Garrulax

Last updated

Garrulax
White-crested laughingthrush, St. Louis Zoo.jpg
White-crested laughingthrush (Garrulax leucolophus)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Leiothrichidae
Genus: Garrulax
Lesson, 1831
Type species
Garrulax belangeri [1]
Lesson, 1831
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Leucodioptron Bonaparte, 1854
  • Stactocichla Sharpe, 1883
  • Melanocichla Sharpe, 1883
  • Rhinocichla Sharpe, 1883
  • Dryonastes Sharpe, 1883

Garrulax is a genus of passerine birds in the laughingthrush family Leiothrichidae.

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus Garrulax was erected by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1831. [2] The type species was designated in 1961 as the rufous-fronted laughingthrush (Garrulax rufifrons). [3]

The genus previously included more species. Following the publication of a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study in 2018, Garrulax was split up and species were moved to the resurrected genera Ianthocincla and Pterorhinus . [4] [5]

Garrulax species are heavily traded as songbirds. A survey of eight bird markets in Indonesia, carried out in 2014–2015, found 615 laughingthrushes of nine species openly for sale. [6] Much of the trade in these species in Indonesia is illegal and is pushing a number of these species towards extinction. [7] The Sumatran Laughingthrush, for example, is in serious decline due to ongoing and uncontrolled illegal trade in bird markets on the islands of Java and Sumatra, and is increasingly found in international trade, though in lower numbers. [8]

Species

The genus contains the following 14 species: [5]

ImageCommon NameScientific nameDistribution
Garrulax monileger 2 - Kaeng Krachan.jpg Lesser necklaced laughingthrush Garrulax monilegerBangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Rufous-fronted laughingthrush Garrulax rufifronsJava
Garrulax leucolophus 170546920.jpg White-crested laughingthrush Garrulax leucolophusIndia, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, China, Vietnam, and Thailand.
Black-hooded laughingthrush Garrulax milletiLaos and Vietnam.
Sumatran Laughingthrush RWD4.jpg Sumatran laughingthrush Garrulax bicolorSumatra
Garrulax strepitans - Mae Wong.jpg White-necked laughingthrush Garrulax strepitansYunnan, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand.
Cambodian laughingthrush Garrulax ferrariusCambodia.
Grey laughingthrush Garrulax maesisouthern China
Rufous-cheeked laughingthrush Garrulax castanotisChina, Laos, and Vietnam.
0A2A3704 Sunda Laughingthrush.jpg Sunda laughingthrush Garrulax palliatusBrunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia
Chinese Hwamei RWD.jpg Chinese hwamei Garrulax canorussouth-eastern and central China and in northern and central Vietnam and Laos.
Garrulax taewanus, Taipei 1.jpg Taiwan hwamei Garrulax taewanusTaiwan
Spot-breasted Laughingthrush - Thailand S4E9232 (19483012432).jpg Spot-breasted laughingthrush Garrulax merulinusYunnan, Northeast India, Laos, Myanmar, north-west Thailand, and northern Vietnam.
Garrulax annamensis 105771895.jpeg Orange-breasted laughingthrush Garrulax annamensisVietnam

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ashy-headed laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The ashy-headed laughingthrush is a member of the family Leiothrichidae. The laughingthrushes are a large family of Old World passerine birds characterised by soft fluffy plumage. These are birds of tropical areas, with the greatest variety in southeast Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-throated laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The white-throated laughingthrush is a species of passerine bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found mainly in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, primarily the Himalayas, and some adjoining and disjunct areas. It ranges across Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Tibet and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bare-headed laughingthrush</span> Species of bird endemic to Borneo

The bare-headed laughingthrush is a species of bird in the Old World babbler family Timaliidae. It is endemic to highland forests at elevations of 750–1,800 m (2,460–5,910 ft) in the mountain ranges of north-central Borneo, along with some outlying peaks. It is 25–26 cm (9.8–10.2 in) long, with both sexes similar in appearance. The head is brownish to greenish yellow and featherless. The area along the lower mandible has a bluish tinge. The rest of the body is dull blackish-brown tinged with grey. Juveniles have more feathers on the head, extending from the forehead to the crown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-throated laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The black-throated laughingthrush is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found in Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. It occurs as an introduced species in Hong Kong. Based on a combination of strong morphological and genetic evidence, the subspecies on Hainan Island is treated as a distinct species by some authors, Swinhoe's laughingthrush.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moustached laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The moustached laughingthrush is a species of passerine bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found in China, India, and Myanmar where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-throated laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The yellow-throated laughingthrush is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found in grassy areas with bushes and trees, scrub and forest in the Patkai mountain range. Until recently, it included the blue-crowned laughingthrush as a subspecies, but unlike that species the crown of the yellow-throated laughingthrush is pale grey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rufous-vented laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The rufous-vented laughingthrush is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barred laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The barred laughingthrush is a passerine bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is endemic to central China where its natural habitat is temperate forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chestnut-capped laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The chestnut-capped laughingthrush, also known as the spectacled laughingthrush, is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found in Sumatra (Indonesia) and the Thai-Malay Peninsula. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. The chestnut-hooded laughingthrush was previously considered a subspecies.

The chestnut-backed laughingthrush is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found in Northeast India and northern Myanmar. This species inhabits secondary growth, thickets, tall grasslands with scattered shrubs or dense bushes in stony scrub-covered ravines and hills, from the lowlands up to around 900 metres (3,000 ft). It is threatened by habitat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rusty laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The rusty laughingthrush is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found in Taiwan. It formerly included the buffy laughingthrush of mainland China as a subspecies. Compared to the rusty laughingthrush, the buffy laughingthrush has paler grey underparts, more contrasting rufous wings, broader white tips to the tail, and distinct black lores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rufous-necked laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The rufous-necked laughingthrush is a bird species in the laughingthrush family, Leiothrichidae. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar and Nepal, where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. Little study was done on this species due to its abundance and lack of interest in its conservation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Snowy-cheeked laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The snowy-cheeked laughingthrush, also known as Sukatschev's laughingthrush, is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is endemic to northern China where its natural habitat is temperate forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-cheeked laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The white-cheeked laughingthrush is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumatran laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The Sumatran laughingthrush, also known as the black-and-white laughingthrush, is a member of the family Leiothrichidae. It was formerly treated as a subspecies of the white-crested laughingthrush, but unlike that species the plumage of the Sumatran laughingthrush is blackish-brown and white.

<i>Argya</i> Genus of birds in the family Leiothrichidae

Argya is a genus of passerine birds in the laughingthrush family Leiothrichidae. The species are distributed across Africa and southern Asia and are typically fairly large, long-tailed birds that forage in noisy groups. Members of this genus were formerly placed in the genera Turdoides and Garrulax.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rufous-crowned laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The rufous-crowned laughingthrush is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is endemic to Taiwan. It was previously considered conspecific with the white-throated laughingthrush, P. albogularis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buffy laughingthrush</span> Bird in the family Leiothrichidae from China

The buffy laughingthrush, also known as the chestnut-winged laughingthrush is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found in the Chinese mainland. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the rusty laughingthrush, P. poecilorhynchus; a species restricted to Taiwan following the split. Compared to the rusty laughingthrush, the buffy laughingthrush has paler grey underparts, more contrasting rufous wings, broader white tips to the tail, and distinct black lores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laughingthrushes</span> Family of birds

The laughingthrushes are a family, Leiothrichidae, of Old World passerine birds. The family contains 133 species which are divided into 16 genera. They are diverse in size and coloration. These are birds of tropical areas, with the greatest variety in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The entire family used to be included in the Old World babbler family Timaliidae.

<i>Pterorhinus</i> Genus of birds in the family Leiothrichidae

Pterorhinus is a genus of passerine birds in the laughingthrush family Leiothrichidae.

References

  1. "Leiothrichidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
  2. Lesson, René (1831). Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: F.G. Levrault. p. 647.
  3. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 171. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. Cibois, A.; Gelang, M.; Alström, P.; Pasquet, E.; Fjeldså, J.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Olsson, U. (2018). "Comprehensive phylogeny of the laughingthrushes and allies (Aves, Leiothrichidae) and a proposal for a revised taxonomy". Zoologica Scripta. 47 (4): 428–440. doi:10.1111/zsc.12296. S2CID   51883434.
  5. 1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Laughingthrushes and allies". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  6. Shepherd, Chris R.; Eaton, James A.; Chng, Serene C. L. (2016). "Nothing to laugh about – the ongoing illegal trade in laughingthrushes (Garrulax species) in the bird markets of Java, Indonesia" . Bird Conservation International. 26 (4): 524–530. doi:10.1017/S0959270916000320. ISSN   0959-2709. S2CID   88722096.
  7. Shepherd, Chris R. (2010). "Observations on trade in laughingthrushes ( Garrulax spp.) in North Sumatra, Indonesia". Bird Conservation International. 21 (1): 86–91. doi: 10.1017/S0959270910000274 . ISSN   0959-2709.
  8. Heinrich, Sarah; Leupen, Boyd T.C.; Bruslund, Simon; Owen, Andrew; Shepherd, Chris R. (2021). "A case for better international protection of the Sumatran Laughingthrush (Garrulax bicolor)". Global Ecology and Conservation. 25: e01414. Bibcode:2021GEcoC..2501414H. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01414 . S2CID   234330951.