Guided missiles of India

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India has studied, produced and used various strategic and tactical missile systems since its independence. Decades long projects have realised development of all types of missile systems including ballistic, cruise, anti-ship, air-defence, air-to-air and anti-missile systems. India is one of seven countries in the world with intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and one of four countries with anti-ballistic missile systems. Since 2016, India has been a member of Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).

Contents

The use of rockets for warfare in India has been recorded in as early as the 18th century. Mysorean rockets were the first iron-cased rockets in world that were successfully deployed for military use. Mysore's conflict with East India Company exposed British to the technology leading to development of Congreve rockets and introduction of rocketry in Europe. [1]

Research in missile technology resumed again after India's independence along with the weapons of mass destruction. Development of nuclear weapons was followed by various missile programs in 70s with development of various ballistic, cruise, surface-to-air, anti- ballistic missile and orbital launch systems. India conducted its first nuclear test and initiated with Project Devil as an attempt to reverse engineer Soviet surface-to-air missile SA-2 Guideline and Project Valiant to develop an intercontinental ballistic missile. However, it could not succeed and experience gained led to development of Prithvi series of short-range ballistic missiles. [2] [3] In early 80s, India conducted its first successful orbital launch [4] and synchronized its research institutions under IGMDP and successfully developed a series of strategic missile systems. [5] The project began in early 1980s and ended in 2008, after these strategic missiles were successfully developed. The last major missile developed under the program was the Agni 3 intermediate-range ballistic missile which was successfully tested on 9 July 2007. Since then, India has developed, tested, operationalized, and is developing several missile systems that are limited to only a handful of countries including ICBMs, ASATs, SLBMs and hypersonic weapon systems. Threats posed by enemy missile systems led to the pursuit of Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Programme.

In 2017, India produced most of defined MTCR defined missile technologies required to be integrated to produce most missile systems. [6] As per G Satheesh Reddy, India achieved complete self reliance in missile technology. [7]

History

Kingdom of Mysore

Tipu Sultan's troops rout the British using rockets in 1780 at the Battle of Guntur. The closely massed, British troops broke and ran when the Mysore army laid down a rocket barrage in their midst. Rocket warfare.jpg
Tipu Sultan's troops rout the British using rockets in 1780 at the Battle of Guntur. The closely massed, British troops broke and ran when the Mysore army laid down a rocket barrage in their midst.

Mysorean rockets were the first iron-cased rockets that were successfully deployed for military use. Kingdom of Mysore utilised them effectively in the conflicts against the British East India Company. In addition, wheeled rocket launchers capable of launching five to ten rockets almost simultaneously were used in war. These rockets were re-engineered as Congreve rockets by British opening the door of development of advanced rocketry further in Europe. [1]

Post-independence

Indian government constituted a teamd Special Weapons Development Team in 1958 to study guided missile systems. [8]

The phase-I of missile program was limited to development of a first generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) by DRDO. Liquid fuel rocket engines based on Soviet missile system SA-2 were developed. Despite the overall failure of DRDO to develop a reliable ATGM, Indian laboratories had established facilities useful for machining and fabricating various parts of missile systems including gyroscopes, actuators, silver oxide-zinc batteries, booster and sustainer motors, air frame hard- ware such as fiberglass wings, ground launcher mechanisms, and wire spool winding and reeling mechanisms. India later excepted the French offer to produce SS-11B anti-tank guided missiles in 1970s. In another phase initiated in 1970s, Project Devil to reverse engineer Soviet SA-2 Guideline and Project Valiant to develop an Inter-continental ballistic missile too ended up with limited success but imparting experience and facilities for further research on missiles and space rockets. DRDO simultaneously focused on building a guidance package – an essential part of a long-range missile that determines its path and accuracy to hit a target. A platform-based inertial navigation system (INS) was developed and tested, on board an Avro aircraft, in 1974–75. Subsequently, an INS was built for both missiles and an aircraft, and this was tested in 1979 on board a Canberra aircraft. [9] [8] Decade of 1980s witnessed India gaining significant grounds in rocket technology and various technology demonstration programs began which became the basis of modern rocket systems in India. DRDL had developed competencies in the fields of propulsion, navigation and manufacture of materials. Indian Space Research Organisation had successfully tested India's first orbital rocket SLV-3 in 1980 whose first stage was used in Agni-TD ballistic missile for technological demonstration of Agni missile family. This subsequently led to the birth of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program and Dr. Abdul Kalam, who had previously been the project director for the SLV-3 programme at ISRO, was inducted as the DRDL Director in 1983 to conceive and lead it. He decided that DRDL would pursue multiple projects in this area simultaneously. Thus, four projects were born under the IGMDP; Short-range surface-to-surface missile (code-named Prithvi), Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile (code-named Trishul), Medium-range surface-to-air missile (code-named Akash) and Third-generation anti-tank missile (code-named Nag). [10]

The Agni missile was initially conceived in the IGMDP as a technology demonstrator project in the form of a re-entry vehicle, and was later upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges. [11] As part of this program, the Interim Test Range at Balasore in Orissa was also developed for missile testing. [12]

The fourth phase of India's missile program stretched from mid-1990s to early 21st century. The phase has witnessed limited series production of DRDO's missiles and their deployment in battlefields. DRDO further embarked on programs in developing submarine-launched ballistic missile Sagarika, cruise missiles BrahMos, naval variant of Prithvi Dhanush. Spanning from 1970s to 2000s, India's missile programs have transitioned into a self-sustaining character. [13] Over the period from then, India has made improvements in technology of its missile systems and has produced many missile systems including ICBMs, anti-ballistic missiles, air-to-air missiles, cruise missiles and other systems.

Diplomatic and technological hurdles

After India test-fired the first Prithvi missile in 1988, and the Agni missile in 1989, the Missile Technology Control Regime (then an informal grouping established in 1987 by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States) decided to restrict access to any technology that would help India in its missile development program. Some of the major technology which was denied, included:

To counter the MTCR, the IGMDP team formed a consortium of DRDO laboratories, industries and academic institutions to build these sub-systems, components and materials. Though this slowed down the progress of the program, India successfully developed indigenously all the restricted components denied to it by the MTCR. [12]

In 2011, the DRDO Chief V K Saraswat had stated that "indigenous content" in India's strategic missiles had gone up to such a level, with ring-laser gyros, composite rocket motors, micro-navigation systems etc., that "no technology control regime" could derail them any longer. [14]

Missile Programs and Series

Abandoned programs

DRDO Anti Tank Missile

In 1959, Indian agencies conducted feasibility study to develop a first generation wire guided anti-tank missile.DRDO Anti Tank Missile. [15] Sino-Indian war in 1962 induced the government to fund the project. [16] [17] Designing and wind tunnel tests went on to develop an ATGM of a range of 0.5 to 2 km with flight speed of about 90 m/s. [15] The missile was terminated eventually in 1969 once Indian army upgraded its requirements of an ATGM of range from 1.6 km to 2 km. [15] [18]

Project Devil: Surface to Air Missile

The aim of Project Devil was to reverse engineer Soviet SA-2 Guideline missile to produce an indigenous short-range surface-to-air missile. The program initially waned in favour of Project Valiant but was revived later after 1974. Although DRDL had developed and tested various systems for the missile, it later was completely cancelled in 1980 due to disputes between officials and technologies were utilised in other missile programs. [19] [20]

Project Valiant: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

Project Valiant was one of two early liquid-fuelled missile projects developed by India, along with Project Devil in the 1970s. The goal of Project Valiant was to produce an ICBM with 30 tonne engines and a range of 8,000 km (5,000 mi). Valiant missile was envisaged as an 85 tonnes liquid fueled three-staged ICBM. The missile although could reach near the stages of grounding testing, DRDO's interest in program waned due to internal disputes. ISRO was later approached with an offer to use missile for civilian uses which they declined leading to overall closure of the project. [21] [20] [3] Although discontinued in 1974 without achieving full success, Project Valiant, like Project Devil, helped in the development of the Prithvi missile in the 1980s. [22] Though never reached fruition, the projects were important precursors to the Prithvi missile developed in the 1980s. [23]

Trishul

Trishul was a short-range surface-to-air missile to be used against low flying and sea-skimming targets. The range of the missile is 12 km and is fitted with a 15 kg warhead. The overall weight of the missile is 130 kg. Due to delay in development time and various deficiencies, Trishul could never enter production and service beyond testing and was substituted by Israeli Barak 1 missile. The project was officially closed in 2008 and DRDO embarked on more surface-to-air missile programs later. [24]

Successful and ongoing programs

Integrated Guided Missile Development Program

The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was a Ministry of Defence (India) programme for the research and development of a comprehensive range of missiles. The program was managed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Ordnance Factories Board in partnership with other Indian government research organisations. The program envisaged development of five strategic systems. Prithvi series of short ranged ballistic missiles, Trishul low altitude, short-range surface-to-air missile, Akash medium-range surface-to-air missile and Nag third generation anti-tank guided missile followed by Agni series of medium and long-range ballistic missiles. [5] [25] The project began in early 1980s and ended in 2008 after these strategic missiles were successfully developed. The last major missile developed under the program was the Agni 3 intermediate-range ballistic missile which was successfully tested on 9 July 2007. [26]

On 8 January 2008, the DRDO formally announced the successful completion of the IGMDP. [5] It added that the strategic integrated guided missile program was completed with its design objectives achieved since most of the missiles in the program had been developed and inducted by the Indian armed forces. [27]

Further variants of Prithvi missile, Akash-NG, Agni-IV, Agni-V, Agni-VI and Agni based K missile family went ahead later as independent projects.

Akash

Akash is a medium-range mobile surface-to-air missile system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ordnance Factories Board and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) in India. [28] [29] The missile system can target aircraft, cruise missiles, air to surface missiles and ballistic missiles up to 30 km to 60  km away, at altitudes up to 18,000 m. [30] [31] [32] [33] Variants like Akash-1S and Akash-NG have longer ranges, higher accuracy, higher mobility and lower reaction time. [34] [35]

Anti-tank missiles

Nag, also referred as Prospina, is the currently serving third generation "Fire-and-forget" anti-tank guided missile developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP). Nag has been developed at a cost of ₹3 billion (US$35.9 million). [36] Nag has an operational range from 500 m to 20 km (12 mi) and first shot hit probability exceeding 90%. [37] Nag also has its man-portable, helicopter mounted, Stand-off and IFV mounted versions. [38]

Besides Nag, BDL's Amogha series is currently undergoing trials and will have land-attack, man-portable and air-launched variants. [39] [40] Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) is testing a laser-guided, tank gun-launched SAMHO missile able to destroy tanks and low-flying helicopters. [41] Besides state-run programmes, Indian private firms have been emerging with ATGM systems.

Tactical ballistic missiles

Prithvi missiles were tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missiles (SRBM) and were first ballistic missiles to be developed and enter service in India. It goes from Prithvi-I (SS-150) with 150 km (93 mi) range to Prithvi-II (SS-250) and Prithvi-III (SS-350) with ranges of up to 350 km (220 mi). [42] Dhanush or navalised Prithvi is a system consisting of a stabilisation platform (Bow) and the Missile (Arrow). It is intended for the Indian Navy, to be fired from ships against other ships or land targets. Dhanush can fire modified versions of Prithvi-II or Prithvi-III with ranges high as 750 km (470 mi). [43]

Solid fueled Prahar and Pranash are being tested to replace existing Prithvi missiles. [44] Export variant "Pragati" was exhibited in South Korea in 2013 but didn't receive any orders. [45] [46] Pralay is another battlefield range ballistic missile with better range being developed from PDV anti-ballistic missile. [47]

Agni series and Surya

Agni-V ICBM Agni-V flight test on 3 July 2018 (3).jpg
Agni-V ICBM

The Agni missile series began as a "Re-Entry Vehicle" project (later rechristened as Agni Technology Demonstrator) in the IGMDP. It subsequently gave rise to the series of India's medium-range, intermediate-range and intercontinental ballistic missiles. Agni-I, Agni-II and Agni-III missiles were developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. [5]

Longer range Agni-IV and Agni-V with intercontinental ranges and MIRV emerged in early 2010s as separate projects. [48]

Agni-P, an upgraded successor of Agni-I and Agni-II, was tested in 2021 with ability to carry maneuverable reentry vehicle (MaRV). Agni-P has improved propellant, navigation and guided systems and reportedly can be used as an ASBM against aircraft carriers. [49]

Agni-VI is another Intercontinental ballistic missile reported to be in rudimentary stages of development by India, and until May 2012 was not officially confirmed by either the Government of India or the DRDO. [50] Reportedly, it will be able to be launched from submarines or from land and to strike a target of over 10,000 km (6,200 mi) [50] with MIRV-ed warheads. [51] Top DRDO scientists have previously asserted that India has almost all the equipment and technology needed to develop ICBMs, "but where the warhead should go or what the range should be will have to be a political call". [52] In 1995 in a report published by magazine Nonproliferation review, DRDO was working on an ICBM called Surya with a range of 12,000–16,000 km (7,500–9,900 mi). Although, the actual status of missile always remained unknown in public domain. [53] Sources have speculated that Agni-VI might be Surya under new codename. [54]

Later, Agni-V would go on to acquire MIRV capabilities [55] [56]

K series

K (named after Abdul Kalam) are submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) of India. SLBM variants of Agni missiles meant to arm India's nuclear submarines, their ranges vary from medium-range K-15 to intercontinental range K-6 (missile). [57]

The Shaurya missile is a land attack variant of K-15 missile. The missile has a hypersonic speed and a hybrid ballistic-cruise trajectory. [58]

BrahMos

BrahMos (also known as PJ-10) are supersonic to hypersonic cruise missiles developed in collaboration between India and Russia. BrahMos have land attack, ship and submarine-launched and air-launched versions and are the fastest cruise missiles in world in operation. The existing versions of missiles include supersonic land-attack, anti-ship ship-launched versions meanwhile longer range, hypersonic and air-launched versions are under development. [59] [60]

Other cruise missile programs

Nirbhay is the Indian long-range subsonic cruise missile under development and testing, expecting its air and submarine-launched version after trials. It was successfully test fired for second time from Balasore Orissa. Able to travel at speed of 0.6-0.9 mach. However, its test on 12 October 2020 failed due to a technical snag. It has succeeded in other tests before and has been approved for limited production in 2020. An upgraded version of the missile is reportedly under development. It is currently deployed on LAC in limited numbers since 2020 due to 2020 China-India standoff. [61] [62]

Nirbhay project is now technically closed after completing six developmental trials. The next phase of tests will happen from April 2020 under a new name called Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile (ITCM). It will include Short Turbo Fan Engine (STFE) developed by Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) and a Radio-frequency (RF) seeker from Research Centre Imarat (RCI). A separate air-launched variant and submarine-launched variant is under active development. Several cruise missile systems are expected to be introduced from experience gained with Nirbhay. [63]

Astra

Astra are India's fifth-generation beyond-visual-range active radar homing air-to-air missile series. [64] The current version in service has a range from 10 km (6.2 mi) to 110 km (68 mi) similar to AIM-120 AMRAAM while versions up to 350 km (220 mi) and intermediate ranges are being developed. [65]

A surface-to-air missile variant VL-SRSAM has also been developed from Astra to replace Indian navy's Barak 1 missiTN1 With supplementary Akash missile systems along, it forms a surface-to-air missile system similar to American NASAM 2. [65]

Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme

AAD anti-ballistic missile Advanced Air Defence interceptor test on 28 December 2017.jpg
AAD anti-ballistic missile

In wake of missile threats from China and Pakistan, the development of anti-ballistic missiles began in the late 1990s. The program consists of multiple phases and components. Phase-I of program is a double-tiered system consisting of two land and sea-based interceptor missiles, namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for high altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched from 5,000 kilometres away. [66] The system also includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars, as well as command and control posts. [67] Phase-I is awaiting government's approval for installation over national capital. [68] Phase-II would include more potent AD-1 and AD-2 anti-ballistic missiles capable of engaging without IRBMs, ICBMs and hypersonic cruise missiles. Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) Mk. 1 and II are also under trials to intercept missiles at higher altitude and longer ranges and replace existing PAD. [69] PDV Mk. 2 has also demonstrated anti-satellite capability. [70]

Other systems

Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) is a technology demonstrator aimed to demonstrate autonomous flight of a Scramjet Integrated Vehicle using ethylene. The technology is expected to become the basis of India's hypersonic missiles and aircraft in future. [71] India has developed an Anti-Radiation Missile (ARM) that will help to destroy enemy advance warning systems. This was named as Rudram-1, with a range of 100–250 km. [72] Production of the ARM is being done on a priority basis by the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), which specialises in missile development. Such missiles can be mounted on the Sukhoi Su-30 MKI fighter planes. [73]

List of guided missiles

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Air to air

FamilyNameTypeMaximum rangeSpeedWarheadIntroductionStatusRef
Astra (missile) Astra Mk1 active radar homing beyond visual range air-to-air missile 110 km (68 mi)Mach 4.5 High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead 2018In Service [74] [75]
Astra Mk2 active radar homing beyond visual range air-to-air missile 160 km (99 mi) High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead TBDIn trials [76] [77] [78]
Astra Mk3 active radar homing beyond visual range air-to-air missile 350 km (220 mi) High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead TBDIn trials [76]
Novator KS-172 beyond visual range air-to-air missile 200 to 300 km (120 to 190 mi)Mach 3.3High-explosive fragmentated directional warhead2007In Service [79]
Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology demonstration testbed for future beyond visual range missile air-to-air missile 350 km (220 mi)Mach 4.5 [80] TBDIn trials [81] [82]
MICA (missile) beyond visual range air-to-air missile 500 m to 60 kmMach 42012In service [83]

Anti-radiation

NameTypeMaximum rangeWarheadIntroductionStatusRef
Rudram-1 Anti-radiation missile 150 km (93 mi) [84] Conventional2022In service [85]
Rudram-2 Air to surface anti-radiation missile300 km (190 mi)ConventionalTBDUnder development [86]
Rudram-3 Air to surface missile550 km (340 mi)ConventionalTBDUnder development [87]

Anti-satellite

Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2 Launch of DRDO's Ballistic Missile Defence interceptor missile for an ASAT test on 27 March 2019.jpg
Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2
FamilyNameTypeInterception altitudeWarheadIntroductionStatusRef
Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark II Exo-atmospheric Hit-to-kill anti-ballistic missile 1,200 km (750 mi) Kinetic kill vehicle UnknownBeing tested [88]

Anti-ship

FamilyNameTypeMaximum rangeWarheadIntroductionStatusRef
NASM-SR Short-range anti-ship missile55+ kmConventional or nuclear 100 kgTBDIn user trials [89] [90]
Naval anti ship missile -MR Medium-range anti-ship missile150–250 kmConventional 150 kgTBDIn development [89] [90]
BrahMos Brahmos-AAnti-ship cruise missile400 kmConventional or nuclearIn Service

Anti-submarine

FamilyNameTypeMaximum rangeWarheadIntroductionStatusRef
SMART Long-range anti-submarine missile643+ kmConventional 50 kgTBDIn development [91]

Anti-tank

FamilyNameTypeMaximum rangeWarheadIntroductionStatusRef
Nag (missile) Prospina Third generation land-attack ATGM 4 km (2.5 mi) Tandem-charge high-explosive anti-tank 2016In service [92]
HeliNa/Dhruvastra Air-launched ATGM 10 km (6.2 mi)TBDBeing Inducted [93]
Stand off Anti-Tank missile Standoff air-launched ATGM 20 km (12 mi)TBDDevelopment trials [94]
MPATGM Man-portable anti-tank missile 2.5 km (1.6 mi)TBDDevelopmental trials [95]
Amogha missile Amogha-1 Second-generation anti-tank guided missile2.8 km (1.7 mi) HEAT TBDDevelopmental trials [96]
Air-launched AmoghaAir-launched anti-tank missile HEAT TBDProposed [97]
Man portable Amogha Man-portable anti-tank missile HEAT TBDProposed [97]
SAMHO Cannon-launched ATGM 5 km (3.1 mi) Tandem HEAT TBDDevelopmental trials [98] [99] [100]

Ballistic

FamilyNameTypeMaximum rangeWarheadIntroductionStatusRef
Prithvi (missile) Prithvi-I (SS-150) surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 150 km (93 mi)Conventional or nuclear1994Being withdrawn by 2030 [101]
Prithvi-II (SS-250) surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile 250 to 350 km (160 to 220 mi)Conventional or nuclear2003Being withdrawn by 2030 [102]
Prithvi-III (SS-350) surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile 350 to 600 km (220 to 370 mi)Conventional or nuclear2004In Service [103]
Dhanush surface-to-surface anti-ship ballistic missile 350 to 750 km (220 to 470 mi)Conventional or nuclear2018In Service [104]
Agni (missile) Agni-I surface-to-surface medium-range ballistic missile 900 to 1,200 km (560 to 750 mi)Conventional or nuclear2002In Service [105]
Agni-P surface-to-surface medium-range ballistic missile 1,000 to 2,000 km (620 to 1,240 mi)Conventional or nuclear2021In development [106]
Agni-II surface-to-surface medium-range ballistic missile 2,000 to 3,500 km (1,200 to 2,200 mi)Conventional or nuclear2010In Service [107]
Agni-III surface-to-surface intermediate-range ballistic missile 3,500 to 5,000 km (2,200 to 3,100 mi)Conventional or nuclear2011In Service [108]
Agni-IV surface-to-surface intermediate-range ballistic missile 4,000 km (2,500 mi)Conventional or nuclear2014In Service [109]
Agni-V surface-to-surface intercontinental ballistic missile 5,500 to 8,000 km (3,400 to 5,000 mi)Conventional or nuclear2018In Service [110]
Agni-VI surface-to-surface intercontinental ballistic missile 10,000 to 12,000 km (6,200 to 7,500 mi)Conventional or nuclearTBDIn development [111]
Surya missile surface-to-surface intercontinental ballistic missile 16,000 km (9,900 mi)Conventional or nuclearUnknownUnconfirmed [112]
K missile family K-15 (Sagarika) short-range submarine-launched ballistic missile 750 km (470 mi)Conventional or nuclear2018In Service [113]
K-4 medium-range submarine-launched ballistic missile 3,500 km (2,200 mi)Conventional or nuclearTBDIn Service [114]
K-5 intermediate-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (IR-SLBM)5,000 km (3,100 mi)Conventional or nuclearTBDIn development [115]
K-6 intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile (IC-SLBM)6,000 to 8,000 km (3,700 to 5,000 mi)Conventional or nuclearTBDIn development [115]
Prahaar Prahaar surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 150 km (93 mi)Conventional or nuclearTBDIn trials [116]
Pragati surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 170 km (110 mi)Conventional—
(For export)		In development [117] [118]
Pranash surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 200 km (120 mi)ConventionalTBDIn development [119]
Pralay surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile (SRBM)500 km (310 mi)ConventionalTBDIn service [120]

Cruise

FamilyNameTypeMaximum rangeSpeedWarheadIntroductionStatusRef
BrahMos BrahMos Block ISupersonic ship-launched anti-ship / land-attack cruise missile290 km (180 mi)Mach 3Conventional or nuclear2007In service [121]
Supersonic land-launched land-attack / anti-ship cruise missile290 km (180 mi)2008/2010In service
BrahMos Block IISupersonic land-launched land-attack cruise missile290 km (180 mi)2012In service
BrahMos Block IIISupersonic land-launched land-attack cruise missile290 km (180 mi)2013In service
BrahMos-ASupersonic air-launched land-attack / anti-ship cruise missile400 km (250 mi)2020In service
Submarine-launched BrahMosSupersonic submarine-launched anti-ship / land-attack cruise missile290 km (180 mi)2013In service
BrahMos ERMulti-platform multirole supersonic cruise missile600 km (370 mi)2022In service
BrahMos NGMulti-platform multirole supersonic cruise missile290 km (180 mi)TBDIn development
BrahMos-II Hypersonic cruise missile600–1,000 km (370–620 mi)Mach 8Conventional or nuclearTBDIn development [60]
Nirbhay (missile) Subsonic land-attack cruise missile1,000–1,500 km (620–930 mi)Mach 0.9Conventional or nuclear2019In service [122] [61]

Surface-to-air

FamilyNameTypeMaximum rangeInterception altitudeSpeedWarheadIntroductionStatusRef
VSHORAD (India) Very short-range surface-to-air missile 6 km (3.7 mi)3.5 km (2.2 mi)Mach 1.5High explosiveIn development trials [123]
Trishul (missile) Short-range surface-to-air missile 9 km (5.6 mi)Mach 1+High explosive1983Retired [24]
Akash (missile) Akash Mk IMedium-range surface-to-air missile 30 km (19 mi)18 km (11 mi)Mach 2.8-3.5 High-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead2009In service [124]
Akash Mk II40 km (25 mi)20 km (12 mi) High-explosive, pre-fragmented warheadTBADevelopmental trials [125]
Akash-NG 70 km (43 mi)20 km (12 mi) High-explosive, pre-fragmented warheadTBADevelopmental trials [126] [127] [128]
Maitri (missile) Quick reaction surface-to-air missile30 km (19 mi)The proposal has been shelved and superseded by the QRSAM and VL-SRSAM missiles for the use of the Indian Army and Indian Navy respectively.
QRSAM Quick reaction surface-to-air missile30 km (19 mi)10 km (6.2 mi)2022Being inducted [129]
VL-SRSAM Short-range surface-to-air missile50 km (31 mi) High-explosive, pre-fragmented warheadBeing tested [130]
SAMAR Air Defence System Short-range surface-to-air missile12–40 km (7.5–24.9 mi) High-explosive, pre-fragmented warheadIn use [131] [132]
Barak 8 MRSAMMedium-range surface-to-air missile 70 km

(43 mi)

16 km (9.9 mi)Mach 2+Proximity censor based2020In service [133]
LRSAMLong-range surface-to-air missile 100 km

(62 mi)

16 km (9.9 mi)Proximity censor based2019In service [134]
S-400400 km
ER-SAMExtended-range surface-to-air missile 250 km (160 mi)High explosiveTBDIn development
XR-SAM Long-range surface-to-air missile 400 km (250 mi)High explosiveTBDIn development [135] [136]

Ballistic Missile Defence

FamilyNameTypeMaximum rangeInterception altitudeSpeedWarheadIntroductionStatusRef
Phase I of Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme Prithvi Air Defence Exo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 300 km (190 mi)-2,000 km (1,200 mi)50 km (31 mi)-180 km (110 mi) [137] Mach 5+ Proximity fuze 2006Being inducted [138]
Advanced Air Defence Endo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 150 km (93 mi)15 km (9.3 mi)-40 km (25 mi) [137] Mach 4.5 Hit-to-kill 2007Being inducted [139]
Prithvi Defence Vehicle [ broken anchor ]Exo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 2,000 km (1,200 mi)150 km (93 mi) Hit-to-kill 2019In trials [140]
Phase II of Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark-II Exo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 1,200 km (750 mi) Hit-to-kill TBDDevelopmental trials [141]
AD-1Anti-ballistic missile5,000 km (3,100 mi) [142] TBA Hit-to-kill TBDIn development [143] [144]
AD-2Anti-ballistic missileTBATBA Hit-to-kill TBDIn development

Other systems

FamilyNameTypeMaximum rangeSpeedWarheadIntroductionStatusRef
K missile family Shaurya (missile) Hypersonic surface to surface tactical missile700 km (430 mi)Mach 7.5Conventional or nuclear2011In service [145]
Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle Testbed for development of hypersonic systemsMach 12—2019Being tested [146]

Guided and unguided rocket systems

FamilyNameTypeMaximum rangeSpeedWarheadIntroductionStatusRef
Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher Pinaka Mk I Multiple rocket launcher 40 km (25 mi)Various1998In service [147]
Pinaka Mk II/Guided Pinaka90 km (56 mi)VariousTBAIn trials [148]
Indian long-range MRL Multiple rocket launcher 120 km (75 mi)VariousTBDIn development [149]

Research and development organisations

Current missile research and development in India happens under the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), and a group of laboratories collectively called the Missile Complex Laboratories. [150]

See also

Notes and references

Citations

  • Kampani, Gaurav (2003). "Stakeholders in the Indian Strategic Missile Program" (PDF). Non-proliferation Review. 10 (3). James Martin Center for Non-Proliferation Studies: 48–70 – via Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey.

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