Zosterops

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Zosterops
Indian white-eye (Zosterops palpebrosus egregius).jpg
Z. palpebrosus egregius, Sri Lanka
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Zosteropidae
Genus: Zosterops
Vigors & Horsfield, 1827
Type species
Motacilla maderaspatana (Malagasy white-eye)
Linnaeus, 1766
Species

See text

Zosterops (meaning "eye-girdle") is a genus of passerine birds containing the typical white-eyes in the white-eye family Zosteropidae. The genus has the largest number of species in the white-eye family. They occur in the Afrotropical, Indomalayan, and Australasian realms. Typical white-eyes have a length of between 8 and 15 cm (3 and 6 in). Their most characteristic feature is a conspicuous white feather ring around the eye, though some species lack it. The species in this group vary in the structural adaptations of the tongue. [1] The Zosterops [griseotinctus] group is an example of a "great speciator" inhabiting a vast area and showing a remarkable morphological differentiation on islands, some of which maybe as close as 2 km (1.2 mi) apart. [2]

Contents

Systematics

The genus Zosterops was introduced by the naturalists Nicholas Vigors and Thomas Horsfield in 1827. [3] The name combines the Ancient Greek words zōstēros "belt" or "girdle" and ōpos "eye". [4] The type species was designated as the Malagasy white-eye by René Lesson in 1828. [5] [6]

The results of a series of molecular phylogenetic studies published between 2014 and 2018 prompted a major revision of species limits, in which 10 new genera were introduced. In the reorganisation, the English names of three of the existing genera were replaced. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]

Additionally, a study on Sri Lanka white-eyes (Zosterops ceylonensis) and Indian white-eyes (Zosterops palpebrosus) suggests that the Sri Lanka white-eye is the root species and the origin of all Zosterops species. [12] This raises questions upon the former theory of Southeast Asian origin.

Species

Black-capped white-eye
Z. atricapilla Zosterops atricapilla 2.jpg
Black-capped white-eye
Z. atricapilla
Mauritius grey white-eye
Zosterops mauritianus).jpg Mauritius grey white-eye (Zosterops mauritianus).jpg
Mauritius grey white-eye
Zosterops mauritianus).jpg
Mauritius olive white-eye
Zosterops chloronothos).jpg Mauritius olive white-eye (Zosterops chloronothos).jpg
Mauritius olive white-eye
Zosterops chloronothos).jpg

There are over 100 species in the genus. This includes three species (denoted by a dagger in the list below) that have become extinct since the 16th century. [11]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-eye</span> Family of birds

The white-eyes are a family, Zosteropidae, of small passerine birds native to tropical, subtropical and temperate Sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Asia, and Australasia. White-eyes inhabit most tropical islands in the Indian Ocean, the western Pacific Ocean, and the Gulf of Guinea. Discounting some widespread members of the genus Zosterops, most species are endemic to single islands or archipelagos. The silvereye, Zosterops lateralis, naturally colonised New Zealand, where it is known as the "wax-eye" or tauhou ("stranger"), from 1855. The silvereye has also been introduced to the Society Islands in French Polynesia, while the Japanese white-eye has been introduced to Hawaii.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian white-eye</span> Species of bird

The Indian white-eye, formerly the Oriental white-eye, is a small passerine bird in the white-eye family. It is a resident breeder in open woodland on the Indian subcontinent. They forage in small groups, feeding on nectar and small insects. They are easily identified by the distinctive white eye-ring and overall yellowish upperparts. The range previously extended eastwards to Southeast Asia, Indonesia and Malaysia. Their name was recently changed due to previous members of Zosterops palpebrosus in Southeast Asia being renamed to a new species, making the Indian White-eye a more geographically accurate term for this species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sri Lanka white-eye</span> Species of bird

The Sri Lanka white-eye is a small passerine bird in the white-eye family, which is endemic to Sri Lanka. It is a resident breeder in forests, gardens and plantations, mainly in the highlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lemon-bellied white-eye</span> Species of bird

The lemon-bellied white-eye is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to Indonesia, where it occurs on a number of islands from the Sunda Strait to the Aru Islands. It is present on several of the Lesser Sunda Islands as well as on parts of Sulawesi, as well as many smaller islands, but is absent from the larger islands of Borneo, Java, Sumatra and Timor. Currently, HBW describes five sub-species of lemon-bellied white-eye. However, the extensive distribution of Z. c. intermedius is likely to contain more than one reproductively isolated population (cf. Z.c. intermedius and Z. c. flavissimus, with the latter now considered a distinct species, the Wakatobi white-eye.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pale-bellied white-eye</span> Species of bird

The pale-bellied white-eye is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to SE Sulawesi in Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. The species has a limited distribution and also appears to be sensitive to human disturbance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louisiade white-eye</span> Species of bird

The Louisiade white-eye or islet white-eye is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea, where it is found on widely disjunct islets on both the Bismarck and Louisiade archipelagos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malagasy white-eye</span> Species of bird

The Malagasy white-eye is a species of bird in the white-eye family, Zosteropidae. Found in Madagascar and Seychelles, its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heuglin's white-eye</span> Species of bird

Heuglin's white-eye, also known as the Ethiopian white-eye, is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is found in north-eastern and eastern Africa, primarily in Ethiopia and Kenya. Its natural habitats range from subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, to subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, plantations, and rural gardens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern yellow white-eye</span> Species of bird

The northern yellow white-eye, formerly the African yellow white-eye, is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is found across sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal in the west across to southern Sudan in the east and south to northern Angola.

The Mbulu white-eye is a bird species in the family Zosteropidae. It is found in southern Kenya and northern Tanzania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pale white-eye</span> Species of bird

The pale white-eye also known as Kenya white-eye is a bird species in the family Zosteropidae. It is found in central and eastern Kenya and in eastern Tanzania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Broad-ringed white-eye</span> Bird species in the family Zosteropidae

The broad-ringed white-eye or Kilimanjaro white-eye is a bird species in the family Zosteropidae. It is found in northeast Tanzania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swinhoe's white-eye</span> Species of bird

Swinhoe's white-eye is a bird species in the white-eye family Zosteropidae. It is found in east China, Taiwan, north Vietnam, the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. Populations have also been introduced throughout Southern California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hume's white-eye</span> Species of bird

Hume's white-eye is a bird species in the family Zosteropidae. It is found in upland areas of Myanmar, southern Thailand, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sangkar white-eye</span> Species of bird

The sangkar white-eye is a bird species in the family Zosteropidae. It is also known as the Sunda white-eye. It is found in forested habitats on the Indonesian islands of Java and Bali. In Java it is typically found at elevations between 200–1,600 m (660–5,250 ft), but it sometimes occurs at lower elevations as well.

The Socotra white-eye is a bird species in the family Zosteropidae. It is found on the island of Socotra and in Somaliland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aldabra white-eye</span> Species of bird

The Aldabra white-eye is a bird species in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to the island of Aldabra in the Indian Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern yellow white-eye</span> Species of bird

The southern yellow white-eye is a bird species in the family Zosteropidae. It is found in parts of southern Africa. It was formerly considered conspecific with the African yellow white-eye.

The green white-eye is a bird species in the family Zosteropidae. It is found in Tanzania, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The Morotai white-eye is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to Morotai in the northern Moluccas. It was separated from the cream-throated white-eye based on distinct plumage, exceptional dawn song, and submontane/montane ecology

References

  1. Moreau, R. E.; Perrins, M.; Hughes, J. T. (1969). "Tongues of the Zosteropidae (white-eyes)". Ardea. 57: 29–47.
  2. Moyle, R. G.; Filardi, C. E.; Smith, C. E.; Diamond, J. (2009). "Explosive Pleistocene diversification and hemispheric expansion of a "great speciator"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (6): 1863–1868. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.1863M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809861105 . PMC   2644129 . PMID   19181851.
  3. Vigors, Nicholas Aylward; Horsfield, Thomas (1827). "Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (in English and Latin). 15 (1): 170–334 [234]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x. The title page is dated 1826.
  4. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 414. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  5. Lesson, René P. (1828). Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Description des genres et des principales espèces d'oiseaux (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Roret. p. 286.
  6. Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 290.
  7. Cox, S.C.; Prys-Jones, R.P.; Habel, J.C.; Amakobe, B.A.; Day, J.J. (2014). "Niche divergence promotes rapid diversification of East African sky island white-eyes (Aves: Zosteropidae)". Molecular Ecology. 23 (16): 4103–4118. doi: 10.1111/mec.12840 . PMC   4255762 . PMID   24954273.
  8. Wells, D.R. (2017). "Zosterops white-eyes in continental South-East Asia. 1: proposed refinements to the regional definition of Oriental White-eye Z. palpebrosus". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 137 (2): 100–109. doi: 10.25226/bboc.v137i2.2017.a12 .
  9. Wells, D.R. (2017). "Zosterops white-eyes in continental South-East Asia. 2: what is Zosterops auriventer Hume?". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 137 (2): 110–117. doi: 10.25226/bboc.v137i2.2017.a13 .
  10. Lim, B.T.M.; Sadanandan, K.R.; Dingle, C.; Leung, Y.Y.; Prawiradilaga, D.M.; Irham, M.; Ashari, H.; Lee, J.G.H.; Rheindt, F.E. (2018). "Molecular evidence suggests radical revision of species limits in the great speciator white‑eye genus Zosterops". Journal of Ornithology. 160: 1–16. doi:10.1007/s10336-018-1583-7. S2CID   254162519.
  11. 1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Sylviid babblers, parrotbills, white-eyes". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  12. Wickramasinghe, Nelum; Robin, V. V.; Ramakrishnan, Uma; Reddy, Sushma; Seneviratne, Sampath S. (2017). "Non-sister Sri Lankan white-eyes (genus Zosterops) are a result of independent colonizations". PLOS ONE. 12 (8): e0181441. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181441 . PMC   5549887 . PMID   28792950.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Species Updates – IOC World Bird List" . Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  14. Anderson, Natali (2022-10-21). "Newly-Described Bird Species is Endemic to Indonesian Island | Sci.News". Sci.News: Breaking Science News. Retrieved 2022-10-22.