Sikhism in Greater Vancouver

Last updated
Sikhism in Greater Vancouver
Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg
Sikh Distribution in Vancouver, 2021 Census.jpg
Population distribution of Sikh Canadians in Vancouver by federal electoral district, 2021 census
Total population
222,160
8.5% of the total GV population (2021) [1]
Religions
Sikhism
Languages
Canadian English • Punjabi
Canadian French • Hindi • Urdu
Related ethnic groups

Sikhism in Greater Vancouver is one of the main religions across the region, especially among the Indo-Canadian population. The Sikh community in Vancouver is the oldest, largest and most influential across Canada, having begun in the late 19th century. [2]

Contents

By 1995, Vancouver had one of the two largest Sikh populations in the world outside of India. [3] In 2003, Sikhs became the largest group in Greater Vancouver who did not practice Christianity. [4] In 2011, there were 155,945 Sikhs in Greater Vancouver, representing 6.8% of the region's population. [5] [6] [7]

As of 2021 , the Sikh population in Metro Vancouver is 222,165, forming 8.5% of the total regional population. [1]

History

Sikhs on Granville Street in Vancouver, 1908 Streetcars passing at the 400 Block of Granville Street, Vancouver, in 1908.jpg
Sikhs on Granville Street in Vancouver, 1908
Queensborough, New Westminster Sikh temple, 1931. GurdwaraSukhSagar1931.jpg
Queensborough, New Westminster Sikh temple, 1931.
Sikh Population History
in Metro Vancouver
YearPop.±%
1981 22,390—    
1991 49,625+121.6%
2001 99,005+99.5%
2011 155,945+57.5%
2021 222,165+42.5%
Source: Statistics Canada
[8] [9] : 94  [10] [5] [1]

At the turn of the century the Mayor of Vancouver did not permit cremation, so when the first Sikh died in 1907, he could not be cremated in the Vancouver city limits. Christian missionaries did not permit him to be buried with whites. Even though the missionaries promoted burial, the Sikhs instead cremated the man in a distant wilderness. This prompted Sikhs to establish their own religious institutions. [11]

Beginning in the 1930s, within the Vancouver area, many clean-shaven, or sahajdhari , Sikhs began hanging up their hats and entering the gurdwaras with uncovered heads (an akin to men leaving their hats on while attending Christian churches). Turban-wearing, or kesdhari , Sikhs objected to this practice. [12]

Until the 1960s Sikh religious organizations were the primary political interest groups of the Indo-Canadian community in the Vancouver region. [13] At that time there were three gurdwaras in Metro Vancouver: the two Khalsa Diwan Society (KDS) gurdwaras in Vancouver and New Westminster, and the Akali Singh gurdwara in Vancouver. [14] The political structure of the Sikh community began to shift in the early 1970s since newcomers to politics began vying for influence against established political leaders as immigration increased the size of the community. [13] In 1981 there were 22,392 Sikhs in Vancouver, virtually all of them being ethnic Punjabi. [15] That year, Dusenbery wrote that the maturation of Punjabi Sikhs who were children of immigrants, the increase in immigration, and the rise of gora (White) Sikh converts from Canada and the United States changed the character of the Vancouver Sikh community in the period 1971-1981. [2] Several turbanned Sikhs began criticizing the practice of entering gurdwaras with uncovered heads in the 1970s. [16] By 1977, Vancouver's Sikh community, along with that of the Greater Toronto Area, were one of the two largest Canadian Sikh communities. [17]

Organizations that favored the establishment of Khalistan began assuming control of Greater Vancouver gurdwaras after Operation Bluestar occurred in 1984. [18] In 1988 Hugh Johnston wrote that in regards to the city's Punjabi community, "being Punjabi is coming to mean, exclusively, being Sikh", [13] and that "it seems likely that Punjabi culture" in Vancouver would be exclusively "an aspect of Sikh identity" and exclude Hindus, who disagreed on the Khalistan issue. [19]

Around 1995 moderate Sikhs politically challenged more extremist Sikhs in gurdwaras in Vancouver and Surrey. A December 1996 attack on the Guru Nanak temple in Surrey led by extremists and a January 1997 fight occurred. [20]

Varieties of Sikhism

Hugh Johnston, in 1988, wrote that there are political divisions and religious divisions within the Sikh community of Vancouver. [13] In 2008 Elizabeth Kamala Nayar stated that Vancouver media reporting on orthodox Sikhs is often negative and that orthodox Sikhs "are portrayed negatively as ‘backward’ and ‘violent’." [21] She also stated that journalists of mainstream publications in Canada often conflate "fundamentalist" Sikhism with the pro-Khalistan movement and "moderate" Sikhism with those opposed to the Khalistan movement; she explained that this occurred when the publications discussed religious conflicts in the Sikh community Vancouver as well as conflicts involving Sikhs throughout Canada. [22] Nayar added that in Vancouver the wearing of turbans often is associated with Sikh fundamentalism. [21]

Gora Sikhs (White Sikhs) are present in Greater Vancouver. Many have attempted to gain involvement with Punjabi Sikhs. [23] In her book The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism , Nayar wrote that "For the most part, the Gora Sikh community functions separately from the Punjabi Sikh community." [24] Some Gora Sikhs have criticized a focus on Indian politics and the factionalism within Punjabi Sikh gurdwaras. [23]

Geographical distribution

Subdivisions

Sikh Canadians by subdivisions in Metro Vancouver (1981–2021)
Subdivision 2021 [25] 2011 [26] 2001 [27] 1991 [28] 1981 [29] [lower-alpha 1]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Surrey 154,415104,72056,32520,9053,950
Delta 19,23510,4958,2553,6951,565
Vancouver 16,53516,81515,20012,93510,055
Richmond 6,9857,1555,7554,5002,285
Burnaby 6,9056,3955,6253,3702,025
Langley (District) 5,1701,9651,055300320
New Westminster 3,7502,9202,7201,025770
Maple Ridge 1,925870695390165
Coquitlam 1,8551,430985625330
Port Coquitlam 1,3351,260805595280
Langley (City) 1,045355012550
White Rock 90585356585
Pitt Meadows 640560670370115
North Vancouver (district) 550430400300190
North Vancouver (City) 530375265340150
West Vancouver 1351151201510
Metro Vancouver Subdivision A 1051452000
Port Moody 80180206545
Bowen Island 050————
Anmore 0000——
Lions Bay 00000
Belcarra 00000
Vancouver CMA 222,165155,94599,00549,62522,390

Federal electoral districts

2012 boundaries

Sikh Canadians by federal electoral districts in Metro Vancouver (2011–2021)
Riding 2021 2011
Population PercentagePopulationPercentage
Surrey—Newton 62,340 [30] 46,320
Surrey Centre 36,070 [31] 26,035
Fleetwood—Port Kells 30,380 [32] 21,435
Delta 19,270 [33] 10,490
Cloverdale—Langley City 18,745 [34] 7,405
Vancouver South 10,775 [35] 11,895
South Surrey—White Rock 9,410 [36] 3,945
Langley—Aldergrove 7,500 [37] 3,135
New Westminster—Burnaby 6,275 [38] 5,575
Steveston—Richmond East 5,285 [39] 5,525
Burnaby South 3,330 [40] 2,905
Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge 2,570 [41] 1,425
Vancouver Kingsway 2,435 [42] 2,690
Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam 1,815 [43] 1,680
Richmond Centre 1,700 [44] 1,635
Port Moody—Coquitlam 1,495 [45] 1,195
Vancouver Granville 1,260 [46] 825
Burnaby North—Seymour 1,220 [47] 975
North Vancouver 905 [48] 665
Vancouver Centre 895 [49] 530
Vancouver Quadra 665 [50] 630
Vancouver East 610 [51] 390
Vancouver CMA 222,165155,945
Note: Based on 2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution riding boundaries.

2003 boundaries

Sikh Canadians by federal electoral districts in Metro Vancouver (2001–2011)
Riding 2011 2001 [52]
Population PercentagePopulationPercentage
Newton—North Delta 44,74530,610
Fleetwood—Port Kells 32,86013,025
Surrey North 31,18518,845
Vancouver South 12,08510,360
Burnaby—New Westminster 6,9006,645
Delta—Richmond East 6,1305,530
South Surrey—White Rock—Cloverdale 5,6051,195
Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge—Mission 3,5202,920
Vancouver Kingsway 3,0403,680
Burnaby—Douglas 2,1551,450
Langley 2,0001,100
Richmond 1,9351,175
Port Moody—Westwood—Port Coquitlam 1,7701,255
New Westminster—Coquitlam 1,360805
Vancouver Quadra 820420
North Vancouver 780660
Vancouver Centre 620340
Vancouver East 390415
Vancouver CMA 155,94599,005
Note: Based on 2003 Canadian federal electoral redistribution riding boundaries.

Gurdwaras

Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver.jpg
Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver

Sikh gurdwaras (Sikh places of worship) in Vancouver were the city's only community centres for the Indo-Canadians until the 1960s. [13] This meant that the gurdwaras at the time also gave social outlets to Punjabi Hindus and other South Asians. [14] By 1981, gurdwaras mainly filled religious purposes. [53] Many major gurdwaras in Greater Vancouver were initially established in isolated areas, but these areas over time became urbanized. [54]

Sikhs often selected gurdwaras due to religious beliefs, family ties, political beliefs, and/or social reasons, and these were not necessarily gurdwaras that were the closest to them. [55]

By 1988 there were six gurdwaras within a 16-kilometre (10 mi) radius in one area in Vancouver. Four new gurdwaras opened in Metro Vancouver in the 1980s. [55]

Gurdwaras in Vancouver

The first gurdwara in Vancouver opened in 1908. It was founded by the Khalsa Diwan Society (KDS), which was established in 1906, [56] This gurdwara was originally on West 2nd Avenue. [57] making it Vancouver's oldest Sikh Society. [58] In 1969 it moved to the intersection of Southwest Marine Drive and Ross Street, [57] in South Vancouver. [54]

The Akali Singh Gurdwara is in East Vancouver, along Skeena Street. [54] It opened in 1952 in response to a religious dispute. Around the time it opened, the Akali Singh Gurdwara did not permit people who had no facial hair from being a part of its management committee, but it allowed them to be a part of the auditing committee. [59] The construction of the current gurdwara, valued at 1.5-2 million dollars, began construction in 1981. [60] Previously the revenue of the Akali Singh gurdwara was equal to that of the KDS, [61] but around the time of the new gurdwara construction, a takeover of the gurdwara was attempted. The gurdwara prevented an internal takeover by restricting election participation to persons who were not members of other Sikh societies. As a result, a severe membership split occurred and the size was reduced. The Akali Singh was opposed to the KDS, which had a more militant attitude towards the Khalistan question. [55]

Around 1975, a Marxist–Leninist Sikh group purchased the Desh Baghat Mandir centre on Main Street after a failed attempt to seize control of other gurdwaras. [16]

Gurdwaras in suburbs and other municipalities

Most South Asians in Surrey, as of 2001, are Sikhs. [62] The Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara is on Scott Road in the City of Surrey. [54] As of 2011 in regards to its orthodoxy it is a "moderate" gurdwara. [63] As of 2004 it had 37,000 members, making it one of North America's largest Sikh temples. [64] Dasmesh Darbar Gurdwara is an orthodox gurdwara in Surrey. [65]

The Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara was established in North Delta in 1973 by the Guru Nanak Sikh Society in order to serve the around 200 Sikh families living in the Surrey-Delta area. [55] The society itself, the Guru Nanak Sikh Temple Society of Delta Surrey, opened that year. [66] The current facility opened in 1981 along Scott Road in Surrey. Due to opposition to the gurdwara from non-Sikhs in Delta, the Delta city government asked the Guru Nanakh Sikh Society to build the new gurdwara in the Surrey side of a property that had been purchased by the society in 1973. In exchange the Delta city government gave access to the Delta sewage system. [63] As of 1988 it was largest Greater Vancouver gurdwara building. The gurdwara was receiving a level income slightly below those of the two largest Vancouver-area gurdwaras by 1979. [55] Around 1984 the International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) took control of the Guru Nanakh Gurdwara. The ISYF was a daughter organization of the World Sikh Organization (WSO), which controlled the KDS. [22] According to Hugh Johnston, as of 1988 the gurdwara "probably" had the second largest membership in Greater Vancouver, after the KDS. [55] In January 1998 a coalition of anti-ISYF Sikhs and Sikhs who favored the Indian Congress wrested power away from the ISYF. [22]

The KDS had its own branch gurdwara in New Westminster. [55] In 1974, the New Westminster Khalsa Diwan became its own Sikh society. [66] Another gurdwara had opened 8 km (5 mi) west of the KDS New Westminster and as a result the gurdwara lost membership, but it continued to operate. Hugh Johnston stated that in the 1970s the KDS New Westminster had a "sizeable income". [55]

The gurdwara of the New Westminster Society is in Richmond. The previous membership followed Baba Mihan Singh, an individual from Doaba who had been invited to attend the New Westminster Society after he arrived in Vancouver; the New Westminster Society had employed one of his relatives as a priest. In 1979 the Nananksar Gurdwara, established by followers of Baba Mihan Singh, was being established, sapping membership from the New Westminster Society. [55] As of 1989, the group controlling the KDS also controlled the New Westminster Society. [61] Since 1984 the Nanaksar Gurdwara attracted Sikhs who were uninterested in politics. [67]

The Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha Temple is a dalit gurdwara in Burnaby. [68] It opened in 1982. [69] As of 2008 there were 900 members. Two Jats filed a complaint with the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal after they were denied membership, but the tribunal ruled that the gurdwara was minority-serving and had the right to reject the Jats. [68]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Note: 1981 census religious breakdown for all subdivisions includes an "Eastern Non-Christian" section. Estimates derived using the Sikh proportion of Eastern Non-Christian religious total from the 1991 census.
  1. 1 2 3 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  2. 1 2 Dusenbery, "Canadian Ideology and Public Policy," p. 101.
  3. ↑ International Journal of Punjab Studies, Volume 2. SAGE Publications, 1995. p. 178. "[...]and also in the two largest populations of Sikhs outside of India — in Britain, in London, and in Canada, in Vancouver."
  4. ↑ Nayar, The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver, p. 3.
  5. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-08.
  6. ↑ "Annexes" (Archive). Report of Meetings with Representatives of the Indo‑Canadian Community. Government of Canada. Retrieved on October 21, 2014.
  7. ↑ 2011 Census
  8. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "1981 Census of Canada : volume 2 - provincial series : population; language, ethnic origin, religion, place of birth, schooling". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
  9. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Census, 1991 Religions in Canada". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
  10. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  11. ↑ Hans, p. 221-222.
  12. ↑ Johnston, Hugh, p. 7.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Johnston, Hugh, p. 1.
  14. 1 2 Johnston, Hugh, p. 5.
  15. ↑ Johnston, Hugh, p. 3.
  16. 1 2 Johnston, Hugh, p. 8.
  17. ↑ Campbell, The Sikhs of Vancouver: A Case Study in Minority-Host Relations Archived 2014-10-19 at the Wayback Machine , p. 4 (PDF document p. 12/136). "Vancouver and Toronto have the largest Sikh communities and Canada."
  18. ↑ Nayar, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora," p. 22.
  19. ↑ Johnston, Hugh, p. 2.
  20. ↑ "Oct. 28, 2000: Friday's charges came after a 15-year probe." The Vancouver Sun . July 30, 2007. Retrieved on December 5, 2014.
  21. 1 2 Nayar, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora," p. 26-27. "[...]while in Vancouver Sikh fundamentalists are portrayed negatively as ‘backward’ and ‘violent’,[...]In fact, in Vancouver, there is not only the link made between fundamentalism and turban-wearers, but the reportage on orthodox Sikhs is generally made in a bad light."
  22. 1 2 3 Nayar, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora," p. 23.
  23. 1 2 Dusenbery, Verne A. "On the Moral Sensitivities of Sikhs in North America" (Chapter 9). In: Lynch, Owen M. Divine Passions: The Social Construction of Emotion in India. University of California Press, 1990. ISBN   0520066472, 9780520066472. Start: p. 239. CITED: p. 248.
  24. ↑ Nayar, The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver , p. 127.
  25. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-05-17). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Select from a list of geographies, British Columbia Census division". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
  26. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "NHS Profile, 2011 Subprovincial geography levels: British Columbia Census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
  27. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 2001 Census – 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
  28. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). "R9101 – Population by Religion (29), Showing Age Groups (13) Education (20% Data) – Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
  29. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2020-05-26). "Data tables, 1981 Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1981 Census – Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
  30. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Surrey—Newton British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  31. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Surrey Centre British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  32. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Fleetwood—Port Kells British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  33. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Delta British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  34. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Cloverdale—Langley City British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  35. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver South British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  36. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population South Surrey—White Rock British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  37. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Langley—Aldergrove British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  38. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population New Westminster—Burnaby British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  39. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Steveston—Richmond East British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  40. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Burnaby South British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  41. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  42. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Kingsway British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  43. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  44. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Richmond Centre British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  45. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Port Moody—Coquitlam British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  46. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Granville British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  47. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Burnaby North—Seymour British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  48. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population North Vancouver British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  49. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Centre British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  50. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Quadra British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  51. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver East British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  52. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order), 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  53. ↑ Dusenbery, "Canadian Ideology and Public Policy," p. 102.
  54. 1 2 3 4 Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. 48.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Johnston, Hugh, p. 10.
  56. ↑ Nayar, The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver, p. 16.
  57. 1 2 Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. 46.
  58. ↑ Pang, Guek-cheng. Culture Shock! Vancouver. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd, August 15, 2010. ISBN   9814484806, 9789814484800. p. 31.
  59. ↑ Johnston, Hugh, p. 6.
  60. ↑ Johnston, Hugh, p. 9-10.
  61. 1 2 Johnston, Hugh, p. 9.
  62. ↑ Good, Kristin R. Municipalities and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Immigration in Toronto and Vancouver (Volume 34 of Studies in comparative political economy and public policy). University of Toronto Press, 2009. ISBN   1442609931, 9781442609938. p. 170.
  63. 1 2 Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. 49.
  64. ↑ Brown, DeNeen L. "Vancouver Struggles With Gang Violence]." Washington Post . Thursday July 22, 2004. p. A12. Online p. 1 (Archive). Retrieved on November 3, 2014.
  65. ↑ Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. 49-50.
  66. 1 2 Johnston, Hugh, p. 18.
  67. ↑ Johnston, Hugh, p. 11.
  68. 1 2 "Temple allowed to restrict members because of class" (Archive). Vancouver Sun /CanWest News Service at canada.com. July 12, 2008. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.
  69. ↑ Chan, Cheryl. "‘We are zero’: Immigrant says she can’t escape sting of India's caste system, even in Canada" (Archive). National Post . October 10, 2013. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sikhism in Canada</span> Religious community

Sikhism is the fourth-largest religious group in Canada, with nearly 800,000 adherents, or 2.1% of Canada's population, as of 2021. The largest Sikh populations in Canada are found in Ontario, followed by British Columbia and Alberta. As of the 2021 Census, more than half of Canada's Sikhs can be found in one of four cities: Brampton (163,260), Surrey (154,415), Calgary (49,465), and Edmonton (41,385).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asian Canadians</span> Ethnic group in Canada

Asian Canadians are Canadians who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to the continent of Asia. Canadians with Asian ancestry comprise both the largest and fastest growing group in Canada, after European Canadians, forming approximately 20.2 percent of the Canadian population as of 2021, making up the majority of Canada’s visible minority population. Most Asian Canadians are concentrated in the urban areas of Southern Ontario, Southwestern British Columbia, Central Alberta, and other large Canadian cities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indo-Canadians</span> Community of Canadians of Indian descent or with Indian citizenship

Indo-Canadians or Indian Canadians, are Canadians who have ancestry from India. The term East Indian is sometimes used to avoid confusion with the Indigenous peoples of Canada. Categorically, Indo-Canadians comprise a subgroup of South Asian Canadians which is a further subgroup of Asian Canadians. According to Statistics Canada, Indians are one of the fastest growing communities in Canada and one of the largest non-European ethnic groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Courtenay—Alberni</span> Federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada

Courtenay—Alberni is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada. It is around the latitudinal centre of Vancouver Island. It encompasses a portion of B.C. formerly included in the electoral districts of Nanaimo—Alberni and Vancouver Island North.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cowichan—Malahat—Langford</span> Federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada

Cowichan—Malahat—Langford is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada. It is on south-central Vancouver Island. It encompasses a portion of British Columbia previously included in the electoral districts of Nanaimo—Cowichan and Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke</span> Federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada

Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke is a federal electoral district in Greater Victoria, on the southern tip of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanaimo—Ladysmith</span> Federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada

Nanaimo—Ladysmith is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, in southeastern Vancouver Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Surrey—White Rock</span> Federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada

South Surrey—White Rock is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2015. It encompass a portion of British Columbia previously included in the electoral districts of Fleetwood—Port Kells, Newton—North Delta, and South Surrey—White Rock—Cloverdale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surrey—Newton (federal electoral district)</span> Federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada

Surrey—Newton is a federal electoral district in British Columbia. It encompasses a portion of British Columbia previously included in the electoral districts of Fleetwood—Port Kells, Newton—North Delta and Surrey North.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brampton East (federal electoral district)</span> Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada

Brampton East is a federal electoral district in Ontario. It encompasses a portion of Ontario previously included in the electoral districts of Bramalea—Gore—Malton and Brampton—Springdale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Asian Canadians in Greater Vancouver</span> Ethnic group

South Asian Canadians in Metro Vancouver are the third-largest pan-ethnic group in the region, comprising 369,295 persons or 14.2 percent of the total population as of 2021. Sizable communities exist within the city of Vancouver along with the adjoining city of Surrey, which houses one of the world's largest South Asian enclaves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Asian Canadians in British Columbia</span> Ethnic group

The South Asian community in British Columbia was first established in 1897. The first immigrants originated from Punjab, British India, a northern region and state in modern-day India and Pakistan. Punjabis originally settled in rural British Columbia at the turn of the twentieth century, working in the forestry and agricultural industries.

References

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