Saxicola

Saxicola
Male European stonechat (Saxicola rubicola) Calls made by a European stonechat, recorded on Old Dean Common, Surrey, England
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Muscicapidae
Genus:	Saxicola Bechstein, 1802
Type species
Motacilla rubicola Linnaeus, 1766
Species
See text

Female pied bushchat (Saxicola caprata bicolor), India

Saxicola (Latin: saxum, rock + incola, dwelling in ^[1] ), the stonechats or chats, is a genus of 15 species of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World. They are insectivores occurring in open scrubland and grassland with scattered small shrubs.

Taxonomy

The genus was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1802. ^[2] The type species was subsequently designated as the European stonechat. ^[3] The name Saxicola is from Latin saxum, saxi "stone" and -cola "dweller". ^[4]

The genus was formerly included in the thrush family Turdidae, but as with several other related genera, has now been shown to be correctly classified in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae, in which it is most closely related to the genera Oenanthe (wheatears) and Campicoloides . ^{[5] [6]}

Genetic and behavioural evidence has also resulted in several new species being accepted in the genus in recent years, most notably the splitting of the former broad "species" common stonechat Saxicola torquatus into five species, a change now widely though not yet universally accepted. With addition of mtDNA cytochrome b sequence and nDNA fingerprinting data, it was confirmed that not only the Fuerteventura and Réunion stonechats are distinct species, but that in addition, the African, Madagascar, European, Siberian and Amur stonechats are also all separate species. ^{[7] [8] [9] [10]} Due to confusion of subspecies allocation, the name S. torquatus was briefly used for the European species, with the African stonechat being incorrectly listed as S. axillaris. ^[8]

Owing to misunderstandings of Latin syntax, several species have in the past been widely but incorrectly cited with feminine name endings ("S. torquata, S. maura, S. leucura, S. ferrea", etc.). ^[11]

Species

The following 14 species are currently accepted in Saxicola: ^[12]

Image	Common Name	Scientific Name	Distribution
	Jerdon's bush chat	Saxicola jerdoni	Eastern Himalaya and Myanmar
	Grey bush chat	Saxicola ferreus	Himalayas, southern China and Indochina
	Whinchat	Saxicola rubreta	western Palearctic ; winters to sub-Saharan Africa
	White-browed bush chat	Saxicola macrorhynchus	northwestern India
	White-bellied bush chat	Saxicola gutturalis	Timor
	Pied bush chat	Saxicola caprata	south-central Asia and Indomalaya
	White-throated bush chat	Saxicola insignis	mountains of western Mongolia ; winters in the Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands
	White-tailed stonechat	Saxicola leucurus	Indus valley, Himalayan foothills, northeast South Asia and Myanmar
	Amur stonechat	Saxicola stejnegeri	Manchuria, Korea and Japan ; winters to southern China and Indochina
	African stonechat	Saxicola torquatus	Afrotropics
	Réunion stonechat	Saxicola tectes	Réunion
	Siberian stonechat	Saxicola maurus	Siberia and eastern Alpide belt  ; winters to southern Asia
	European stonechat	Saxicola rubicola	Europe and North Africa ; winters to Middle East
	Canary Islands stonechat	Saxicola dacotiae	Fuerteventura

Formerly included in the genus Saxicola, but now treated in a separate genus:

• Splendid fairywren, as Saxicola splendens ^[13]
• Buff-streaked chat, as Saxicola bifasciatus ^[5]

Fossil record

• Saxicola lambrechti (Late Miocene of Polgardi, Hungary) ^[14]
• Saxicola baranensis (Pliocene of Beremend, Hungary) ^[14]
• Saxicola parva (Pliocene of Csarnota, Hungary) ^[14]
• Saxicola magna (Pliocene of Beremend, Hungary) ^[14]

References

1. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p.  349. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4..
2. Bechstein, Johann Matthäus (1802). Ornithologisches Taschenbuch von und für Deutschland, oder, Kurze Beschreibung aller Vögel Deutschlands für Liebhaber dieses Theils der Naturgeschichte (in German). Leipzig: Carl Friedrich Enoch Richter. p. 216.
3. Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 608. ISBN   978-0-9568611-2-2.
4. Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
5. del Hoyo, J; et al., eds. (2005). Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 10. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp.  786. ISBN   84-87334-72-5.
6. Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (1): 380–392. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57..380S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008. PMID   20656044.
7. Urquhart, E., & Bowley, A. (2002). Stonechats. A Guide to the Genus Saxicola. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN   0-7136-6024-4.
8. Wink, M.; Sauer-Gürth, H.; Gwinner, E. (2002). "Evolutionary relationships of stonechats and related species inferred from mitochondrial-DNA sequences and genomic fingerprinting" (PDF). British Birds. 95: 349–355. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-06-11. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
9. Woog, F.; Wink, M.; Rastegar-Pouyani, E.; Gonzalez, J.; Helm, B. (2008). "Distinct taxonomic position of the Madagascar stonechat (Saxicola torquatus sibilla) revealed by nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA". Journal of Ornithology. 149 (3): 423–430. Bibcode:2008JOrni.149..423W. doi: 10.1007/s10336-008-0290-1 .
10. Zink, R.M.; Pavlova, A.; Drovetski, S. V.; Wink, M.; Rohwer, S. (2009). "Taxonomic status and evolutionary history of the Saxicola torquata complex". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 52 (3): 769–773. Bibcode:2009MolPE..52..769Z. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.016. PMID   19464380.
11. David, N.; Gosselin, M. (2002). "The grammatical gender of avian genera". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 122: 257–282.
12. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (February 2025). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". IOC World Bird List Version 15.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 7 March 2025.
13. "Malurus splendens (Splendid Fairywren) - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
14. Kessler, E. (2013). "Neogene songbirds (Aves, Passeriformes) from Hungary". Hantkeniana. 8: 37–149.