married on September 2, 2007, before the ruling was stayed and appealed. On April 3, 2009, the Iowa Supreme Court unanimously upheld the lower court's ruling, making Iowa the third U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage, after Massachusetts and Connecticut.

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ rights in Ohio</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in the U.S. state of Ohio enjoy most of the same rights as non-LGBTQ people. Same-sex sexual activity has been legal in Ohio since 1974, and same-sex marriage has been legally recognized since June 2015 as a result of Obergefell v. Hodges. Ohio statutes do not address discrimination on account of sexual orientation and gender identity; however, the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Bostock v. Clayton County established that employment discrimination against LGBTQ people is illegal in 2020. In addition, a number of Ohio cities have passed anti-discrimination ordinances providing protections in housing and public accommodations. Conversion therapy is also banned in a number of cities. In December 2020, a federal judge invalidated a law banning sex changes on an individual's birth certificate within Ohio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in American Samoa</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) people in American Samoa face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. Same-sex sexual activity became legal in the territory in 1980, but same-sex couples may not marry. Same-sex couples married legally in other jurisdictions are recognized and must be treated equally under US federal law since 13 December 2022. American Samoa remains the only part of the United States along with select Native American tribal jurisdictions to enforce a ban on same-sex couples marrying.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ rights in New Jersey</span>

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Mary L. Bonauto is an American lawyer and civil rights advocate who has worked to eradicate discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, and has been referred to by US Representative Barney Frank as "our Thurgood Marshall." She began working with the Massachusetts-based Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders, now named GLBTQ Legal Advocates & Defenders (GLAD) organization in 1990. A resident of Portland, Maine, Bonauto was one of the leaders who both worked with the Maine legislature to pass a same-sex marriage law and to defend it at the ballot in a narrow loss during the 2009 election campaign. These efforts were successful when, in the 2012 election, Maine voters approved the measure, making it the first state to allow same-sex marriage licenses via ballot vote. Bonauto is best known for being lead counsel in the case Goodridge v. Department of Public Health which made Massachusetts the first state in which same-sex couples could marry in 2004. She is also responsible for leading the first strategic challenges to section three of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA).

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Marc Solomon is a gay rights advocate. He was the national campaign director of Freedom to Marry, a group advocating same-sex marriage in the United States. Solomon is author of the book Winning Marriage: The Inside Story of How Same-Sex Couples Took on the Politicians and Pundits—and Won. As executive director of MassEquality from 2006 through 2009, he led the campaign to defeat a constitutional amendment that would have reversed Massachusetts' same-sex marriage court ruling. Politico describes Solomon as "warm and embracing" and "a born consensus builder—patient, adept at making personal connections, preternaturally gifted at politics without seeming at all like a politician."

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<i>Why Marriage Matters</i> 2004 book by Evan Wolfson

Why Marriage Matters: America, Equality, and Gay People's Right to Marry is a 2004 book by Evan Wolfson in which the author advocates the legal recognition of same-sex marriage. It was published by Simon & Schuster.

References

  1. ↑ Heller, Karen (July 30, 2015). "Freedom to Marry is going out of business. And everybody's thrilled". The Washington Post .
  2. ↑ Simon & Schuster website with quotes from reviews.
  3. ↑ "Evan Wolfson: Georgetown Faculty" . Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  4. ↑ "Yale University Brady Johnson Program in Grand Strategy". Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  5. ↑ "Dentons, Evan Wolfson, Senior Counsel" . Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  6. ↑ "Forward 50 2015: Evan Wolfson". Jewish Daily Forward . 2015.
  7. ↑ Mervis, Scott (October 11, 2012). "Gary Graff: Rock 'n' roll observer". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  8. ↑ Retrieved December 1, 2010. "GLBTQ >> social sciences >> Wolfson, Evan". Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
  9. ↑ Retrieved December 1, 2010. "Wolfson, Gallagher to Debate at Yale | News | Advocate.com". Archived from the original on October 11, 2010. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
  10. ↑ "18 Anti-Gay Groups and Their Propaganda".
  11. 1 2 Evan Wolfson biography Archived 2012-05-09 at the Library of Congress Web Archives on the Freedom to Marry website.
  12. ↑ Goldberg, Carey (December 4, 1996). "Hawaii Judge Ends Gay Marriage Ban". The New York Times . Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Peter Freiberg, Wolfson leaves Lambda to focus on freedom-to-marry work Archived 2004-04-19 at the Wayback Machine , March 30, 2001, Washington Blade, via Freedom to Marry's Geocities website. (archived copy at oocities.com/evanwolfson/ftm_washblade.htm
  14. ↑ Matt Alsdorf, Supreme Court Hears Boy Scout Case, The Advocate, April 26, 2000, via Planetout.com. Archived March 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ LaTourette, Shawn M. (April 2016). "A Conversation with Civil Rights Leader Evan Wolfson". The Diversity Committee Newsletter Vol. 2, No. 1.
  16. 1 2 3 John Cloud, "Gay Marriage as a Civil Right of Our Times", Time , April 26, 2004.
  17. 1 2 William Saletan, The Peculiar Institution, The New York Times , September 26, 2004; Section 7, Page 9.
  18. ↑ "Winning Marriage: What We Need to Do", June 21, 2005, via freedomtomarry.org.
  19. ↑ Gast, Phil (May 9, 2012). "Obama announces he supports same-sex marriage". CNN.
  20. ↑ Terkel, Amanda (February 13, 2012). "Freedom To Marry Pushes DNC To Incorporate Marriage Equality Into 2012 Party Platform". The Huffington Post.
  21. ↑ Fetter, Ashley (November 7, 2012). "Same-Sex Marriage Wins on the Ballot for the First Time in American History". The Atlantic.
  22. ↑ Ball, Molly (December 11, 2012). "The Marriage Plot: Inside This Year's Epic Campaign for Gay Equality". The Atlantic .
  23. ↑ Bruni, Frank (June 20, 2015). "Gay Marriage's Moment". The New York Times.
  24. ↑ Press release, Beyond Same-Sex Marriage: A New Strategic Vision For All Our Families & Relationships Archived 2006-09-20 at the Wayback Machine , BeyondMarriage.org (on file with the author)
  25. ↑ Kim, Richard (August 1, 2006). "The Wedding Crasher", The Nation .
  26. ↑ Interview with Evan Wolfson, David Shankbone, Wikinews , September 30, 2007.
  27. ↑ Bravin, Jess (July 15, 2015). "Its Goal Met, Gay-Marriage Advocacy Group Will Shut Down". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  28. ↑ Li, Victor (June 27, 2016). "Law Scribbler: Acclaimed same-sex marriage advocate Evan Wolfson joins Dentons". The National Law Journal . Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  29. ↑ Bravin, Jess (July 15, 2015). "Evan Wolfson, Gay Rights Leader, to Helm Dentons' Diversity Efforts". The National Law Journal. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  30. ↑ "May 2016 Commencement Speaker Evan Wolfson". YouTube . May 9, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Evan Wolfson Archives".
  32. ↑ Kendell, Kate (October 13, 2011). "For Evan Wolfson, an 'I Do' Filled With 'I Did'". The Advocate . Archived from the original on November 28, 2011.
  33. ↑ Schweber, Nate (October 21, 2011). "Evan Wolfson and Cheng He - Vows". The New York Times.
  34. ↑ Schweber, Nate (October 21, 2011). "Evan Wolfson and Cheng He - Vows". The New York Times.
  35. ↑ , "Lambda Legal Honors Evan Wolfson". May 10, 2018
  36. ↑ , "MCCA Names Evan Wolfson as Honoree of the 2017 Paula L. Ettelbrick Award"
  37. ↑ , "Northeastern honors Evan Wolfson at Commencement". May 9, 2016
  38. ↑ , "ABA honors 3 lawyers with Stonewall Awards for their work in the LGBT community". September 18, 2015
  39. ↑ , "Evan Wolfson and President Obama to Receive Barnard Medal of Distinction". May 8, 2012
  40. ↑ Psychiatric News, "Activist Honored for Gay Marriage Advocacy". December 3, 2010
  41. ↑ American Bar Association [ permanent dead link ], Retrieved December 7, 2010
  42. ↑ San Francisco Sentinel Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine , February 2008
  43. ↑ "Out 100: Evan Wolfson". Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
  44. ↑ Simon and Schuster Archived 2012-04-01 at the Wayback Machine "Wolfson leaves Lambda to focus on freedom-to-marry work". Retrieved December 7, 2010
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