Sikhism in Afghanistan

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Afghan Sikhs
ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ
په افغانستان کې سکهزم
KABUL Gurdwara Karte Parwan IMG 0619.JPG
Karte Parwan Gurdwara in Kabul, Afghanistan
Total population
43 [1]
0.0001% of total population (2022)
200,000 - 500,000 (diaspora) [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Regions with significant populations
Flag of India.svg  India 9,194-75,000 [7]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom >10,000 [8]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 2,000 [9]
Flag of the Taliban.svg  Afghanistan 43 [1]
Religions
Khanda.svg Sikhism
Languages
Pashto • Dari • Hindko
Punjabi • Hindi • Urdu
Dr. Abdullah Abdullah met Afghan Hindus and Sikhs community at Embassy of Afghanistan, in New Delhi Dr. Abdullah Abdullah met Afghan Hindus and Sikhs community at Embassy of Afghanistan, in New Delhi.jpg
Dr. Abdullah Abdullah met Afghan Hindus and Sikhs community at Embassy of Afghanistan, in New Delhi
Afghan Sikhs Jill Scheer in India - October 2018 (44283606165).jpg
Afghan Sikhs

Sikhism inAfghanistan in the contemporary era is limited to small populations, primarily in major cities, with the largest numbers of Afghan Sikhs living in Jalalabad, Ghazni, Kabul, and to a lesser extent in Kandahar and Khost. [10] Sikhs have been the most prevalent non-Muslim minority in Afghanistan, and despite the many political changes in recent Afghan history, governments and political groups have generally not indulged in openly discriminating against the Sikh minority; however, their status have been severely impacted amid the country's conflict since 1978. [11]

Contents

The origin of the Sikh community in Afghanistan has broadly two streams, including indigenous Pashto and Dari speakers, descendants of converts to the teaching of the Sikhism’s founder Guru Nanak during his trip to Kabul around 1520. [12] The second stream derive from the later Sikh Empire as it pushed westward, establishing trading routes for Sikh merchants into Kandahar and Kabul; this group speak Hindko, a dialect of Punjabi. [12] Due to this mixed ancestry, Afghan Sikhs are from various ethnolinguistic backgrounds including Pashtun, [13] [14] Hindkowan or Punjabi.

Once numbering between 200,000 and 500,000 (1.8% to 4.6% of the national population, making it among the largest of any country at that time) in the 1970s, [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] their population in Afghanistan has dwindled since the Afghan wars began. [15] Estimates of their total population (there has been no census in Afghanistan since 1979) have been given as around 1,200 families or 8,000 members in 2013; [16] 1,000 in 2019 (as reported by Afghan Sikh Wolesi Jirga member Narinder Singh Khalsa); and around 70 to 80 families or 700 in 2020 (as reported by Raj Sutaka, a Sikh businessman from Kabul). [17] Thousands of Afghan Sikhs now live in India, [18] the United Kingdom, [19] the United States, [20] and Canada. [21]

Presence

Kabul

There were over 200,000 Sikhs in Kabul in the 1980s, but after the start of the Civil War in 1992, most had fled. [4] Seven of Kabul's eight gurdwaras were destroyed during the civil war. Only Gurdwara Karte Parwan, located in the Karte Parwan section of Kabul, remains. [22] They are centred today in Karte Parwan [23] and some parts of the old city. [24] There is no exact number of Sikhs in Kabul province. [25]

Jalalabad

Entrance sign of Sri Guru Nanak Darbar gurdwara in Jalalabad Sri Guru Nanak Darbar, Jalalabad, Afghanistan.jpg
Entrance sign of Sri Guru Nanak Darbar gurdwara in Jalalabad

As of 2001, Jalalabad had 100 Sikh families, totaling around 700 people, who worship at two large Gurdwaras. Legend states that the older of the Gurudwaras was built to commemorate the visit of Guru Nanak Dev. [26] On 1 July 2018, at least 10 Sikhs were killed in a targeted suicide bombing at the PD1 market. [27] [28] The local branch of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility. [29]

Kandahar

Kandahar has a very small Sikh community, with only about 15 families living there as of 2002. [30]

History

Early history

Bi-scriptal postcard from Kabul, Afghanistan where Persian is written in Perso-Arabic script and Punjabi is written in a Landa script, ca.1878 Bi-scriptal postcard from Kabul, Afghanistan where Persian is written in Perso-Arabic script and Punjabi is written in a Landa script, ca.1878 02.jpg
Bi-scriptal postcard from Kabul, Afghanistan where Persian is written in Perso-Arabic script and Punjabi is written in a Landa script, ca.1878

Guru Nanak visited Kabul in the 15th century. Guru Nanak is traditionally locally known as Peer Balagdaan in Afghanistan. [31] Some early Khatri Sikhs established and maintained colonies in Afghanistan for trading purposes. [32] Later, conflicts between the Sikh misls and empire against the Afghan-based Durrani Empire led to tension. Sikhs also served in the British Empire's military during several operations in Afghanistan in the 19th century.

20th century

Following the partition of India in 1947, the Sikh population increased as Sikh migrants fled persecution from the Pothohar region of newly formed country of Pakistan. The Sikhs prospered during the 1933-1973 reign of Mohammad Zahir Shah, and during period of strongly secular period of Soviet rule. [15]

Wars

During the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War, many Afghan Sikhs fled to India, where 90% of global Sikh population lives; a second, much larger wave followed following the 1992 fall of the Najibullah regime. [33] Sikh gurdwaras (temples) throughout the country were destroyed in the Battle of Jalalabad (1989) [34] and the Afghan Civil War of the 1990s, leaving only the Gurdwara Karte Parwan in Kabul. [35]

Under the Taliban, the Sikhs were a persecuted minority and forced to pay the jizya tax. [36] The Sikh custom of cremation of the dead was prohibited by the Taliban, and cremation grounds vandalized. [37] In addition, Sikhs were required to wear yellow patches or veils to identify themselves. [38]

21st century

Interior of Gurdwara Karte Parwan in Kabul Kabul Gurdwara Karte Parwan IMG 0623.JPG
Interior of Gurdwara Karte Parwan in Kabul

By tradition, Sikhs cremate their dead, an act considered sacrilege in Islam. [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] Cremation has become a major issue among Sikh Afghans, as traditional cremation grounds have been appropriated by Muslims, particularly in the Qalacha area of Kabul, which Sikhs and Hindus had used for over a century. [39] In 2003 Sikhs complained to the Afghan government regarding the loss of cremation grounds, which had forced them to send a dead body to Pakistan to be cremated, following which the Minister of Hajj and Religious Affairs investigated the issue. [33] Though the grounds were reported as returned to Sikh control in 2006, [35] in 2007 local Muslims allegedly beat Sikhs attempting to cremate a community leader, and the funeral proceeded only with police protection. [39] As of 2010, cremation in Kabul is still reported as being disapproved of by locals. [44]

Sikhs in Afghanistan continue to face problems, with the issue of the Sikh custom of cremation figuring prominently.

In September 2013, Afghan President Hamid Karzai signed a legislative decree, reserving a seat in the National Assembly of Afghanistan for the Hindu and Sikh minority. [45] However this decree was blocked by the parliament. The decree eventually came into force in September 2016 when it was approved by the cabinet of Karzai's successor, Ashraf Ghani. [46] Narendra Singh Khalsa was elected to this seat at the subsequent general election. [47]

Following the deadly Jalalabad attack in June 2018, both Karzai and Ghani visited the Karte Parwan gurdwara to offer condolences. Ghani called the country's Sikh and Hindu minorities the "pride of the nation", [48] and on another occasion that year called them an "integral part" of Afghanistan's history. [49]

The country is witnessing a severe decline in the community's population with the coming of Taliban back in power. Several members sought refuge to other countries and several others are still attempting to flee their home country. [50]

Diaspora

The population ratio between Afghan Sikhs and Hindus is estimated to be 60:40, as both populations are frequently merged in historic and contemporary estimations. [2] [lower-alpha 1] Combined with a wide range of population approximations in the absence of official census data, the Afghan Sikh population was estimated to be between 200,000 and 500,000 in the 1970s. [2] [3] [lower-alpha 2] [5] [lower-alpha 3] [6] [lower-alpha 4] [4]

In the ensuring decades, widespread emigration was common amongst religious minorities due to increased persecution by Taliban forces; by the 1990s, the Afghan Sikh population declined below 50,000. [35] [51] As of 2013, they are around 800 families of which 300 families live in Kabul. [16] Sikh leaders in Afghanistan claim that the total number of Sikhs is 3,000. Many Sikh families have chosen to emigrate to other countries including, India, North America, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Pakistan, Russia and other places. [52]

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ According to Singh, there were at least 2 lakh Sikhs and Hindus (in a 60:40 ratio) in Afghanistan until the 1970s. [2]
  2. ↑ “In the 70s, there were around 700,000 Hindus and Sikhs, and now they are estimated to be less than 7,000,” Shayegan says. [3]
  3. ↑ An investigation by TOLOnews reveals that the Sikh and Hindu population number was 220,000 in the 1980's [5]
  4. ↑ In the late 1980s, there were about 500,000 Sikhs scattered across Afghanistan, many here for generations [6]

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Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east. Occupying 652,864 square kilometers (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. Kabul is the country's largest city and serves as its capital. According to the World Population review, as of 2021, Afghanistan's population is 40.2 million. The National Statistics Information Authority of Afghanistan estimated the population to be 32.9 million as of 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jalalabad</span> City in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan

Jalalabad is the fifth-largest city of Afghanistan. It has a population of about 356,274, and serves as the capital of Nangarhar Province in the eastern part of the country, about 130 kilometres (80 mi) from the capital Kabul. Jalalabad is located at the junction of the Kabul River and the Kunar River in a plateau to the south of the Hindu Kush mountains. It is linked by the Kabul-Jalalabad Road to the west and Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to the east through Torkham and the Khyber Pass.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sikhism</span> Religion originating in Punjab, India

Sikhism, also known as Sikhi, is an Indian religion and philosophy in particular for the Sikh ethnoreligious group that originated in the Punjab region of India around the end of the 15th century CE. The Sikh scriptures are written in the Gurumukhi script particular to Sikhs. It is one of the most recently founded major religious groups and among the largest in the world, with about 25–30 million adherents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sikhs</span> Ethnoreligious group who adhere to Sikhism

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  2. Ten Gurus, from Guru Nanak Sahib to Guru Gobind Singh Sahib
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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nankana Sahib</span> City in Punjab, Pakistan

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gurdwara Karte Parwan</span> Sikh place of worship

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</span> Sikh gurdwara in Kartarpur, Pakistan

Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur, also called Kartarpur Sahib, is a gurdwara in Kartarpur, located in Shakargarh, Narowal District, in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is built on the historic site where the founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak, settled and assembled the Sikh community after his missionary travels and lived for 18 years until his death in 1539. It is one of the holiest sites in Sikhism, alongside the Golden Temple in Amritsar and Gurdwara Janam Asthan in Nankana Sahib.

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References

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    Beena Sarwar, Finding lost heritage Archived 6 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Himal, 2016-08-03, "Singh also came across many non turban-wearing followers of Guru Nanak in Pakistan, all of Pashtun origin and from the Khyber area."
    Sonia Dhami, Sikh Religious Heritage – My visit to Lehenda Punjab Archived 28 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Indica News, 2020-01-05, "Nankana Sahib is also home to the largest Sikh Pashtun community, many of whom have migrated from the North West Frontier Provinces, renamed Khyber-Pakhtunwa."
    Neha, Pak misusing Durand Line to facilitate terrorists, says Pashtun Archived 25 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine , Siasat Daily, 2019-09-20, "The members of the Pashtun and Afghan Sikh community living in Europe and UK have gathered in Geneva"
    Sabrina Toppa, Despite border tensions, Indian Sikhs celebrate festival in Pakistan Archived 25 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine , TRT World, 2019-04-16, "Hasanabdal is home to around 200 Sikh families that have primarily moved from Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, including Pakistan’s former tribal areas. The majority are Pashtun Sikhs who abandoned their homes and took refuge near Sikhism’s historical sites."
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  32. ↑ Hew McLeod (1997). Sikhism. New York: Penguin Books. p.  251. ISBN   0-14-025260-6.
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  46. ↑ "Afghan Government Approves Reservation for Sikhs/Hindus in Parliament". The Wire. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  47. ↑ Bhaumik, Anirban (22 August 2021). "Sikh Afghan lawmaker Narender Khalsa among evacuees". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  48. ↑ "Jalalabad blast: Afghan President visits gurudwara, promises action against culprits". Hindustan Times. 5 July 2018. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  49. ↑ "Afghan Hindus and Sikhs meet with President Ghani, raise issue of land grabbing". 11 December 2018. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  50. ↑ Mohan, Saadhya. "explainer-history-of-afghan-sikhs-in-afghanistan". The Quint. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  51. ↑ Jethra, Aashish (27 August 2010). "2 Sikhs in Afghan poll fray, want to be first elected non-Muslims". SikhNet. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  52. ↑ Stancati, Margherita; Amiri, Ehsanullah. "Facing Intolerance, Many Sikhs and Hindus Leave Afghanistan". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  53. ↑ Sikhs struggle for recognition in the Islamic republic Archived 30 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine , by Tony Cross. 14 November 2009.
  54. ↑ Bogos, Elissa (13 January 2010). "Afghanistan: Dwindling Sikh Community Struggles To Endure in Kabul". SikhNet. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  55. ↑ "Sikh woman, man fight against former mujahideen in Afghanistan polls". Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2019.

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