Kanhaiya Misl Kanaihya Misal | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1748–1801 | |||||||||||
| Capital | Sohian (initial) Batala (later) Mukerian (later) | ||||||||||
| Common language | Punjabi | ||||||||||
| Religion | |||||||||||
| Sardar | |||||||||||
• 1748–1789 | Jai Singh Kanhaiya | ||||||||||
• 1789–1801 | Sada Kaur | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||||||
• Split from Singhpuria Misl | 1748 | ||||||||||
• Merged into the Sikh Empire | 1801 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | Pakistan, India | ||||||||||
| Misls of the Sikh Confederacy |
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The KanhaiyaMisl was one of the twelve misls of the Sikh Confederacy. It had been founded by Sandhu Jats. [1]
Jai Singh Sandhu (son of Khushal Singh) of the village Kanha (district Lahore) was the founder of this Misl; hence the misl came to known as Kanhaiya Misl; another founder leader of this Misl was Amar Singh of Kingra village. [2] Jai Singh and his brother Jhanda Singh had got initiation from the jatha of (Nawab) Kapur Singh; when all the Sikh Jathas were organised into 11 Misls, Jai Singh’s jatha was named as Kanhaiya Misl. [3]
Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya, Jeewan Singh, Tara Singh and Mehtab Singh (all four from village Julka, about 6 km from village Kanha) too were senior generals of this Misl.
Adina Beg Khan was the Viceroy of the Punjab from May to September 1758. Known for his strict rule, he sought to stop any disturbances brought on by Sikhs. He did this by sending a military force led by Mir Aziz to hunt them out. As a result, a number of Sikh leaders sought shelter in the mud fort of Ram Rauni in Amritsar, including Nand Singh Sanghania, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, and Jai Singh Kanhaiya. After that, Mir Aziz's army besieged the fort in an effort to crush the Sikh Misls. Jai Singh Kanhaiya launched many attacks on the besieging army during the siege. He made several charges while mounted on a swift horse, sliding by the attackers before turning back toward the fort. Even though he encountered resistance throughout these movements, he was always able to go back to the fort. [4]
At first, Jai Singh Kanaihya and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia remained close, working together on a number of military operations against the Afghans and the Mughals. The two Sardars, however, disputed on how to divide the looted plunder after the sack of Kasur. Jai Singh and Hari Singh Dhillon later became tense with one another, which resulted in a fight close to Eminabad. Neither side won a clear win, and the combat ended inconclusively. [5]
In 1774, the Kanhaiya Misl got involved in a struggle between Ranjit Dev and his oldest son, Brij Raj Dev, over the succession to Jammu. The conflict started when Brij Raj Dev tried to protect Ranjit Dev's inheritance and he preferred his younger son, Dalel Singh, as his successor. Charat Singh Sukerchakia and Jai Singh Kanhaiya decided to support Brij Raj Dev's claim when he sought allies. Sukerchakia and Kanhaiya Misls' combined troops invaded Jammu, establishing a camp east of the river. Ranjit Dev organized his own army, collaborating with Jhanda Singh Bhangi's forces. [6]
The fighting went on for a while until Charat Singh perished when as his own revolver exploded, striking him in the forehead. The allies struggled to hold onto their position against the formidable Bhangi Chief after losing Charat Singh. Jai Singh Kanhaiya, aware of their fragile situation, used a loyal operative to assassinate Jhanda Singh Dhillon to shift power. After the Bhangi leader's death, Kanhiya strengthened the Kanhaiya Misl, allowing the area to settle under Ganda Singh, Jhanda Singh's successor. [7]
After Jhanda Singh's death, the rivalry between Bhangi and Kanhaiya misls resurfaced, causing issues for Ganda Singh. The dispute over Jhanda Singh's grant of Pathankot to Nand Singh escalated. Nand Singh's widow proposed to Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya for Pathankot and her daughter, but Tara Singh, a Kanhaiya Misl relative, seized the land under doubtful circumstances. After marrying the daughter, Tara Singh murdered both and claimed the territory. [8]
The Kanhaiya Misl rejected Ganda Singh's petition for the restitution of Pathankot after this act outraged him. In order to oppose the Kanhaiyas, Ganda Singh Dhillon allied up with Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and other regional leaders, such as Ranjit Dev of Jammu. Along with the Sukerchakias and Ahluwalias, the Kanhaiya Misl organized themselves for the conflict.
Throughout ten days, the two forces engaged in a continuous and violent battle at Dinanagar. When Ganda Singh unexpectedly passed away from sickness, the Bhangis' circumstances drastically changed. The Bhangi troops became insecure after his death and the subsequent death of his nephew Charat Singh, and they ultimately left the battlefield. Due to unclear leadership and low morale among the Bhangi allies, the Kanhaiya Misl and its alliance held their ground and won the war. [9]
In September 1778, the Kanhaiya and Ramgarhia Misls clashed over revenue in Upper Bari Doab and Upper Jullundur Doab. Jai Singh Kanhaiya, with the help of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, fell on Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's stronghold at Sri Hargobindpur. The latter resisted stubbornly, but was forced to withdraw. Batala was under the possession of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's brother Mali Singh, whom Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya besieged, his harsh governance disliked by locals who turned supporters to Kanhaiyas led its city capture and hence was established as the administrator in Gurbaksh Singh. The Kanhaiya and Ahluwalia troops moved on to Kalanaur, which was held by Tara Singh Ramgarhia; after his defeat and death, Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya took control, strengthening their hold over the former Ramgarhia territories in Trans-Sutlej. [10]
In the late 18th-century struggle for the Kangra fort, the Kanhaiya Misl played a crucial role. The region was previously ruled by Rajput lords of the Katoch line. Under Mughal rule, the fort was located 50 meters above the Ban Ganga. During Ahmad Shah Durrani's rule, Ghamand Chand Katoch ruled, while Saif Ali Khan remained in charge. [11]
In 1782, Raja Sansar Chand Katoch sought help from Jai Singh Kanhiya to take over Kangra fort. Jai Singh sent Gurbakhsh Singh and Baghel Singh to assist in the siege. After Saif Ali Khan's death, Jiwan Khan took over as defender. Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya recommended financial and jagir benefits to Jiwan Khan for a peaceful surrender, but followed a different strategy. He personally paid Jiwan Khan a substantial fee in a secretive deal to persuade him to let the Kanhaiya soldiers enter the fort. This move shocked and infuriated Raja Sansar Chand as Gurbakhsh Singh was able to seize control of the fort. After it, the Kanhaiya Misl took control of the whole Kangra area, dominating it all the way to Palampur. [12]
Following Maha Singh's Sack of Jammu, a disagreement over booty distribution led to a war between Jai Singh Kanhaiya and Maha Singh Sukarchakia. Kanhaiya criticized Mahan Singh for hoarding wealth, while Maha Singh Sukerchakia rejected his attempts to please him, leading to retribution. When Mahan Singh started preparing for battle, Jai Singh retaliated by attacking a number of Mahan Singh-controlled areas, including as Mandiala and Rasulpur. This sparked a string of clashes that ended with Jai Singh's loss and withdrawal across the Beas River in the Battle of Majitha. Maha Singh, with increased strength, formed alliances with Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and Raja Sansar Chand. The final battle of Achal resulted from allied forces pushing on Jai Singh's fortress, Batala. Jai Singh lost his son, Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya, in the struggle. After the defeat, he disarmed and left himself vulnerable to enemy fire. Opponents chose not to strike further, respecting the experienced leader. [13]
When Jai Singh died in 1789, his daughter-in-law Sada Kaur succeeded him. [14] The Kanhaiya Misl's widowed leader, Sada Kaur, was instrumental in forming Punjab's political climate. Sada Kaur demonstrated strategic insight by convincing her father-in-law, Jai Singh Kanhaiya, to set up a matrimonial match between Mehtab Kaur, her only daughter, and Ranjit Singh, the young Sukerchakia Misl heir. Formally established in 1796, this alliance coupled the Kanhaiya Misl's success to that of Ranjit Singh, the new leader. [15]
Sobha Singh, one of the triumvirates who ruled over Lahore in the late 18th century prior to the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, was from the Kanhaiya Misl. [16]
The Sukerchakia Misl was one of twelve Sikh misls in Punjab during the 18th century, concentrated in Gujranwala and Hafizabad districts in western Punjab and ruled from (1752–1801). The misl, or grouping with its own guerilla militia (jatha), was founded by Charat Singh of Sandhawalia, grandfather of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The last Sukerchakia Misldar was Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, Maharaja Ranjit Singh united all the misls and established an independent Sikh Empire.
Maha Singh, also spelt as Mahan or Mahn Singh, was the second Sardar of the Sukerchakia Misl, which as a Sikh grouping with its guerilla militia was one of twelve Sikh Misls that later became part of the Sikh Empire. He was the eldest son of Sardar Charat Singh and Sardarni Desan Kaur Warraich. He was the father of Sher-e-Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia (1723–1803) was a prominent Sikh leader during the period of the Sikh Confederacy. He was the founder of the Ramgarhia Misl.
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was a Sikh leader during the period of the Sikh Confederacy, being the supreme leader of the Dal Khalsa. He was also Misldar of the Ahluwalia Misl. This period was an interlude, lasting roughly from the time of the death of Banda Bahadur in 1716 to the founding of the Sikh Empire in 1801. He founded the Kapurthala State in 1772.
Hari Singh Dhillon was an 18th century Sikh warrior and the chief of Bhangi Misl. During the formation of the Dal Khalsa he was acknowledged as leader of Tarna Dal, and he was made chief of Bhangi Misl following the death of Bhuma Singh Dhillion, who he was an adopted son of, in 1748. Hari Singh made the Bhangi Misl the most powerful of all the Misls. He was described as brave, fearless and a great warrior. Under Hari Singh the Bhang Misl expanded to Jammu, Lahore, Chiniot, Buria, Jagadhari, Firozpur, Kushab, Majha, Malwa, Sandal Bar and Jhang.
Jhanda Singh Dhillon was a chief of Bhangi Misl. Under his leadership the Dhillon family became the dominant de facto ruling power of Punjab. His father was Hari Singh Dhillon, one of the most powerful Sikh warriors of the time. He also had a warrior brother Ganda Singh Dhillon. Jhanda Singh appointed his younger brother Ganda Singh as the commander in chief of the forces. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was one of the closest friends of Jhanda Singh.
Sardar Charat Singh, also romanised as Charhat Singh, was the founder of Sukerchakia Misl, father of Mahan Singh, and the grandfather of Ranjit Singh, the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire. He distinguished himself at an early age in campaigns against Ahmad Shah Abdali and along with 150 horsemen split from the Singhpuria Misl to establish the Sukerchakia Misl, a separate grouping with its distinct guerilla militia.
Rani Sada Kaur was a Sikh leader. She served as the Chief of the Kanhaiya Misl from 1789 to 1821, following the death of her husband Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya, the heir to Jai Singh Kanhaiya, the leader of the Kanhaiya Misl, and she is sometimes referred to as Sardarni Sada Kaur.
Sardar Gujjar Singh Bhangi was a Sikh warrior of the Bhangi Misl, and one of the triumvirates who ruled over Lahore prior to the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Jai Singh Kanhaiya (1712–1793) was the founder and, until his death, leader of the Kanhaiya Misl in Punjab. His daughter-in-law, Sada Kaur succeeded him as the misl leader.
Manawala is a city in Sheikhupura District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is situated on the Lahore-Sheikhupura-Faisalabad road.
The Battle of Sialkot took place on 12 November 1763, between the Durrani Empire, led by Jahan Khan, and the Sukerchakia Misl, led by Charat Singh, as part of the Afghan–Sikh wars which concluded with Sikh victory.
Ramgarhia Misl was a sovereign state (misl) in the Sikh Confederacy of Punjab region in present-day India and Pakistan. The misl's name is derived from Qila Ramgarh, a place located in Ramsar, near Amritsar, which was fortified and redesigned by Ramgarhia Misl chief Jassa Singh Ramgarhia. The Ramgarhia Misl was one of the twelve major Sikh misls, and held land near Amritsar.
Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya was the eldest son and heir of Jai Singh Kanhaiya, the chief of the Kanhaiya Misl. He was the father of Maharani Mehtab Kaur and thus, the father-in-law of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire.
Haqiqar Singh Kanhaiya was the cousin of Jai Singh Kanhaiya, founder and leader of the Kanhaiya Misl, a grouping of Sikhs with a distinct guerrilla militia. He founded a village named Sangatpur.
The Battle of Achal was fought in Batala in 1785 between the Sukerchakia Misl and Afghans, supported by the Ramgarhia Misl, alongside Sansar Chand.
The Hill States–Sikh wars, also known as the Sikh–Pahari Raja wars, was a set of battles and conflicts fought by the Sikhs and the rajas (kings) of the Hill States located in the Sivalik Hills.
Mughalchak is a town in Gujranwala District, Punjab, Pakistan.
The Ahluwalia–Ramgarhia War was fought in 1776–1778 between a Coalition led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia against the Ramgarhia Misl. It was primarily caused by territorial claims, leading to a conflict over territorial control in Punjab in which the Ramgarhia Sardars got expelled.
The Battle of Jammu was fought in 1774 between Raja Ranjit Deo of Jammu, supported by Jhanda Singh Bhangi of the Bhangi Misl, and Brij Raj Deo, who was allied with Charat Singh Sukerchakia of the Sukerchakia Misl and Jai Singh Kanhaiya of the Kanhaiya Misl. The conflict arose from a succession dispute between Ranjit Deo and his eldest son, Brij Raj Deo. It took place in the Jammu region, part of the northern territories of the Indian subcontinent.
