Førde

Last updated • 6 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Førde kommune
Former municipality
Forde sentrum 01.jpg
Førde town center
Flag of Forde.gif
Flag
Forde komm.svg
Coat of arms
Norway Counties Sogn og Fjordane Position.svg
Sogn og Fjordane within
Norway
NO 1432 Forde.svg
Førde within Sogn og Fjordane
Coordinates: 61°26′35″N05°54′13″E / 61.44306°N 5.90361°E / 61.44306; 5.90361
Country Norway
County Sogn og Fjordane
District Sunnfjord
Established1 Jan 1838
 • Created as Formannskapsdistrikt
Disestablished1 Jan 2020
 • Succeeded by Sunnfjord Municipality
Administrative centre Førde
Government
 • Mayor (2011-2019) Olve Arlid Grotle (H)
Area
 (upon dissolution)
 • Total585.96 km2 (226.24 sq mi)
 • Land553.01 km2 (213.52 sq mi)
 • Water32.95 km2 (12.72 sq mi)  5.6%
 • Rank#189 in Norway
Population
 (2019)
 • Total13,092
 • Rank#93 in Norway
 • Density23.7/km2 (61/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
Increase2.svg +10.6%
Demonym Førdianar [1]
Official language
[2]
 •  Norwegian form Nynorsk
Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 code NO-1432
Website Official website
Data from Statistics Norway

Førde is a former municipality in the county of Sogn og Fjordane, Norway. It was located in the traditional district of Sunnfjord. The administrative center was the town of Førde which in 2016 had 10,255 inhabitants. [3] Other villages in Førde municipality included Bruland, Holsen, Moskog, and Haukedalen. The Øyrane area in the town of Førde was a large industrial/commercial area for the region. The European Route E39 highway passed through the municipality, and it passed by the lake Holsavatnet.

Contents

Førde Airport, Bringeland was the regional airport, located about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the town centre with flights that connect Oslo and Bergen with Førde. The airport was actually located in neighboring Gaular municipality, just south of the border. The largest hospital in Sogn og Fjordane county, Førde Central Hospital, and the regional offices of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation are located in the town. The International Førde Folk Music Festival is held each summer. The local newspaper is called Firda .

At the time of its dissolution in 2020, the 586-square-kilometre (226 sq mi) municipality is the 189th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway. Førde is the 93rd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 13,092. The municipality's population density is 23.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (61/sq mi) and its population has increased by 10.6% over the last decade. [4] [5]

General information

Forde bus station Forderutebilstasjon1.jpg
Førde bus station
Lake Langeland Langelandsvatnet i Forde.JPG
Lake Langeland
Forde Church Fordekyrkje.jpg
Førde Church

Førde was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). The original municipality was identical to the Førde parish (prestegjeld) with the sub-parishes (sokn) of Førde, Holsen, and Naustdal. [6] On 1 January 1896, the northern sub-parish of Naustdal (population: 2,543) was separated from Førde and it became a municipality of its own. This left Førde with 2,903 residents. [7]

During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the areas of Naustdal south of the Førdefjorden (population: 265) were transferred to Førde municipality. [7]

On 1 January 2020, the neighboring municipalities of Førde, Naustdal, Gaular, and Jølster were merged to form the new Sunnfjord Municipality. [8]

Name

The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Førde farm (Old Norse : Fjǫrðr[ nominative ] and Firði[ dative ]) since the first Førde Church was built there. The name is identical with the word fjǫrðr which means "firth" or "fjord", referring to the fjord now called Førdefjorden. [9]

Coat of arms

The coat of arms was granted on 27 April 1990 and it was in use until 1 January 2020 when the municipality was dissolved. The official blazon is "Gules, three plowshares argent, two over one" (Norwegian : På raud grunn tre sølv plogjarn, 2-1). This means the arms have a red field (background) and the charge is a set of three plowshares. The charge has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The design was chosen to symbolize the three pillars of the local economy: agriculture, horticulture, and development. The arms were designed by Inge Rotevatn. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms. [10] [11] [12]

Churches

The Church of Norway had two parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Førde. It was part of the Sunnfjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin.

Churches in Førde
Parish (sokn)Church nameLocation of the churchYear built
Førde Førde Church Førde 1885
Holsen og Haukedalen Haukedalen Church Haukedalen 1885
Holsen Church Holsen 1861

Geography

Lake Haukedalsvatnet Haukedalsvatnet-Norway.jpg
Lake Haukedalsvatnet

The municipality of Førde encompasses the valleys that lead away from the inner end of the Førdefjorden. The municipality of Naustdal borders Førde to the north, the municipalities of Jølster, Sogndal, and Balestrand are to the east, Gaular municipality is to the south, and the municipality of Askvoll lies to the west. The two largest lakes are Holsavatnet and Haukedalsvatnet. The rivers Jølstra and Gaula are both partially located in Førde municipality. The Gaularfjellet mountains are located in the east and south of the municipality. The glaciers Grovabreen and Jostefonn are located in the eastern mountainous part of Førde. The westernmost edges of the Jostedalsbreen National Park are located in the Haukedalen valley in Førde.

Government

While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment, social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. [13] The municipality was under the jurisdiction of the Sogn og Fjordane District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Førde was made up of 27 representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:

Førde kommunestyre 2016–2019 [14]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)9
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)1
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet Dei Grøne)1
  Conservative Party (Høgre)6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)4
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
  Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:27
Førde kommunestyre 2012–2015 [15]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)7
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)2
  Conservative Party (Høgre)8
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
  Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:27
Førde kommunestyre 2008–2011 [14]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)7
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)2
  Conservative Party (Høgre)5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
  Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:27
Førde kommunestyre 2004–2007 [14]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)4
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)2
  Conservative Party (Høgre)5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)2
  Red Electoral Alliance (Raud Valallianse)1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)6
  Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:27
Førde kommunestyre 2000–2003 [14]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)10
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)1
  Conservative Party (Høgre)7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)5
  Red Electoral Alliance (Raud Valallianse)1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
  Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:35
Førde kommunestyre 1996–1999 [16]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)12
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)1
  Conservative Party (Høgre)4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)5
  Red Electoral Alliance (Raud Valallianse)1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)7
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
  Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:35
Førde kommunestyre 1992–1995 [17]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)11
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)1
  Conservative Party (Høgre)5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)4
  Red Electoral Alliance (Raud Valallianse)1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)9
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
  Liberal Party (Venstre)1
Total number of members:35
Førde kommunestyre 1988–1991 [18]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)10
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)2
  Conservative Party (Høgre)7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)4
  Red Electoral Alliance (Raud Valallianse)1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
  Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Total number of members:35
Førde kommunestyre 1984–1987 [19]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)9
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)1
  Conservative Party (Høgre)7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)5
  Liberal People's Party (Liberale Folkepartiet)1
  Red Electoral Alliance (Raud Valallianse)1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)7
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
  Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:35
Førde kommunestyre 1980–1983 [20]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)7
  Conservative Party (Høgre)10
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)6
  Liberal People's Party (Liberale Folkepartiet)2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)7
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
  Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Total number of members:35
Førde kommunestyre 1976–1979 [21]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)9
  Conservative Party (Høgre)5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)5
  New People's Party (Nye Folkepartiet)7
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)8
  Liberal Party (Venstre)1
Total number of members:35
Førde kommunestyre 1972–1975 [22]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)9
  Conservative Party (Høgre)3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)8
  Liberal Party (Venstre)5
Total number of members:29
Førde kommunestyre 1968–1971 [23]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)7
  Conservative Party (Høgre)3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)9
  Liberal Party (Venstre)5
Total number of members:29
Førde kommunestyre 1964–1967 [24]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)8
  Conservative Party (Høgre)1
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)11
  Liberal Party (Venstre)4
Total number of members:29
Førde heradsstyre 1960–1963 [25]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)7
  Conservative Party (Høgre)2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet)9
  Liberal Party (Venstre)4
Total number of members:25
Førde heradsstyre 1956–1959 [26]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)6
  Conservative Party (Høgre)2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet)9
  Liberal Party (Venstre)5
Total number of members:25
Førde heradsstyre 1952–1955 [27]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)6
  Conservative Party (Høgre)1
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet)10
  Liberal Party (Venstre)4
Total number of members:24
Førde heradsstyre 1948–1951 [28]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet)6
  Liberal Party (Venstre)3
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister)8
Total number of members:24
Førde heradsstyre 1945–1947 [29]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)5
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet)7
  Liberal Party (Venstre)4
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister)8
Total number of members:24
Førde heradsstyre 1938–1941* [30]   
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)4
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet)3
  Liberal Party (Venstre)6
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgarlege Felleslister)3
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister)8
Total number of members:24
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.

Mayors

The mayors (Nynorsk : ordførar) of Førde: [31]

  • 1837-1840: Andreas Gunnerus Lind
  • 1840-1842: Heinrich Rachlew
  • 1842-1846: S. Steen
  • 1846-1850: Boyesen
  • 1850-1858: N. Friis
  • 1858-1870: Th. Christensen
  • 1870-1874: C.J. Steen
  • 1875-1882: N. Hafstad
  • 1882-1892: Albert Steen
  • 1893-1895: K.B. Thune
  • 1896-1898: Ole Martinus Erdal
  • 1899-1904: Johannes Kvaal
  • 1905-1914: Ole Martinus Erdal
  • 1914-1933: Olai Tefre
  • 1934-1945: A.G. Holsen
  • 1946-1951: Lars Hustveit
  • 1952-1963: Bertel Flaten (V)
  • 1963-1968: Erik Hagen (Sp)
  • 1968-1979: Reidar Tveit (V/DLF)
  • 1980-1981: Helge Barstad (H)
  • 1982-1983: Lars Gunnar Lie (KrF)
  • 1984-1987: Sverre Øygard (Sp)
  • 1988-2003: Aud Viken (Ap)
  • 2003-2003: Wilhelm Sandal (KrF)
  • 2003-2011: Nils Gjerland (Sp)
  • 2011-2019: Olve Grotle (H)

Attractions

Waterfalls

The Salmon

The Salmon is a 65 metres (213 ft) long stone sculpture which is Norway's longest individual sculpture. It was created by Jørn Rønnau. It blends naturally in with the green surroundings on the banks of the river Jølstra, close to the Førdehuset cultural centre. [32]

Førdehuset

Førdehuset (literal meaning: the Førde house) is a regional cultural centre, a cornerstone for cultural life in Western Norway. The centre is centrally located in the town of Førde, surrounded by a sports complex, amphitheatre, and is next door to the County Gallery. A multitude of cultural activities are gathered together under one roof - small and large attractions/events the whole year round. [32]

National Tourist Road

View of Fv13 Riksvei 13, Rorvikfjellet 2.JPG
View of Fv13

Norwegian County Road 13 (Fv13) is one of 18 national tourist roads in Norway because of the nearby waterfalls. From Førde, drivers start on a sightseeing journey with cultural attractions that date from the 19th century to the present day's city environment. The districts of Holsen and Haukedalen are typical of Western Norwegian farming communities that have created a picturesque cultivated landscape.

Rørvik Mountain, the trail with the fascinating stone walls and a marvellous view over Haukedalen. Along Råheimsdalen and Eldalen to the Gaularfjellet mountains, you will see a marvellous waterfall landscape that has been landscaped with paths for visitors. From the top of Gaularfjell mountains, hairpin bends wind down to the Vetlefjorden, an arm of the Sognefjorden. The breathtaking contrasts of steep mountainsides, winding roads, and waterfalls are characteristic of Western Norway’s exceptional scenery. [32]

Sunnfjord Museum

Sunnfjord Museum Sunnfjord Museum i solskin.JPG
Sunnfjord Museum

The Sunnfjord Museum is one of four district museums in Sogn og Fjordane County. The main courtyard of the outdoor museum is a cluster of 25 restored antiquarian buildings sited in a cultural landscape representative of the same period. These buildings provide an insight into life and lifestyles in the Sunnfjord districts around the middle of the 19th century. The land tenant's home is on its original site with the interior as it was at the end of the 19th century. In June, July and August, there are daily guided tours through the old buildings. [32]

Notable people

Twin towns — sister cities

Førde is twinned with:

See also

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Vevring is a former municipality in the old Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1964. It encompassed the land surrounding the western part of the Førdefjorden on both the north and south shores of the fjord in what is now Kinn, Askvoll, and Sunnfjord municipalities in Vestland county. It stretched from the Ålasundet strait in the east to the mouth of the fjord in the west and from the Steindalen valley in the north to the mountains south of the fjord. The municipality was 120 square kilometres (46 sq mi) in 1964 when it was dissolved.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eikefjord</span> Former municipality in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway

Eikefjord is a former municipality in the Sunnfjord district in the old Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The 145-square-kilometre (56 sq mi) municipality existed from 1923 until 1964 when it joined Flora Municipality. The administrative center of the former municipality was the village of Eikefjord, where Eikefjord Church is located. The municipality of Eikefjord was located at the end of the Eikefjorden, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of the town of Florø. The lake Endestadvatnet was part of the municipality. The municipality encompassed the immediate area around the village of Eikefjord and to the east and south of the village.

References

  1. ↑ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. ↑ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. ↑ Statistisk sentralbyrå (1 January 2016). "Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality".
  4. ↑ Statistisk sentralbyrå (2018). "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  5. ↑ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  6. ↑ Natvik, Oddvar (9 February 2005). "Some historical data on the 26 Kommunes". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
  7. 1 2 Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN   9788253746845.
  8. ↑ "Ny kommune i Indre Sunnfjord" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  9. ↑ Rygh, Oluf (1919). Norske gaardnavne: Nordre Bergenhus amt (in Norwegian) (12 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 325.
  10. ↑ "Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  11. ↑ "Førde, Sogn og Fjordane (Norway)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  12. ↑ "Godkjenning av våpen og flagg". Lovdata.no (in Norwegian). Norges kommunal- og arbeidsdepartementet. 30 June 1990. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  13. ↑ Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget . Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
  15. ↑ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2011 - Sogn og Fjordane". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  16. ↑ "Kommunestyrevalget 1995" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  17. ↑ "Kommunestyrevalget 1991" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  18. ↑ "Kommunestyrevalget 1987" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  19. ↑ "Kommunestyrevalget 1983" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  20. ↑ "Kommunestyrevalget 1979" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  21. ↑ "Kommunevalgene 1975" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  22. ↑ "Kommunevalgene 1972" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  23. ↑ "Kommunevalgene 1967" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  24. ↑ "Kommunevalgene 1963" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  25. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  26. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  27. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  28. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  29. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  30. ↑ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  31. ↑ "Ordførarar i Førde kommune". NRK Fylkesliksikon (in Norwegian). 16 February 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 "Førde Municipality in Norway". GoNorway.no. Retrieved 11 August 2008.

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