Hyesan (Korean pronunciation:[he.san]) is a city in the northern part of Ryanggang province of North Korea. It is a hub of river transportation as well as a product distribution centre. It is also the administrative centre of Ryanggang Province. As of 2008, the population of the city is 192,680.
Around the 1940s, this city included the nearby Paektu Mountains. However, due to several changes, the area of this city was reduced, and now it only includes the nearby Yalu River.
Due to the division between the two Koreas, Hyesan is also claimed by South Korea, following the boundaries of 1940s, not the one used by North Korea. Therefore, according to South Korea, Hyesan still includes the nearby Paektu Mountains.
South Korea has a conflict with the People's Republic of China because of the Paekdu Mountains. The mountain is actually divided in two: the south parts are ruled by North Korea while the north parts are ruled by the PRC. However, South Korea still claims the northern parts. It is not officially claimed, but on maps printed by South Korea, it is de facto claimed. The People's Republic of China claims the entire mountain.
History
Originally a village in Goguryeo, and Balhae, it was lost to the Jurchen (Manchu) tribes after the fall of Balhae in 982. Recaptured in the 3rd year of King Gongmin (1391) of Goryeo from the Jurchens during the anarchy following the fall of Yuan dynasty, its permanent garrison was established by King Sejong of Joseon in 1430s. The Joseon military fortress and settlement named "혜산진(惠山鎭)" is the forerunner of the modern city and its name. It has retained its original military border garrison roots throughout the Joseon dynasty, and to this day.
The city was a main border trafficking town between North Korea and China throughout late 20th century and early 21st century. Kim Jong Un conducted its first full lockdown in November of 2020 during the Covid-19 crisis, and has since increased the border security to prevent illegal cross-border traffic between North Korea and China.[2]
Hyesan has lumber processing mills, paper mills and textile mills. Since the North Korean economic crisis that intensified in the mid-1990s, the city has suffered from economic stagnation, and some factories in the city have closed. Reports and pictures taken from the Chinese side of the river show a "Ghost City": there is almost no movement in the streets, and at night the city is dark and doesn't have electricity. Residents of the city reputedly wash their clothes in the river because homes have no running water.
First explored in the 1960s, Hyesan mine produces 10,000 tons of copper concentrates annually. This area has 80% of North Korea's available copper, and the North had estimated that it will be able to continue mining copper there for the next forty years. When Kapsan Tongjum Mine, explored during the Japanese colonial period, was finally depleted and closed in 1990, Hyesan Mine became the lifeline of the nation's copper production. At that time, the mine flooded because the pumping device stopped operating due to the lack of electricity across the country. Although the workers at the mine did their best to pump the water, they could not stop the water flowing into the mine at a speed of 480m3/hour. In 1996, during the North's 'Arduous March', electricity was not provided to the mine, leading to flooding in the mineshafts in January 1997. Hyesan Mine flooded again, as did other mines throughout the country, and lost all mining facilities. Since 1998, Kim Jong Il budgeted 8.2 million USD to dewater the mine, and the mine was recovered using electricity and equipment provided by China.
Hyesan allegedly[by whom?] has a trolleybus system, though its actual existence is unknown.[6]
Education
Schools in Hyesan include Hyesan High School and Hyesan Girls' School. Higher education institutions include the Hyesan Medical University, the Hyesan University of Agriculture and Forestry, Kim Jŏng-suk College of Education, the Hyesan College of Light Engineering, and the Hyesan University of Industry.
↑ "Station 47016 Hyesan". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
↑ "Station Hyesan" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
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